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Doing Criminological Research 2nd Revised edition [Minkštas viršelis]

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  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 392 pages, aukštis x plotis: 232x186 mm, weight: 680 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 20-Dec-2010
  • Leidėjas: Sage Publications Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 1848606532
  • ISBN-13: 9781848606531
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 392 pages, aukštis x plotis: 232x186 mm, weight: 680 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 20-Dec-2010
  • Leidėjas: Sage Publications Ltd
  • ISBN-10: 1848606532
  • ISBN-13: 9781848606531
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Just what students need. A reliable, practical and sensible guide to research methods as applied to criminological questions. Professor Tim Newburn, London School of EconomicsAn indispensable guide for anyone conducting or evaluating research in criminology. Professor Julian V. Roberts, University of OxfordThis revised and updated collection deals comprehensively with major issues in contemporary criminological research. It is an essential resource for all criminology students and researchers. Emeritus Professor Hazel Croall, Glasgow Caledonian UniversityThe new edition of this best selling textbook brings research alive for students studying criminology and related subjects.Contextualising research with real-life examples of crime and criminal justice, the book looks at the processes, practicalities and problems of doing criminological research, ensuring students get to grips with preparing for and doing their own research.Thoroughly revised and updated, the book includes a revised three-part structure designed around the core elements of a research project (preparing, doing and reflecting).The book is also now equipped with student support features including chapter key points, summaries, study questions/activities and resources, further reading, and a comprehensive glossary. It is essential reading for students and researchers in criminology, criminal justice and community safety. The new edition of this bestselling textbook brings criminological research alive for students. It introduces the processes and practicalities of preparing, doing, experiencing and reflecting upon criminological research. The success of the first edition has been its ability to contextualise research accessibly within real-life examples of crime, criminology and criminal justice- doing interviews with offenders in prison, undertaking evaluation on crime related projects, using questionnaires to measure fear. Its strength continues to lie in its ability to span the process of doing criminological research, helping students to understand the journey of the researcher. Key enhancements to the second edition include: A revised, 3-part structure, designed around the three core elements of a research project (preparing, doing and reflecting on criminological research) New chapters on: o Doing a literature review o Doing crime analysis o Ethnographic research o Using the internet and visual material in research o Comparative criminological research o Crime and social divisions o The ethics of criminological research All other chapters fully revised and updated The book is also now fully equipped with student support features, including chapter overviews and conclusions, study questions, further reading and a glossary. It is essential reading for students and researchers in criminology and criminal justice.

Recenzijos

Just what students need. A reliable, practical and sensible guide to research methods as applied to criminological questions - Professor Tim Newburn, London School of Economics





An indispensable guide for anyone conducting or evaluating research in criminology - Professor Julian V. Roberts, University of Oxford









This revised and updated collection deals comprehensively with major issues in contemporary criminological research. It is an essential resource for all criminology students and researchers - Emeritus Professor Hazel Croall, Glasgow Caledonian University

