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Ecological Methods 4th edition [Minkštas viršelis]

(The Square, Pennington, Lymington, Hants), (University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford)
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 656 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 244x188x31 mm, weight: 1225 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 25-Mar-2016
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-Blackwell
  • ISBN-10: 1118895282
  • ISBN-13: 9781118895283
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Ecological Methods 4th editionDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 656 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 244x188x31 mm, weight: 1225 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 25-Mar-2016
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-Blackwell
  • ISBN-10: 1118895282
  • ISBN-13: 9781118895283
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781118895283.html
Raktažodžiai:

The first edition of this book was published in 1966 and became an instant classic text. The third edition was published in 2000 authored by Professors Southwood and Henderson.

 

The availability of computer programs for many aspects of analysis of ecological data has continued to transform the way ecologists work. This will result in some important changes in the next (4th) edition. Many of the computational methods described in detail in the 3rd edition will be omitted and replaced with a description of the available software with brief descriptions of use and where to obtain it. In particular, reference will be made to procedures available in R and other freely available software systems.

I would also like to add some photographs of equipment in use. This would avoid lengthy descriptions of apparatus.

There needs to be far more references to web resources including equipment suppliers, software downloads and detailed methodologies. I will also ensure reference is made to suppliers in non-western countries e.g. Japan.

Recent references will be added to all chapters. Generally, references to methodologies which are no longer used will be removed. However, older references to techniques still in use will be kept to ensure the work acts as a good reference to the development of ecological methods. I intend to ensure that the 4th edition enables younger readers to access older literature, which is still invaluable though often ignored.

It is planned that there will be little increase in the overall size of the work.

Effort will be expended in making the text more accessible to advanced undergraduate and young post-graduate students. The first edition of this book was an undergraduate textbook (everyone on my course was expected to own their own copy). The 3rd edition had become an advanced text for graduate students and experienced researchers. While aiming to keep the 4th edition useful to experienced researchers, I aim to ensure that all chapters have text which is accessible and useful to students.

