Just what students need. A reliable, practical and sensible guide to research methods as applied to criminological questions. Professor Tim Newburn, London School of EconomicsAn indispensable guide for anyone conducting or evaluating research in criminology. Professor Julian V. Roberts, University of OxfordThis revised and updated collection deals comprehensively with major issues in contemporary criminological research. It is an essential resource for all criminology students and researchers. Emeritus Professor Hazel Croall, Glasgow Caledonian UniversityThe new edition of this best selling textbook brings research alive for students studying criminology and related subjects.Contextualising research with real-life examples of crime and criminal justice, the book looks at the processes, practicalities and problems of doing criminological research, ensuring students get to grips with preparing for and doing their own research.Thoroughly revised and updated, the book includes a revised three-part structure designed around the core elements of a research project (preparing, doing and reflecting).The book is also now equipped with student support features including chapter key points, summaries, study questions/activities and resources, further reading, and a comprehensive glossary. It is essential reading for students and researchers in criminology, criminal justice and community safety. The new edition of this bestselling textbook brings criminological research alive for students. It introduces the processes and practicalities of preparing, doing, experiencing and reflecting upon criminological research. The success of the first edition has been its ability to contextualise research accessibly within real-life examples of crime, criminology and criminal justice- doing interviews with offenders in prison, undertaking evaluation on crime related projects, using questionnaires to measure fear. Its strength continues to lie in its ability to span the process of doing criminological research, helping students to understand the journey of the researcher. Key enhancements to the second edition include: A revised, 3-part structure, designed around the three core elements of a research project (preparing, doing and reflecting on criminological research) New chapters on: o Doing a literature review o Doing crime analysis o Ethnographic research o Using the internet and visual material in research o Comparative criminological research o Crime and social divisions o The ethics of criminological research All other chapters fully revised and updated The book is also now fully equipped with student support features, including chapter overviews and conclusions, study questions, further reading and a glossary. It is essential reading for students and researchers in criminology and criminal justice.
Recenzijos
Just what students need. A reliable, practical and sensible guide to research methods as applied to criminological questions - Professor Tim Newburn, London School of Economics
An indispensable guide for anyone conducting or evaluating research in criminology - Professor Julian V. Roberts, University of Oxford
This revised and updated collection deals comprehensively with major issues in contemporary criminological research. It is an essential resource for all criminology students and researchers - Emeritus Professor Hazel Croall, Glasgow Caledonian University
Acknowledgements |
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xvi | |
Contributors |
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xvii | |
Introduction Pamela Davies and Peter Francis |
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1 | (6) |
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Part One Preparing Criminological Research |
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7 | (92) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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Topics, Cases, Context and Time |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Methodological Approaches |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Study Questions/Activities for Students |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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1 Planning Criminological Research |
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15 | (21) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (6) |
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16 | (5) |
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21 | (1) |
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Proposing Data Collection Methods |
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22 | (7) |
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24 | (2) |
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Data processing and analysis |
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26 | (1) |
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27 | (1) |
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Time management and practicalities |
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27 | (2) |
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Writing and Presenting a Research Proposal |
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29 | (2) |
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Supervision and Peer Support |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (1) |
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Study Questions/Activities for Students |
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33 | (1) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (2) |
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2 Formulating Criminological Research Questions |
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36 | (18) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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Contextualizing Research Questions |
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38 | (4) |
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Purposes of and types of research |
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40 | (2) |
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Effective and Researchable Criminological Questions |
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42 | (5) |
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Researchable criminological questions |
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46 | (1) |
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From Topic to Question --- Narrowing the Focus |
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47 | (4) |
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48 | (1) |
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Levels of specificity and complexity |
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48 | (1) |
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Research products and conclusions |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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Study Questions/Activities for Students |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (2) |
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3 Methodological Approaches to Criminological Research |
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54 | (24) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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Choosing Your Research Strategy and Design |
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56 | (5) |
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Combining research strategies and design: triangulation |
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60 | (1) |
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Research design: the time dimension |
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60 | (1) |
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Deciding What Type of Data to Use |
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61 | (1) |
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Choosing the Method(s) of Data Collection |
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62 | (8) |
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62 | (1) |
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Questionnaires and surveys |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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Group interviews and focus groups |
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64 | (1) |
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Interviews: practical decisions |
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65 | (1) |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (1) |
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Analysing other people's data (secondary analysis) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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Research through observation |
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69 | (1) |
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Making Operational Decisions |
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70 | (4) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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Ethical and legal considerations |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
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Study Questions/Activities for Students |
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74 | (1) |
