Atnaujinkite slapukų nuostatas

El. knyga: Economics of Dryland Management

, , (The World Bank, Washington, DC, USA)
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Economics of Dryland ManagementDidesnis paveikslėlis
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:

DRM apribojimai

  • Kopijuoti:

    neleidžiama

  • Spausdinti:

    neleidžiama

  • El. knygos naudojimas:

    Skaitmeninių teisių valdymas (DRM)
    Leidykla pateikė šią knygą šifruota forma, o tai reiškia, kad norint ją atrakinti ir perskaityti reikia įdiegti nemokamą programinę įrangą. Norint skaityti šią el. knygą, turite susikurti Adobe ID . Daugiau informacijos  čia. El. knygą galima atsisiųsti į 6 įrenginius (vienas vartotojas su tuo pačiu Adobe ID).

    Reikalinga programinė įranga
    Norint skaityti šią el. knygą mobiliajame įrenginyje (telefone ar planšetiniame kompiuteryje), turite įdiegti šią nemokamą programėlę: PocketBook Reader (iOS / Android)

    Norint skaityti šią el. knygą asmeniniame arba „Mac“ kompiuteryje, Jums reikalinga  Adobe Digital Editions “ (tai nemokama programa, specialiai sukurta el. knygoms. Tai nėra tas pats, kas „Adobe Reader“, kurią tikriausiai jau turite savo kompiuteryje.)

    Negalite skaityti šios el. knygos naudodami „Amazon Kindle“.

We have always had land in which the agricultural productivity is limited because there is not enough moisture. Systems of farming and burning often degrade dryland further until it is desert. Today, however, the problem is becoming much more serious. Over 20 per cent of the world's population lives in dryland areas, and unless action is taken drylands will increase dramatically. This book focuses on the people who live and .farm in the drylands, their use of land resources and the economic returns from their decisions. In a clear and thorough economic appraisal, the authors show how it is still possible to arrest the problem.

