About the Authors |
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xvii | |
Preface |
|
xix | |
Acknowledgments |
|
xxiii | |
Foreword |
|
xxv | |
Endorsements |
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xxvii | |
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1 | (34) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Clarifying the What of EBFM |
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2 | (17) |
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1.3 Yeah, but What Level of EBFM? |
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19 | (1) |
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1.4 Clarifying the Why of EBFM |
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20 | (4) |
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1.5 Clarifying the Obstacles to EBFM |
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24 | (3) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (7) |
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2 Methods for Characterizing and Examining Marine Fishery Ecosystems |
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35 | (12) |
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35 | (6) |
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2.2 Socioeconomic Criteria |
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41 | (1) |
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41 | (2) |
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2.4 Environmental Forcing and Major Features |
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43 | (1) |
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2.5 Major Pressures and Exogenous Factors |
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43 | (1) |
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2.6 Systems Ecology and Fisheries |
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44 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (2) |
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47 | (66) |
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48 | (1) |
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3.2 Background and Context |
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48 | (8) |
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3.2.1 Habitat and Geography |
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48 | (3) |
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3.2.2 Climate and Other Major Stressors |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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3.2.5 Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) and Multisector Considerations |
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53 | (3) |
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3.3 Informational and Analytical Considerations for this Region |
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56 | (5) |
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3.3.1 Observation Systems and Data Sources |
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56 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Models and Assessments |
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57 | (4) |
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3.4 Evaluation of Major Facets of EBFM for this Region |
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61 | (30) |
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3.4.1 Socioeconomic Criteria |
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61 | (1) |
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3.4.1.1 Social and Regional Demographics |
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61 | (1) |
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3.4.1.2 Socioeconomic Status and Regional Fisheries Economics |
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62 | (4) |
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3.4.2 Governance Criteria |
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66 | (1) |
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3.4.2.1 Human Representative Context |
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66 | (1) |
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3.4.2.2 Fishery and Systematic Context |
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67 | (2) |
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3.4.2.3 Organizational Context |
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69 | (1) |
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3.4.2.4 Status of Living Marine Resources (Targeted and Protected Species) |
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70 | (7) |
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3.4.3 Environmental Forcing and Major Features |
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77 | (1) |
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3.4.3.1 Oceanographic and Climatological Context |
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77 | (5) |
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3.4.3.2 Notable Physical Features and Destabilizing Events and Phenomena |
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82 | (1) |
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3.4.4 Major Pressures and Exogenous Factors |
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82 | (1) |
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3.4.4.1 Other Ocean Use Context |
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82 | (2) |
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3.4.5 Systems Ecology and Fisheries |
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84 | (1) |
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3.4.5.1 Basal Ecosystem Production |
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84 | (1) |
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3.4.5.2 System Exploitation |
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84 | (3) |
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3.4.5.3 Targeted and Non-Targeted Resources |
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87 | (4) |
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91 | (6) |
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3.5.1 Progress Toward EBFM |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (16) |
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4 The U.S. Mid-Atlantic Region |
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113 | (62) |
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114 | (1) |
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4.2 Background and Context |
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114 | (7) |
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4.2.1 Habitat and Geography |
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114 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Climate and Other Major Stressors |
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115 | (2) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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4.2.5 Ecosystem-based Management (EBM) and Multisector Considerations |
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119 | (2) |
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4.3 Informational and Analytical Considerations for this Region |
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121 | (3) |
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4.3.1 Observation Systems and Data Sources |
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121 | (1) |
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4.3.2 Models and Assessments |
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122 | (2) |
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4.4 Evaluation of Major Facets of EBFM for this Region |
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124 | (31) |
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4.4.1 Socioeconomic Criteria |
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124 | (1) |
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4.4.1.1 Social and Regional Demographics |
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124 | (1) |
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4.4.1.2 Socioeconomic Status and Regional Fisheries Economics |
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124 | (6) |
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4.4.2 Governance Criteria |
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130 | (1) |
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4.4.2.1 Human Representative Context |
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130 | (2) |
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4.4.2.2 Fishery and Systematic Context |
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132 | (1) |
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4.4.2.3 Organizational Context |
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133 | (1) |
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4.4.2.4 Status of Living Marine Resources (Targeted and Protected Species) |
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134 | (9) |
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4.4.3 Environmental Forcing and Major Features |
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143 | (1) |
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4.4.3.1 Oceanographic and Climatological Context |
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143 | (1) |
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4.4.3.2 Notable Physical Features and Destabilizing Events and Phenomena |
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144 | (1) |
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4.4.4 Major Pressures and Exogenous Factors |
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145 | (1) |
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4.4.4.1 Other Ocean Use Context |
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145 | (4) |