Acknowledgements xvi
Contributors xvii
Introduction Pamela Davies and Peter Francis 1(6)
Part One Preparing Criminological Research
7(92)
Pamela Davies
Peter Francis
Decision-making
7(1)
Defining the Topic
8(1)
Topics, Cases, Context and Time
8(1)
End Purpose of Research
9(1)
Anticipating Conclusions
9(1)
Audiences of Research
9(1)
The Research Literature
10(1)
Methodological Approaches
10(1)
Research Proposals
11(1)
Validity
12(1)
Study Questions/Activities for Students
13(1)
References
13(2)
1 Planning Criminological Research
15(21)
Peter Francis
Key Points
15(1)
Introduction
16(1)
Dissertation Research
16(6)
Defining the topic
16(5)
Reviewing the literature
21(1)
Proposing Data Collection Methods
22(7)
Access and sampling
24(2)
Data processing and analysis
26(1)
Ethical considerations
27(1)
Time management and practicalities
27(2)
Writing and Presenting a Research Proposal
29(2)
Supervision and Peer Support
31(2)
Summary
33(1)
Study Questions/Activities for Students
33(1)
Resources
33(1)
References
34(2)
2 Formulating Criminological Research Questions
36(18)
Pamela Davies
Key Points
36(1)
Introduction
37(1)
Contextualizing Research Questions
38(4)
Purposes of and types of research
40(2)
Effective and Researchable Criminological Questions
42(5)
Researchable criminological questions
46(1)
From Topic to Question --- Narrowing the Focus
47(4)
Units of analysis
48(1)
Levels of specificity and complexity
48(1)
Research products and conclusions
49(1)
Attending to meaning
50(1)
Summary
51(1)
Study Questions/Activities for Students
52(1)
Resources
52(1)
References
52(2)
3 Methodological Approaches to Criminological Research
54(24)
Natasha Semmens
Key Points
54(1)
Introduction
55(1)
Choosing Your Research Strategy and Design
56(5)
Combining research strategies and design: triangulation
60(1)
Research design: the time dimension
60(1)
Deciding What Type of Data to Use
61(1)
Choosing the Method(s) of Data Collection
62(8)
Talking/asking/listening
62(1)
Questionnaires and surveys
63(1)
In-depth interviews
63(1)
Group interviews and focus groups
64(1)
Interviews: practical decisions
65(1)
Designing questions
65(2)
Research by Reading
67(1)
Analysing other people's data (secondary analysis)
67(1)
Analysing documents
68(1)
Research through observation
69(1)
Making Operational Decisions
70(4)
Sampling
72(1)
Access
73(1)
Ethical and legal considerations
73(1)
Summary
74(1)
Study Questions/Activities for Students
74(1)
Resources
75(1)
References
76(2)
4 Undertaking a Criminological Literature Review
78(21)
Alison Wakefield
Key Points
78(1)
Introduction
79(1)
What is a Literature Review?
79(3)
What is the purpose of a literature review?
82(1)
What Does a Literature Review Look Like?
82(7)
Narrative reviews
83(2)
Systematic reviews and meta-analysis
85(3)
Can the two approaches influence each other?
88(1)
How Do I Go about Doing a Literature Review?
89(7)
Searching the literature
90(1)
Reading and note-taking
91(1)
Annotated bibliographies
92(2)
Writing the review
94(2)
Summary
96(1)
Study Questions/Activities for Students
96(1)
Resources
97(1)
References
97(2)
Part Two Doing Criminological Research
99(182)
Pamela Davies
Peter Francis
Doing Research
99(1)
Secondary Data Collection and Analysis
100(2)
Primary Data Collection and Analysis
102(3)
Surveys
102(1)
Interviews
103(1)
Observations
104(1)
Using the Media and Internet for Criminological Research
105(1)
Methodological Choices
106(1)
Study Questions/Activities for Students
107(1)
References
107(2)
5 Mapping and Using Crime Data in Criminological Research
109(30)
Alex Hirschfield
Key Points
110(1)
Introduction
110(1)
Dimensions of Crime
111(3)
What is crime?
111(2)
What is crime analysis?
113(1)
Data
114(1)
Stakeholders: Who is Interested in Crime Analysis and Why?
115(2)
A typology of crime analyses
115(2)
The Importance of Scale: People, Properties or Places?
117(1)
Mapping and Analysis using Geographical Information Systems
118(2)
What is a GIS?
118(1)
The value of GIS in crime analysis
119(1)
Examples of GIS Applications
120(10)
Mapping crime hot spots
120(2)
Crime, land use and the social environment
122(1)
Use of geo-demographics
123(2)
Crime risks and the juxtaposition of different types of neighbourhood
125(1)
Crime and land use
126(1)
Violence and alcohol supply points
127(3)
New Frontiers: Relating Crime to Crime Prevention
130(4)
Potential uses of data on crime prevention activity
130(1)
A Liverpool case study
131(3)
Summary
134(1)
Study Questions/Activities for Students