Originally published in 1989
Foreword xi
Preface xv
1 The Dryland Problem
1(14)
Dimensions of the problem
5(7)
History and background of dryland usage
Current conditions in the drylands
The future of the drylands
References
12(3)
2 Dryland Characteristics and the Degradation Process
15(28)
Physical and biological characteristics
15(9)
Climate
Surface water and groundwater resources
Topography and soils
Vegetation
Animal populations
Degradation and land use
24(13)
Degradation processes
Livestock production
Rainfed crop production
Irrigated agriculture
Forestry and agroforestry
Other land uses
Social and institutional factors
37(4)
Human factors
Institutional and political factors
References
41(2)
3 The Role of Public Policy in Dryland Development and Management
43(19)
Policies towards the drylands
43(6)
Diversity of dryland problems
The case for public assistance
General policy issues in development planning
Formulation of policies, programmes and projects
Economics and the policy process
Designing appropriate policies
49(10)
Economic issues in designing remedial action
Determining the appropriate level of protection
Desirable characteristics of policies, programmes and projects
Social, cultural and institutional factors
59(1)
Human factors
Institutional factors
References
60(2)
4 General Economic Principles and Techniques of Analysis
62(20)
Concepts of economic welfare
63(1)
Measurement of benefits and costs
64(15)
Price distortions
Economic externalities
Use rights and resource management systems
The effect of time
Breakdown of resource management systems
Renewable and non-renewable resources
Irreversible damage to resources
Risk and uncertainty
Design of an economic analysis
79(1)
Techniques of economic analysis
79(1)
References
80(2)
5 Managing Drylands as Renewable Economic Resources
82(27)
Renewable production systems in dryland areas
82(5)
Sustainable production from dryland ecosystems
Products of dryland areas
Economic management objectives
Degradation: causes and corrective actions
87(7)
Perspective of the land user
Externalities and open-access common property resource effects
Corrective policies and strategies
Dryland agriculture and forestry
94(6)
Rainfed crop management
Dryland forestry
Appropriate farm technology
Soil and water conservation
Grazing systems
100(6)
Key variables in grazing management
Handling stochastic conditions
Computer simulation modelling of dryland grazing systems
References
106(3)
6 Economic Appraisal of Investments in Dryland Programmes and Projects
109(32)
Financial analysis
110(7)
Social benefit-cost analysis
117(15)
Project costs
Physical boundaries of analysis
Shadow prices
Dealing with inflation
Secondary impacts
Calculation of net social benefits
Income distribution
Decision criteria
132(5)
Choosing a decision criterion
Cost-effectiveness analysis
137(2)
References
139(2)
7 Valuation of On-Site and Off-Site Effects
141(22)
Valuation of productivity changes
141(9)
On-site productivity changes
Off-site productivity changes
Effects of production changes on prices, factor markets and consumer's and producer's surplus
Valuation of other effects
150(6)
Damage to property and materials
Human life and health
Population dislocation
Dealing with intangibles and non-quantifiables
Cost analysis techniques
156(5)
Preventive expenditures
Replacement cost
Opportunity-cost approach
Travel-cost approach
References
161(2)
8 Risk and Uncertainty in Dryland Development and Management
163(30)
Handling risk and uncertainty
163(8)
Sources of risk and uncertainty in dryland decision-making
Definitions of risk and uncertainty
Risk analysis
171(9)
Applications of risk analysis
A framework for risk analysis
Interpretation of results of risk analysis
Decision-making under conditions of uncertainty
180(6)
Decisions based on available information
Sensitivity analysis
Decision analysis techniques
Uncertainty associated with irreversible damage to resources
Defensive strategies to cope with risk and uncertainty
186(5)
Overcoming the effects of risk
Investment in information
Use of expert systems
Adaptive environmental assessment and management
Critical zones and safe minimum standards
References
191(2)
9 Models for Dryland Development Planning
193(31)
General policy issues in dryland development planning
193(1)
Linear programming models
194(12)
General properties and applications of linear programming models
Setting up a linear programming model
Finding the optimum solution
Introducing an environmental externality
Limitations of the linear programming approach
Sectoral planning models
206(9)
General properties of input---output models
Solving an input---output system
Simulating the effects of new production
Incorporating consumption expenditure
Data sources and construction of input---output models
Application of multipliers to dryland development planning
Natural-resource accounts
215(4)
Approaches to NRA
Global models
219(2)
References
221(3)
10 Implementation of Policies, Programmes and Projects
224(26)
Presenting results to decision-makers
225(2)
Characteristics of a useful economic analysis
Important elements of an economic analysis
Creation of implementation incentives
227(6)
Direct government expenditure
Influencing private behaviour
Characteristics of efficient incentives
Selecting the appropriate incentives
233(1)
Constraints on the use of economic incentives
A checklist of incentive characteristics
Social and cultural constraints to implementation
234(2)
Policies on land tenure and use rights
236(10)
Systems and incentives
Accommodation and change
Management of programmes and projects
246(2)
Technical management
Financial management
Social management
Administrative management
References
248(2)
11 Case Study: Benefit---Cost Analysis of Soil Conservation in Maphutseng, Lesotho
250(39)
Jan Bojo
Background
250(4)
The FISC project and the Maphutseng area
The economic analysis
254(21)
Choice of evaluation criteria
Quantification of costs
Quantification of benefits
Valuation of costs and benefits in economic prices
Discounting
Time horizon
Results
Distributional effects
Uncertainty and sensitivity analysis
Summary of sensitivity analysis
Policy implications of the economic analysis
The financial analysis
275(4)
The farmer's viewpoint
The long-run perspective
Policy implications of the financial analysis
Acknowledgements
279(1)
List of persons contacted in Lesotho
Annex: cost calculations
280(6)
References
286(3)
Index 289
John A. Dixon, David E. James, Paul B. Sherman
Daugiau apie elektronines knygas Daugiau apie elektronines knygas
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/97811340471306e.html