Prefaces xiii
About the Companion Website xix
1 Introduction to the Study of Animal Populations 1(6)
1.1 Population estimates
2(2)
1.1.1 Absolute and related estimates
2(1)
1.1.2 Relative estimates
3(1)
1.1.3 Population indices
4(1)
1.2 Errors and confidence
4(1)
References
5(2)
2 The Sampling Programme and the Measurement and Description of Dispersion 7(70)
2.1 Preliminary sampling
7(9)
2.1.1 Planning and fieldwork
7(3)
2.1.2 Statistical aspects
10(6)
2.2 The sampling programme
16(11)
2.2.1 The number of samples per habitat unit (e.g. plant, host or puddle)
16(4)
2.2.2 The sampling unit, its selection, size and shape
20(1)
2.2.3 The number of samples
21(3)
2.2.4 The pattern of sampling
24(2)
2.2.5 The timing of sampling
26(1)
2.3 Dispersion
27(24)
2.3.1 Mathematical distributions that serve as models
28(12)
2.3.2 Biological interpretation of dispersion parameters
40(8)
2.3.3 Nearest-neighbour and related techniques: measures of population size or of the departure from randomness of the distribution
48(3)
2.4 Sequential sampling
51(4)
2.4.1 Sampling numbers
51(4)
2.5 Presence or absence sampling
55(2)
2.6 Sampling a fauna
57(2)
2.7 Biological and other qualitative aspects of sampling
59(1)
2.8 Jack knife and Bootstrap techniques
60(2)
References
62(15)
3 Absolute Population Estimates Using Capture-Recapture Experiments 77(62)
3.1 Capture-recapture methods
78(25)
3.1.1 Assumptions common to most methods
79(7)
3.1.2 Estimating closed populations
86(7)
3.1.3 Estimations for open populations
93(10)
3.2 Methods of marking animals
103(18)
3.2.1 Handling techniques
105(2)
3.2.2 Release
107(1)
3.2.3 Surface marks using paints and solutions of dyes
108(4)
3.2.4 Dyes and fluorescent substances in powder form
112(2)
3.2.5 Pollen
114(1)
3.2.6 Marking formed by feeding on or absorption of dyes
114(2)
3.2.7 Marking by injection, panjet or tattooing
116(1)
3.2.8 External tags
116(1)
3.2.9 Branding
117(1)
3.2.10 Mutilation
118(1)
3.2.11 Natural marks, parasites and genes
118(1)
3.2.12 Rare elements
119(1)
3.2.13 Protein marking
120(1)
3.2.14 Radioactive isotopes
120(1)
3.2.15 Radio and sonic tags
120(1)
References
121(18)
4 Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Habitat - Air, Plants, Plant Products and Vertebrate Hosts 139(44)
4.1 Sampling from the air
139(1)
4.2 Sampling apparatus
140(4)
4.2.1 Exposed cone (Johnson-Taylor) suction trap
140(1)
4.2.2 Enclosed cone types of suction trap including the Rothamsted 12m trap
141(2)
4.2.3 Rotary and other traps
143(1)
4.3 Comparison and efficiencies of the different types of suction traps
144(2)
4.3.1 Conversion of catch to aerial density
145(1)
4.3.2 Conversion of density to total aerial population
146(1)
4.4 Sampling from plants
146(20)
4.4.1 Assessing the plant
147(1)
4.4.2 Determining the numbers of invertebrates
147(8)
4.4.3 The extraction of animals from herbage and debris
155(8)
4.4.4 Methods for animals in plant tissues
163(2)
4.4.5 Special sampling problems with animals in plant material
165(1)
4.5 Sampling from vertebrate hosts
166(5)
4.5.1 Sampling from living hosts
166(3)
4.5.2 Sampling from dead hosts
169(1)
4.5.3 Sampling from vertebrate 'homes'
170(1)
References
171(12)
5 Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Aquatic Habitat 183(38)
5.1 Open water
183(7)
5.1.1 Nets
183(4)
5.1.2 Pumps
187(1)
5.1.3 Water-sampling bottles
187(1)
5.1.4 The Patalas—Schindler volume sampler
187(1)
5.1.5 Particular methods for insects
188(2)
5.2 Vegetation
190(5)
5.2.1 Floating vegetation
191(1)
5.2.2 Emergent vegetation
192(2)
5.2.3 Submerged vegetation
194(1)
5.3 Bottom fauna
195(16)
5.3.1 Hand net sampling of forest litter
196(1)
5.3.2 Sampling from under stones
197(2)
5.3.3 The planting of removable portions of the substrate
199(1)
5.3.4 Cylinders and boxes for delimiting an area
200(1)
5.3.5 Trawls, bottom sledges and dredges
201(4)
5.3.6 Grabs
205(3)
5.3.7 Dendy inverting sampler
208(1)
5.3.8 Box samplers and corers
209(2)
5.3.9 Air-lift and suction devices
211(1)
5.4 Poisons and anaesthetics used for sampling fish in rock pools and small ponds
211(2)
References
213(8)
6 Absolute Population Estimates by Sampling a Unit of Soil or Litter Habitat: Extraction Techniques 221(38)
6.1 Sampling
221(3)
6.2 Bulk staining
224(1)
6.3 Mechanical methods of extraction
224(12)
6.3.1 Dry sieving
224(1)
6.3.2 Wet sieving
225(1)