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75 | (1) |
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76 | (2) |
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4 Undertaking a Criminological Literature Review |
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78 | (21) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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What is a Literature Review? |
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79 | (3) |
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What is the purpose of a literature review? |
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82 | (1) |
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What Does a Literature Review Look Like? |
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82 | (7) |
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83 | (2) |
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Systematic reviews and meta-analysis |
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85 | (3) |
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Can the two approaches influence each other? |
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88 | (1) |
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How Do I Go about Doing a Literature Review? |
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89 | (7) |
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90 | (1) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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94 | (2) |
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96 | (1) |
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Study Questions/Activities for Students |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
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Part Two Doing Criminological Research |
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99 | (182) |
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99 | (1) |
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Secondary Data Collection and Analysis |
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100 | (2) |
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Primary Data Collection and Analysis |
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102 | (3) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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Using the Media and Internet for Criminological Research |
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105 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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Study Questions/Activities for Students |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (2) |
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5 Mapping and Using Crime Data in Criminological Research |
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109 | (30) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (3) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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Stakeholders: Who is Interested in Crime Analysis and Why? |
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115 | (2) |
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A typology of crime analyses |
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115 | (2) |
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The Importance of Scale: People, Properties or Places? |
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117 | (1) |
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Mapping and Analysis using Geographical Information Systems |
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118 | (2) |
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118 | (1) |
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The value of GIS in crime analysis |
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119 | (1) |
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Examples of GIS Applications |
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120 | (10) |
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120 | (2) |
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Crime, land use and the social environment |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (2) |
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Crime risks and the juxtaposition of different types of neighbourhood |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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Violence and alcohol supply points |
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127 | (3) |
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New Frontiers: Relating Crime to Crime Prevention |
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130 | (4) |
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Potential uses of data on crime prevention activity |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (3) |
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134 | (1) |
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Study Questions/Activities for Students |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (3) |
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6 Sensitive Survey Research: An Oxymoron? |
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139 | (22) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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What is a Sensitive Topic? |
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140 | (3) |
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143 | (1) |
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144 | (1) |
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Large-scale Surveys: The British Crime Survey and its Approach to Sensitive Topics |
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145 | (2) |
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Generating Survey Data on Sensitive Topics and with Vulnerable Groups |
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147 | (6) |
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Identifying and designing suitable research questions |
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147 | (2) |
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Open and closed questions |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (2) |
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153 | (1) |
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Examples of Survey Research |
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153 | (1) |
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Survey Example 1 Children and Victimisation |
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153 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (1) |
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Survey Example 2 Public Attitudes to Sex Offenders in the Community |
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155 | (1) |
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Sample selection and data gathering |
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155 | (2) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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Study Questions/Activities for Students |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (2) |
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7 Doing Interviews in Prison |
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161 | (18) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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162 | (3) |
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162 | (1) |
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163 | (2) |
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The Context: Women and Crime for Economic Gain |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (3) |
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Ethically imbued research |
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166 | (2) |
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Access, case selection and inducements |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (5) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (2) |
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174 | (2) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (1) |
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176 | (1) |
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Study Questions/Activities for Students |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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177 | (2) |
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8 `Essentially Barbarians'? Researching the `Youth Underclass |
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179 | (20) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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180 | (2) |
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Methodological Questions in the Underclass Debate |
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182 | (2) |
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The Teesside Studies of Youth Transitions and Social Exclusion |
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184 | (3) |
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Understanding `Criminal Careers': Youth Transitions and Social Exclusion |
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187 | (6) |
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What is Wrong with Underclass Theories of Youth Crime? |