135(1)
Resources
135(1)
References
136(3)
6 Sensitive Survey Research: An Oxymoron?
139(22)
Jo Deakin
Jon Spencer
Key Points
140(1)
Introduction
140(1)
What is a Sensitive Topic?
140(3)
Survey Research
143(1)
Criticisms of Surveys
144(1)
Large-scale Surveys: The British Crime Survey and its Approach to Sensitive Topics
145(2)
Generating Survey Data on Sensitive Topics and with Vulnerable Groups
147(6)
Identifying and designing suitable research questions
147(2)
Open and closed questions
149(1)
Long questions
150(1)
Loaded questions
150(1)
Vignettes
151(2)
Confidentiality
153(1)
Examples of Survey Research
153(1)
Survey Example 1 Children and Victimisation
153(2)
Design
154(1)
Access and piloting
154(1)
Implementation
154(1)
Survey Example 2 Public Attitudes to Sex Offenders in the Community
155(1)
Sample selection and data gathering
155(2)
Making sense of the data
156(1)
Summary
157(1)
Study Questions/Activities for Students
158(1)
Resources
159(1)
References
159(2)
7 Doing Interviews in Prison
161(18)
Pamela Davies
Key Points
161(1)
Introduction
162(1)
Research in Prison
162(3)
Interviews
162(1)
Feminist research
163(2)
The Context: Women and Crime for Economic Gain
165(1)
Before Interviewing
166(3)
Ethically imbued research
166(2)
Access, case selection and inducements
168(1)
During Interviews
169(5)
Snowball sampling
169(1)
Managing interviews
170(2)
Validity and reflexivity
172(2)
After Interviewing
174(2)
Remaining faithful
174(1)
Remaining ethical
175(1)
Summary
176(1)
Study Questions/Activities for Students
176(1)
Resources
177(1)
References
177(2)
8 `Essentially Barbarians'? Researching the `Youth Underclass
179(20)
Robert MacDonald
Key Points
179(1)
Introduction
180(1)
A `Youth Underclass?
180(2)
Methodological Questions in the Underclass Debate
182(2)
The Teesside Studies of Youth Transitions and Social Exclusion
184(3)
Understanding `Criminal Careers': Youth Transitions and Social Exclusion
187(6)
What is Wrong with Underclass Theories of Youth Crime?
193(2)
Summary
195(1)
Study Questions/Activities for Students
196(1)
Resources
196(1)
References
197(2)
9 Ethnographic Research in the Context of Policing
199(24)
Faye Cosgrove
Peter Francis
Key Points
199(1)
Introduction
200(1)
Ethnographic Research
200(3)
Studies of Police Culture
203(3)
Critical Approaches and Appreciative Inquiry
206(3)
Doing an Appreciative Ethnography of Police Community Support Officers
209(5)
Research design, access and location
211(1)
Observation, conversation and visibility
212(1)
Data handling and analysis
213(1)
Understanding PCSO Culture
214(2)
The resilience of the traditional police culture
215(1)
PCSO approaches to engagement and maintaining order
216(1)
The emergence of a PCSO subculture
216(1)
Summary
216(1)
Study Questions/Activities for Students
217(1)
Resources
218(1)
References
218(5)
10 Using the Media to Understand Crime and Criminal Justice
223(22)
Rob C. Mawby
Key Points
223(1)
Introduction
224(1)
Why Study Crime in and through the Media?
224(2)
Crime and the Media
226(2)
Do the media cause crime?
226(1)
Do the media distort the reality of crime and stereotype certain groups?
227(1)
Do media representations of crime cause people to be fearful?
227(1)
Studying Crime and Criminal Justice in the Media
228(14)
Content analysis
230(4)
Content analysis with narrative analysis
234(1)
Narrative analysis of prison films
235(2)
Semiotic analysis
237(1)
Syntagmatic analysis
238(1)
Paradigmatic analysis
239(1)
Decoding sound and visual signifiers
240(2)
Summary
242(1)
Study Questions/Activities for Students
242(1)
Resources
242(1)
References
243(2)
11 The Media and Criminological Research
245(17)
Yvonne Jewkes
Key Points
245(1)
Introduction
246(1)
Researching Media Texts
246(6)
Content analysis
246(2)
Discourse analysis
248(1)
LexisNexis
249(2)
Triangulation
251(1)
Researching Media Audiences
252(2)
Surveys
252(1)
Focus groups
252(2)
Life history
254(1)
Researching Media Organizations
254(3)
Participant observation
254(2)
Multi-method approach
256(1)
Researching Media in the Criminal Justice System
257(1)
Interviewing
257(1)
Summary
258(1)
Study Questions/Activities for Students
259(1)
Resources
259(1)
References
260(2)
12 Using the Internet to Research Crime and Justice
262(19)
David S. Wall
Matthew Williams
Key Points
262(1)
Introduction
263(1)
Researching Traditional Crime and Criminal Justice Processes Using the Internet
264(1)
Researching New Online Criminal Environments
265(5)
Online discussion/focus groups
266(1)