6.3.3 Soil washing and flotation
226(3)
6.3.4 Flotation separation of plankton, meiofauna and other small animals
229(2)
6.3.5 Separation of plant and insects by differential wetting
231(2)
6.3.6 Centrifugation
233(1)
6.3.7 Sedimentation
233(1)
6.3.8 Elutriation
234(1)
6.3.9 Sectioning
235(1)
6.3.10 Aeration
236(1)
6.4 Behavioural or dynamic methods
236(12)
6.4.1 Dry extractors
237(6)
6.4.2 Wet extractors
243(5)
6.5 Summary of the applicability of the methods
248(2)
References
250(9)
7 Relative Methods of Population Measurement and the Derivation of Absolute Estimates 259(78)
7.1 Factors affecting the size of relative estimates
259(7)
7.1.1 The 'phase' of the animal
260(1)
7.1.2 The activity of the animal
261(2)
7.1.3 Differences in the response between species, sexes and individuals
263(1)
7.1.4 The efficiency of the trap or searching method
264(2)
7.2 The uses of relative methods
266(6)
7.2.1 Measures of the availability
266(1)
7.2.2 Indices of absolute population
266(1)
7.2.3 Estimates of absolute population
267(1)
7.2.4 Removal trapping or collecting
268(4)
7.2.5 Collecting
272(1)
7.3 Relative methods: catch per unit effort
272(8)
7.3.1 Observation by radar
272(1)
7.3.2 Hydroacoustic methods
273(1)
7.3.3 Fish counters
274(1)
7.3.4 Electric fishing
274(1)
7.3.5 Aural detection
275(1)
7.3.6 Exposure by plough
276(1)
7.3.7 Collecting with a net or similar device
276(3)
7.3.8 Visual searching and pooting
279(1)
7.4 Relative methods: trapping
280(24)
7.4.1 Interception traps
281(9)
7.4.2 Flight traps combining interception and attraction
290(4)
7.4.3 Light and other visual traps
294(10)
7.5 Traps that attract animals by some natural stimulus or a substitute
304(10)
7.5.1 Shelter traps
304(1)
7.5.2 Trap host plants
305(1)
7.5.3 Baited traps
305(3)
7.5.4 The use of vertebrate hosts or substitutes as bait for insects
308(6)
7.6 Using Sound
314(1)
References
314(23)
8 Estimates of Species Richness and Population Size Based on Signs, Products and Effects 337(18)
8.1 Arthropod products
337(4)
8.1.1 Exuviae
337(1)
8.1.2 Frass
338(3)
8.2 Vertebrate products and effects
341(1)
8.3 Effects due to an individual insect
342(1)
8.4 General effects: plant damage
343(4)
8.4.1 Criteria
344(3)
8.5 Determining the relationship between damage and insect populations
347(1)
References
348(7)
9 Wildlife Population Estimates by Census and Distance Measuring Techniques 355(18)
9.1 Census methods
356(1)
9.2 Point and line survey methods
357(8)
9.2.1 Indices of abundance using transects
357(1)
9.2.2 Methods based on flushing
357(3)
9.2.3 Line transect methods: the Fourier series estimator
360(5)
9.2.4 Point transects
365(1)
9.3 Distance sampling software in R
365(2)
9.4 Spatial distribution and plotless density estimators
367(2)
9.4.1 Closest individual or distance method
367(1)
9.4.2 Nearest-neighbour methods
368(1)
References
369(4)
10 Observational and Experimental Methods for the Estimation of Natality, Mortality and Dispersal 373(56)
10.1 Natality
373(9)
10.1.1 Fertility
373(2)
10.1.2 Numbers entering a stage
375(7)
10.1.3 The birth-rate from mark and recapture data
382(1)
10.2 Mortality
382(14)
10.2.1 Total
382(1)
10.2.2 The death-rate from mark and recapture data
383(1)
10.2.3 Climatic factors
383(1)
10.2.4 Biotic factors
383(7)
10.2.5 Experimental assessment of natural enemies
390(6)
10.3 Dispersal
396(14)
10.3.1 Detecting and quantifying jump dispersal
397(1)
10.3.2 Quantifying neighbourhood dispersal
397(13)
10.4 The measurement and description of home range and territory
410(3)
10.4.1 The minimum convex polygon area method for estimating home range
411(1)
10.4.2 The kernel estimation method for home range
412(1)
10.5 The rate of colonisation of a new habitat and artificial substrates
413(1)
10.6 The direction of migration
413(1)
References
413(16)
11 The Construction, Description and Analysis of Age-specific Life-tables 429(36)
11.1 Types of life-table and the budget
429(1)
11.2 The construction of a budget
430(1)
11.3 Analysis of stage-frequency data
431(9)
11.3.1 Southwood's graphical method
432(1)
11.3.2 Richards & Waloff's first method
432(2)
11.3.3 Manly's method
434(1)
11.3.4 Ruesink's method
435(1)
11.3.5 Dempster 's method
435(1)
11.3.6 Richards & Waloff's Second Method
436(1)
11.3.7 Kiritani, Nakasuji & Manly's method
437(1)
11.3.8 Kempton's method
438(1)
11.3.9 The Bellows and Birley Method
439(1)