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193 | (2) |
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195 | (1) |
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Study Questions/Activities for Students |
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196 | (1) |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (2) |
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9 Ethnographic Research in the Context of Policing |
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199 | (24) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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200 | (3) |
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Studies of Police Culture |
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203 | (3) |
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Critical Approaches and Appreciative Inquiry |
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206 | (3) |
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Doing an Appreciative Ethnography of Police Community Support Officers |
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209 | (5) |
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Research design, access and location |
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211 | (1) |
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Observation, conversation and visibility |
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212 | (1) |
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Data handling and analysis |
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213 | (1) |
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Understanding PCSO Culture |
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214 | (2) |
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The resilience of the traditional police culture |
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215 | (1) |
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PCSO approaches to engagement and maintaining order |
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216 | (1) |
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The emergence of a PCSO subculture |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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Study Questions/Activities for Students |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (5) |
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10 Using the Media to Understand Crime and Criminal Justice |
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223 | (22) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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Why Study Crime in and through the Media? |
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224 | (2) |
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226 | (2) |
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Do the media cause crime? |
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226 | (1) |
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Do the media distort the reality of crime and stereotype certain groups? |
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227 | (1) |
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Do media representations of crime cause people to be fearful? |
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227 | (1) |
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Studying Crime and Criminal Justice in the Media |
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228 | (14) |
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230 | (4) |
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Content analysis with narrative analysis |
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234 | (1) |
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Narrative analysis of prison films |
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235 | (2) |
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237 | (1) |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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Decoding sound and visual signifiers |
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240 | (2) |
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242 | (1) |
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Study Questions/Activities for Students |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (2) |
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11 The Media and Criminological Research |
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245 | (17) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (1) |
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246 | (6) |
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246 | (2) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (2) |
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251 | (1) |
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Researching Media Audiences |
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252 | (2) |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (2) |
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254 | (1) |
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Researching Media Organizations |
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254 | (3) |
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254 | (2) |
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256 | (1) |
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Researching Media in the Criminal Justice System |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (1) |
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Study Questions/Activities for Students |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (2) |
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12 Using the Internet to Research Crime and Justice |
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262 | (19) |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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Researching Traditional Crime and Criminal Justice Processes Using the Internet |
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264 | (1) |
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Researching New Online Criminal Environments |
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265 | (5) |
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Online discussion/focus groups |
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266 | (1) |
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Accessing online populations for qualitative research |
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267 | (1) |
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The challenge of sampling online populations |
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268 | (1) |
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The challenge of conducting virtual ethnography in online environments |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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Researching New Online Criminal Behaviours: Cybercrime |
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270 | (4) |
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Tensions in the production of criminological knowledge about cybercrimes |
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271 | (3) |
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New Methodological and Ethical Issues |
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274 | (3) |
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277 | (1) |
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Study Questions/Activities for Students |
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277 | (1) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (2) |
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Part Three Reflecting On Criminological Research |
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281 | (64) |
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The Importance of Reflexivity |
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281 | (1) |
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Research as a Social Activity |
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282 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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Study Questions/Activities for Students |
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285 | (2) |
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13 Ethics and Criminological Research |
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287 | (20) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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Ethics and Prison Research |
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288 | (2) |
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A History of Ethical Concerns in Prison Research |
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290 | (4) |
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Ethical Guidelines and Ethical Reviewing |
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294 | (1) |
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295 | (1) |
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Ethics in Conducting Qualitative Prison Research |
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296 | (5) |
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Case study 1 Research with children in custody |