Accessing online populations for qualitative research
267(1)
The challenge of sampling online populations
268(1)
The challenge of conducting virtual ethnography in online environments
268(1)
Online qualitative data
269(1)
Researching New Online Criminal Behaviours: Cybercrime
270(4)
Tensions in the production of criminological knowledge about cybercrimes
271(3)
New Methodological and Ethical Issues
274(3)
Summary
277(1)
Study Questions/Activities for Students
277(1)
Resources
278(1)
References
279(2)
Part Three Reflecting On Criminological Research
281(64)
Pamela Davies
Peter Francis
The Importance of Reflexivity
281(1)
Research as a Social Activity
282(1)
Research and Politics
282(1)
Research and Ethics
283(1)
The Case for Reflexivity
284(1)
Conclusion
284(1)
Study Questions/Activities for Students
285(2)
13 Ethics and Criminological Research
287(20)
Azrini Wahidin
Linda Moore
Key Points
287(1)
Introduction
288(1)
Ethics and Prison Research
288(2)
A History of Ethical Concerns in Prison Research
290(4)
Ethical Guidelines and Ethical Reviewing
294(1)
Personal Reflexivity
295(1)
Ethics in Conducting Qualitative Prison Research
296(5)
Case study 1 Research with children in custody
296(4)
Case study 2 Research with women in custody
300(1)
Informed Consent
301(1)
Summary
302(1)
Study Questions/Activities for Students
303(1)
Resources
303(1)
References
304(3)
14 The Politics of Criminological Research
307(21)
Gordon Hughes
Key Points
307(1)
Introduction
308(1)
Science and Politics in Criminology
308(3)
Defining the political
308(1)
Science and questions of detachment
309(1)
Taking sides? Questions of involvement and detachment
310(1)
The Play of Power and Politics in the Key Stages of the Research Process
311(13)
Getting started
311(2)
Gaining support and sponsorship
313(3)
Gaining access
316(3)
Collecting the data
319(2)
Publishing the results
321(1)
The utilization of criminological research
322(2)
Summary
324(1)
Study Questions/Activities for Students
325(1)
Resources
325(1)
References
326(2)
15 Critical Reflection as Research Methodology
328(17)
Barbara Hudson
Key Points
328(1)
Introduction
328(2)
What is `Critical' about `Critical Criminology?
330(2)
Critical Theory and Critical Criminology
332(2)
Michel Foucault and Critical Criminology
334(1)
Doing Critical Research: Discourse and Critique
335(5)
Choosing and Using External Critique
340(2)
Summary
342(1)
Study Questions/Activities for Students
343(1)
Resources
343(1)
References
343(2)
Glossary 345(12)
Index 357
Professor Pamela Davies research interests coalesce around gender, crime, harm, victimization and justice. Combining her interest in victimology and social harm with a critical/feminist infused approach she has explored a range of contemporary social problems both visible and hidden. Her early research explored female offending and the inter-play between womens offending patterns and experiences of victimization. More recently she has examined tensions around social and environmental justice adopting a case study approach. She has lead a number of research projects and evaluations of multi-agency innovations that tackle gendered forms of harm including interpersonal violence, domestic abuse, the policing of serial perpetrators and support for victims. The ways in which gender mediates our life experiences continues to provoke new areas of inquiry and she is currently working with colleagues on gendering green criminology. Pam has published widely on the subject of victimization and social harm and on how gender connects to matters of community safety, public protection and well-being. Her most recent books are Crime and Power authored with Tanya Wyatt and Victimology Research Policy and Activism edited with Jacki Tapley. She is the series editor of the Palgrave Macmillan Victims and Victimology book series (with Associate Professor Tyrone Kirchengast, University of New South Wales, Sydney). Peter has worked at Northumbria University since 1994 and before that at the Universities of Leicester and Hull. He gained his undergraduate degree from Northumbria University and studied at postgraduate level at Hull University. Between 2002 and 2008 he was a Senior Advisor to the Home Office and has been a council member and trustee of the independent charity the Centre for Crime and Justice Studies, Kings College, London since 1996. Victor Jupp is Principal Lecturer in Criminology and Social Research in the School of Arts and Social Sciences at Northumbria University



