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El. knyga: Dolmens in the Levant

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When Western explorers first encountered dolmens in the Levant, they thought they had discovered the origins of a megalithic phenomenon that spread as far as the Atlantic coast. Although European dolmens are now considered an unrelated tradition, many researchers continue to approach dolmens in the Levant as part of a trans-regional phenomenon that spanned the Taurus mountains to the Arabian peninsula.

By tightly defining the term dolmen itself, this book brings these mysterious monuments into sharper focus. Drawing on historical, archaeological and geological sources, it is shown that dolmens in the Levant mostly concentrate in the eastern escarpment of the Jordan Rift Valley, and in the Galilean hills. They cluster near proto-urban settlements of the Early Bronze I period (3700-3000 BC) in particular geological zones suitable for the extraction of megalithic slabs. Rather than approaching dolmens as a regional phenomenon, this book considers dolmens as part of a local burial tradition whose tomb forms varied depending on geological constraints.

Dolmens in the Levant is essential for anyone interested in the rise of civilisations in the ancient Middle East, and particularly those who have wondered at the origins of these enigmatic burial monuments that dominate the landscape

Recenzijos

"James Frasers extensive study is an important contribution on a little-known group of monuments. It exposes ideas associated with their construction and use within this distinct landscape. The book also looks at the history of their archaeology from the first European explorers in this part of the Levant, who considered dolmens as the impetus for monument-building in Europe. In addition, Fraser explores the architecture and the subtle changes that occur within the group, providing the reader with the concept of local innovation, based, in part, on the availability of local geology rather than the result of regional trends and influences." - George Nash, Current World Archaeology, Issue 89

List of illustrations
xii
List of tables
xvii
Acknowledgements xviii
Abbreviations xx
Part I The typology, chronology and distribution of dolmens in the Levant
1(176)
1 Approaching dolmens in the Levant
3(7)
1.1 Reappraising dolmens as a megalithic phenomenon
3(1)
1.2 Terminology and function
4(2)
1.3 Chronology
6(1)
1.4 Distribution
7(1)
1.5 Dolmens in the Wadi ar-Rayyan
8(2)
2 Megalithism, nomadism and the dolmen problem: a history of dolmen research in the Levant
10(19)
2.1 19th century travellers and explorers
11(2)
2.2 Diffusionism and the apostles of the megalithic faith
13(3)
2.3 Dolmens in the biblical texts
16(1)
2.4 Challenging diffusionism and a megalithic Kulturkreis
16(2)
2.5 New approaches in the 1960s and dating dolmens to the EB I
18(2)
2.6 Nomad hypotheses and dating dolmens to the EB IV
20(2)
2.7 Zohar's 1992 hypothesis of dolmens and nomadism in the EB IV
22(1)
2.8 Prag's 1995 hypothesis of dolmens and nomadism in the EB I
23(1)
2.9 Recent developments
24(3)
2.10 Conclusion
27(2)
3 Untangling dolmen typologies and chronologies in the Levant
29(37)
3.1 Typologies
30(20)
3.2 Chronologies
50(15)
3.3 Discussion
65(1)
4 The dolmen phenomenon in Israel/Palestine and the northern Levant
66(24)
4.1 Israel/Palestine and the destruction hypothesis
67(7)
4.2 Syria, Lebanon and southeastern Turkey
74(13)
4.3 Approaching the dolmen phenomenon in the Levant
87(3)
5 Dolmens, geology and the EB settlement landscape in Jordan
90(54)
5.1 The relationship between dolmens and EB I settlement sites
90(4)
5.2 Dolmens and geology
94(2)
5.3 The limitations of the data
96(6)
5.4 The south Jordan Valley, the eastern escarpment and the Madaba Plains
102(10)
5.5 The Wadi az-Zerqa
112(16)
5.6 Northern Jordan between the Wadi Kufrinja and the Wadi Yarmouk
128(13)
5.7 Dolmen distribution beyond the Irbid-Madaba zone
141(1)
5.8 Discussion
142(2)
6 Dolmens, geology and the EB settlement landscape in the Galilee, the Golan and the Leja
144(33)
6.1 The Golan
145(11)
6.2 The Raqqad-Allane plateau
156(1)
6.3 The Leja
157(4)
6.4 The Hauran
161(2)
6.5 The Huleh Valley
163(2)
6.6 The Korazim plateau
165(5)
6.7 The upper Galilee and southern Lebanon
170(2)
6.8 Discussion
172(5)
Part II Dolmens in the Wadi ar-Rayyan
177(164)
7 Dolmens and settlements
179(28)
7.1 Topography, environment and the Yabis/Rayyan toponym
180(1)
7.2 19th and 20th century research until 1980
181(1)
7.3 The Wadi Yabis survey
182(2)
7.4 Excavations
184(5)
7.5 Late prehistoric settlement patterns
189(4)
7.6 Dolmens
193(6)
7.7 Dolmens and settlements
199(3)
7.8 A view-shed analysis of dolmens
202(3)
7.9 Dolmens as collective cemeteries
205(2)
8 The megalithic landscape
207(42)
8.1 The North Jordan Tomb Project
207(3)
8.2 Dolmens
210(6)
8.3 Cairns
216(15)
8.4 Standing stones
231(1)
8.5 Walls
231(2)
8.6 Rock-cut features
233(4)
8.7 The EB IV site of Khirbet Um al-Ghozlan
237(3)
8.8 Chronology
240(5)
8.9 Approaching the megalithic landscape
245(4)
9 Dolmen morphology and burial
249(52)
9.1 Construction and materials
250(1)
9.2 Configuration of the chamber
250(16)
9.3 Side-stones
266(4)
9.4 End-stones
270(4)
9.5 Roof-stones
274(5)
9.6 Platforms, terraces and walls
279(11)
9.7 Tumuli
290(4)
9.8 Dolmens and burial
294(5)
9.9 Discussion
299(2)
10 Dolmen orientation
301(16)
10.1 Variability throughout the southern Levant
301(3)
10.2 Palumbo's analysis of dolmen orientation in the Wadi ar-Rayyan
304(2)
10.3 The orientation of dolmens at Tell er-Ras
306(9)
10.4 Discussion
315(2)
11 Dolmen construction: the quarrying, extraction and movement of megalithic blocks
317(18)
11.1 Evidence for quarrying
318(5)
11.2 Quarrying and extraction processes
323(9)
11.3 Transporting and placing the stones
332(1)
11.4 Discussion
333(2)
12 Dolmens in context: summary and concluding remarks
335(6)
12.1 Dolmens in their chronological context
335(2)
12.2 Dolmens in the context of other EB I funerary traditions
337(2)
12.3 The end of the tradition
339(2)
Bibliography 341(27)
Index 368
James A. Fraser was awarded his PhD at the University of Sydney, Australia, for his thesis on Levantine dolmens in 2016. He served as Project Curator for the Ancient Levant at the British Museum 20152017, and is now Senior Curator of the Nicholson Museum, University of Sydney. He has worked on archaeological projects in Jordan, Syria, Iraq, Afghanistan, Uzbekistan, Kashmir, Greece, Cambodia, Australia and the Solomon Islands. He currently directs the Khirbet Ghozlan Excavation Project, investigating the production of olive oil in Jordan around 2000 BCE.
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