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296 | (4) |
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Case study 2 Research with women in custody |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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302 | (1) |
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Study Questions/Activities for Students |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (3) |
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14 The Politics of Criminological Research |
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307 | (21) |
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307 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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Science and Politics in Criminology |
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308 | (3) |
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308 | (1) |
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Science and questions of detachment |
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309 | (1) |
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Taking sides? Questions of involvement and detachment |
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310 | (1) |
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The Play of Power and Politics in the Key Stages of the Research Process |
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311 | (13) |
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311 | (2) |
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Gaining support and sponsorship |
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313 | (3) |
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316 | (3) |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (1) |
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The utilization of criminological research |
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322 | (2) |
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324 | (1) |
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Study Questions/Activities for Students |
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325 | (1) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (2) |
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15 Critical Reflection as Research Methodology |
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328 | (17) |
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328 | (1) |
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328 | (2) |
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What is `Critical' about `Critical Criminology? |
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330 | (2) |
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Critical Theory and Critical Criminology |
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332 | (2) |
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Michel Foucault and Critical Criminology |
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334 | (1) |
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Doing Critical Research: Discourse and Critique |
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335 | (5) |
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Choosing and Using External Critique |
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340 | (2) |
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342 | (1) |
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Study Questions/Activities for Students |
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343 | (1) |
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343 | (1) |
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343 | (2) |
Glossary |
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345 | (12) |
Index |
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357 | |
Professor Pamela Davies research interests coalesce around gender, crime, harm, victimization and justice. Combining her interest in victimology and social harm with a critical/feminist infused approach she has explored a range of contemporary social problems both visible and hidden. Her early research explored female offending and the inter-play between womens offending patterns and experiences of victimization. More recently she has examined tensions around social and environmental justice adopting a case study approach. She has lead a number of research projects and evaluations of multi-agency innovations that tackle gendered forms of harm including interpersonal violence, domestic abuse, the policing of serial perpetrators and support for victims. The ways in which gender mediates our life experiences continues to provoke new areas of inquiry and she is currently working with colleagues on gendering green criminology. Pam has published widely on the subject of victimization and social harm and on how gender connects to matters of community safety, public protection and well-being. Her most recent books are Crime and Power authored with Tanya Wyatt and Victimology Research Policy and Activism edited with Jacki Tapley. She is the series editor of the Palgrave Macmillan Victims and Victimology book series (with Associate Professor Tyrone Kirchengast, University of New South Wales, Sydney). Peter has worked at Northumbria University since 1994 and before that at the Universities of Leicester and Hull. He gained his undergraduate degree from Northumbria University and studied at postgraduate level at Hull University. Between 2002 and 2008 he was a Senior Advisor to the Home Office and has been a council member and trustee of the independent charity the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, Kings College, London since 1996. Victor Jupp is Principal Lecturer in Criminology and Social Research in the School of Arts and Social Sciences at Northumbria University
Contributors
Malcolm Ashmore, Loughborough University, UK
Lee Barron, Northumbria University, UK
Russell W. Belk, Northwestern University, USA
Roy Boyne, University of Durham, UK
Angela Brady, Northumbria University, UK
David Brockington, University Of Plymouth, UK
Martin Bulmer, University of Surrey, UK
John Bynner, University of London, UK
David Byrne, University of Durham, UK
Michael Carrithers, University of Durham, UK
Ellis Cashmore, Staffordshire University, UK
Amanda Coffey, Cardiff University, UK
Tony Columbo, Coventry University, UK
Louise Corti, University of Essex, UK
Iain Crow, University of Sheffield, UK
Julia Davidson, University of Westminster, UK
Pamela Davies, Northumbria University, UK
Martyn Denscombe, De Montfort University, UK
Derek Edwards, Loughborough University, UK
Nigel Fielding, University of Surrey, UK
Uwe Flick, University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany
Jeremy Foster, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
Philip Gardner, Cambridge University, UK
Jeanette Garwood, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK
Luca Greco, University of Paris III (Sorbonne Nouvelle), France
Martyn Hammersley, The Open University, UK
Jamie Harding, Northumbria University, UK
Rom Harré, Georgetown University, USA
Eric Harrison, University of Oxford, UK
Alexa Hepburn, Loughborough University, UK
Claire Hewson, Bolton Institute, UK
Dick Hobbs, University of Durham, UK
Mark Israel, Flinders University, Australia
David Jary, University of Birmingham, UK
Vince Keddie, Department for Education and Skills, UK
Aidan Kelly, University of East London, UK
Robert Kozinets, Northwestern University, USA
Richard Lampard, University of Warwick, UK
Gayle Letherby, Coventry University, UK
Curt Le Baron, Brigham Young University, Utah, USA
Ana Lopes, University of East London, UK
Eugene McLaughlin, The Open University, UK
Craig McLean, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Bernd Marcus, Chemintz University, Germany
Steve Miles, Northumbria University, UK
David L. Morgan, Portland State University, USA
Rachael Moss, University of Liverpool, UK
George Moyser, University of Vermont, USA
John Muncie, The Open University, UK
John Newton, Northumbria University, UK
Paul Oliver, University of Huddersfield, UK
Geoff Payne, formerly University of Plymouth, UK
Sarah Pink, Loughborough University, UK
Helen Poole, Coventry University, UK
Jonathon Potter, Loughborough University, UK
Paul Pye, University of Teesside, UK
Deborah Reed-Danahay, University of Texas at Arlington, USA
Karl-Heinz Renner, University of Bamburg, Germany
Catherine Riessman, Boston University, USA
Lyn Richards, Director, Research Services, QSR, Australia
Margaret Rowe, Northumbria University, UK
Andrew Rutherford, University of Keele, UK
Roger Sapsford, University of Teesside, UK
Mark Saunders, Oxford Brookes University, UK
Thomas A. Schwandt, University of Illinois, USA
John Scott, University of Essex, UK
Christina Silver, University of Surrey, UK
Teresa Smallbone. Oxford Brookes University, UK
Mark Smith, The Open University, UK
Paul Spector, University of South Florida, USA
Robert Stallings, University of Southern California, USA
Thomas Staufenbriel, University of Osnabrueck, Germany
Graham Steventon, Coventry University, UK
Maggie Sumner, University of Westminster, UK
John Swain, Northumbria University, UK
Nick Tilley, Nottingham Trent University, UK
Adelinde Uhrmacher, University of Rostock, Germany
Paul Valentine, University of East London, UK
David de Vaus, La Trobe University, Australia
Margie Wetherell, The Open University, UK
Chris Wharton, Northumbria University, UK
Malcolm Williams, University of Plymouth, UK