11.4 The description of budgets and life-tables
440(9)
11.4.1 Survivorship curves
440(1)
11.4.2 Stock—recruitment (Moran—Ricker) curves
440(3)
11.4.3 The life-table and life expectancy
443(1)
11.4.4 Life and fertility tables and the net reproductive rate
444(2)
11.4.5 Population growth rates
446(2)
11.4.6 The calculation of r
448(1)
11.5 The analysis of life-table data
449(10)
11.5.1 The comparison of mortality factors within a generation
449(2)
11.5.2 Survival and life budget analysis
451(7)
11.5.3 Sibley's A contribution analysis
458(1)
References
459(6)
12 Age-grouping, Time-specific Life-tables and Predictive Population Models 465(30)
12.1 Age-grouping
465(1)
12.2 Aging young by developmental stage
466(1)
12.3 Aging by using structures
467(9)
12.3.1 Annelids
467(1)
12.3.2 Crustaceans
467(1)
12.3.3 Insects
467(5)
12.3.4 Molluscs
472(1)
12.3.5 Fish
473(1)
12.3.6 Lampreys
474(1)
12.3.7 Reptiles and amphibians
474(1)
12.3.8 Birds
475(1)
12.3.9 Mammals
475(1)
12.4 Time-specific life-tables and survival rates
476(8)
12.4.1 Physiological time
478(1)
12.4.2 Life-table parameters
479(1)
12.4.3 Recruitment in the field
479(1)
12.4.4 Empirical models
479(1)
12.4.5 Intrinsic rate models and variable life-tables
480(1)
12.4.6 Lewis—Leslie matrices and R packages
481(3)
References
484(11)
13 Species Richness, Diversity and Packing 495(56)
13.1 Diversity
496(24)
13.1.1 Description of a- and y-diversity
497(1)
13.1.2 Species richness
498(7)
13.1.3 Models for the S:N relationship
505(4)
13.1.4 Non-parametric indices of diversity
509(3)
13.1.5 Which model or index?
512(1)
13.1.6 Comparing communities — diversity ordering
513(2)
13.1.7 Procedure to determine a-diversity
515(2)
13.1.8 Determining Q-diversity
517(3)
13.2 Similarity and the comparison and classification of samples
520(10)
13.2.1 Measures of complementarity
521(1)
13.2.2 Similarity indices
521(4)
13.2.3 Multivariate analysis
525(5)
13.3 Species packing
530(12)
13.3.1 Measurement of interspecific association
530(4)
13.3.2 Measurement of resource utilisation
534(6)
13.3.3 Niche size and competition coefficients
540(2)
References
542(9)
14 The Estimation of Productivity and the Construction of Energy Budgets 551(36)
14.1 Estimation of standing crop
553(1)
14.1.1 Measurement of biomass
553(1)
14.2 Determination of energy density
554(1)
14.3 Estimation of energy flow
555(2)
14.4 The measurement of production
557(3)
14.5 The measurement of feeding and assimilation
560(1)
14.5.1 The quality of the food eaten
560(1)
14.6 Feeding and assimilation rates
561(4)
14.6.1 Radiotracer techniques
561(2)
14.6.2 Gravimetric techniques
563(1)
14.6.3 Indicator methods
564(1)
14.6.4 Measurement of faecal output
565(1)
14.7 The measurement of the energy loss due to respiration and metabolic process
565(8)
14.7.1 Calorimetric
565(1)
14.7.2 The exchange of respiratory gases
565(2)
14.7.3 The respiratory rate
567(6)
14.8 The energy budget, efficiencies and transfer coefficients
573(3)
14.8.1 The energy budget of a population (or trophic level)
573(1)
14.8.2 Energy transfer across trophic links
574(2)
14.9 Identification of ecological pathways using stable isotopes
576(1)
14.10 Assessment of energy and time costs of strategies
577(1)
References
578(9)
15 Studies at Large Spatial, Temporal and Numerical Scales and the Classification of Habitats 587(36)
15.1 Remote sensing data from satellites
589(2)
15.2 Remote sensing using piloted and unmanned aircraft
591(1)
15.3 Long-term studies
592(15)
15.3.1 Planning spatial and temporal sampling
593(1)
15.3.2 The classification of time series
593(10)
15.3.3 Detecting synchrony
603(1)
15.3.4 Measuring temporal variability
603(1)
15.3.5 Detecting break-points
604(3)
15.4 Geographical information systems
607(1)
15.5 Detection of density dependence in time series
608(5)
15.5.1 Bulmer's (1975) test
608(1)
15.5.2 Pollard et al.'s (1987) randomisation test
609(2)
15.5.3 Dennis and Taper's (1994) bootstrap approach
611(1)
15.5.4 Using a battery of approaches to detect density dependence
611(2)
15.6 Citizen science projects
613(1)
15.7 Ecosystem services
613(1)
15.8 Habitat classification
614(3)
15.8.1 Qualitative
614(2)
15.8.2 Quantitative
616(1)
References
617(6)
Index 623
Peter A. Henderson, Director of Pisces Conservation, Southampton, UK. T. R. E. Southwood, Lecturer, Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, UK.