Contributors









Malcolm Ashmore, Loughborough University, UK



Lee Barron, Northumbria University, UK



Russell W. Belk, Northwestern University, USA



Roy Boyne, University of Durham, UK



Angela Brady, Northumbria University, UK



David Brockington, University Of Plymouth, UK



Martin Bulmer, University of Surrey, UK



John Bynner, University of London, UK



David Byrne, University of Durham, UK



Michael Carrithers, University of Durham, UK



Ellis Cashmore, Staffordshire University, UK



Amanda Coffey, Cardiff University, UK



Tony Columbo, Coventry University, UK



Louise Corti, University of Essex, UK



Iain Crow, University of Sheffield, UK



Julia Davidson, University of Westminster, UK



Pamela Davies, Northumbria University, UK



Martyn Denscombe, De Montfort University, UK



Derek Edwards, Loughborough University, UK



Nigel Fielding, University of Surrey, UK



Uwe Flick, University of Applied Sciences, Berlin, Germany



Jeremy Foster, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK



Philip Gardner, Cambridge University, UK



Jeanette Garwood, Leeds Metropolitan University, UK



Luca Greco, University of Paris III (Sorbonne Nouvelle), France



Martyn Hammersley, The Open University, UK



Jamie Harding, Northumbria University, UK



Rom Harré, Georgetown University, USA



Eric Harrison, University of Oxford, UK



Alexa Hepburn, Loughborough University, UK



Claire Hewson, Bolton Institute, UK



Dick Hobbs, University of Durham, UK



Mark Israel, Flinders University, Australia



David Jary, University of Birmingham, UK



Vince Keddie, Department for Education and Skills, UK



Aidan Kelly, University of East London, UK



Robert Kozinets, Northwestern University, USA



Richard Lampard, University of Warwick, UK



Gayle Letherby, Coventry University, UK



Curt Le Baron, Brigham Young University, Utah, USA



Ana Lopes, University of East London, UK



Eugene McLaughlin, The Open University, UK



Craig McLean, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, UK



Bernd Marcus, Chemintz University, Germany



Steve Miles, Northumbria University, UK



David L. Morgan, Portland State University, USA



Rachael Moss, University of Liverpool, UK



George Moyser, University of Vermont, USA



John Muncie, The Open University, UK



John Newton, Northumbria University, UK



Paul Oliver, University of Huddersfield, UK



Geoff Payne, formerly University of Plymouth, UK



Sarah Pink, Loughborough University, UK



Helen Poole, Coventry University, UK



Jonathon Potter, Loughborough University, UK



Paul Pye, University of Teesside, UK



Deborah Reed-Danahay, University of Texas at Arlington, USA



Karl-Heinz Renner, University of Bamburg, Germany



Catherine Riessman, Boston University, USA



Lyn Richards, Director, Research Services, QSR, Australia



Margaret Rowe, Northumbria University, UK



Andrew Rutherford, University of Keele, UK



Roger Sapsford, University of Teesside, UK



Mark Saunders, Oxford Brookes University, UK



Thomas A. Schwandt, University of Illinois, USA



John Scott, University of Essex, UK



Christina Silver, University of Surrey, UK



Teresa Smallbone. Oxford Brookes University, UK



Mark Smith, The Open University, UK



Paul Spector, University of South Florida, USA



Robert Stallings, University of Southern California, USA



Thomas Staufenbriel, University of Osnabrueck, Germany



Graham Steventon, Coventry University, UK



Maggie Sumner, University of Westminster, UK



John Swain, Northumbria University, UK



Nick Tilley, Nottingham Trent University, UK



Adelinde Uhrmacher, University of Rostock, Germany



Paul Valentine, University of East London, UK



David de Vaus, La Trobe University, Australia



Margie Wetherell, The Open University, UK



Chris Wharton, Northumbria University, UK



Malcolm Williams, University of Plymouth, UK