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4.4.5 Systems Ecology and Fisheries |
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149 | (1) |
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4.4.5.1 Basal Ecosystem Production |
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149 | (1) |
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4.4.5.2 System Exploitation |
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150 | (2) |
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4.4.5.3 Targeted and Non-Targeted Resources |
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152 | (3) |
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155 | (7) |
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4.5.1 Progress toward Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management (EBFM) |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (13) |
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5 The U.S. South Atlantic Region |
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175 | (62) |
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176 | (1) |
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5.2 Background and Context |
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176 | (5) |
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5.2.1 Habitat and Geography |
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176 | (2) |
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5.2.2 Climate and Other Major Stressors |
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178 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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5.2.5 Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) and Multisector Considerations |
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181 | (1) |
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5.3 Informational and Analytical Considerations for this Region |
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181 | (3) |
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5.3.1 Observation Systems and Data Sources |
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181 | (2) |
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5.3.2 Models and Assessments |
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183 | (1) |
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5.4 Evaluation of Major Facets of EBFM for this Region |
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184 | (33) |
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5.4.1 Socioeconomic Criteria |
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188 | (1) |
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5.4.1.1 Social and Regional Demographics |
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188 | (1) |
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5.4.1.2 Socioeconomic Status and Regional Fisheries Economics |
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189 | (1) |
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5.4.2 Governance Criteria |
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189 | (1) |
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5.4.2.1 Human Representative Context |
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189 | (4) |
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5.4.2.2 Fishery and Systematic Context |
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193 | (8) |
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5.4.2.3 Organizational Context |
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201 | (1) |
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5.4.2.4 Status of Living Marine Resources (Targeted and Protected Species) |
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202 | (3) |
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5.4.3 Environmental Forcing and Major Features |
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205 | (1) |
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5.4.3.1 Oceanographic and Climatological Context |
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205 | (3) |
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5.4.3.2 Notable Physical Features and Destabilizing Events and Phenomena |
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208 | (1) |
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5.4.4 Major Pressures and Exogenous Factors |
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209 | (1) |
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5.4.4.1 Other Ocean Use Context |
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209 | (3) |
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5.4.5 Systems Ecology and Fisheries |
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212 | (1) |
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5.4.5.1 Basal Ecosystem Production |
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212 | (2) |
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5.4.5.2 System Exploitation |
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|
214 | (1) |
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5.4.5.3 Targeted and Non-Targeted Resources |
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|
214 | (3) |
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217 | (7) |
|
5.5.1 Progress toward Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management (EBFM) |
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223 | (1) |
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224 | (1) |
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224 | (13) |
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6 The U.S. Caribbean Region |
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237 | (46) |
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238 | (1) |
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6.2 Background and Context |
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238 | (7) |
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6.2.1 Habitat and Geography |
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238 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Climate and Other Major Stressors |
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240 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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|
242 | (1) |
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6.2.5 Ecosystem-based Management (EBM) and Multisector Considerations |
|
|
243 | (2) |
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6.3 Informational and Analytical Considerations for this Region |
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245 | (3) |
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6.3.1 Observation Systems and Data Sources |
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245 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Models and Assessments |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
6.4 Evaluation of Major Facets of EBFM for this Region |
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|
248 | (18) |
|
6.4.1 Socioeconomic Criteria |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
6.4.1.1 Social and Regional Demographics |
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|
248 | (1) |
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6.4.1.2 Socioeconomic Status and Regional Fisheries Economics |
|
|
249 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Governance Criteria |
|
|
250 | (1) |
|
6.4.2.1 Human Representative Context |
|
|
250 | (1) |
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6.4.2.2 Fishery and Systematic Context |
|
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251 | (1) |
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6.4.2.3 Organizational Context |
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|
252 | (3) |
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6.4.2.4 Status of Living Marine Resources (Targeted and Protected Species) |
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|
255 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Environmental Forcing and Major Features |
|
|
256 | (1) |
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6.4.3.1 Oceanographic and Climatological Context |
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|
256 | (4) |
|
6.4.3.2 Notable Physical Features and Destabilizing Events and Phenomena |
|
|
260 | (1) |
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6.4.4 Major Pressures and Exogenous Factors |
|
|
260 | (1) |
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6.4.4.1 Other Ocean Use Context |
|
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260 | (3) |
|
6.4.5 Systems Ecology and Fisheries |
|
|
263 | (1) |
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6.4.5.1 Basal Ecosystem Production |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
6.4.5.2 System Exploitation |
|
|
263 | (1) |
|
6.4.5.3 Targeted and Non-Targeted Resources |
|
|
264 | (2) |
|
|
266 | (3) |
|
6.5.1 Progress Toward Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management (EBFM) |
|
|
268 | (1) |
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|
269 | (1) |
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|
269 | (14) |
|
7 The Northern Gulf of Mexico |
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283 | (60) |
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284 | (1) |
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7.2 Background and Context |
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284 | (6) |
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7.2.1 Habitat and Geography |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
7.2.2 Climate and Other Major Stressors |
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285 | (2) |
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|
287 | (2) |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
7.2.5 Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) and Multisector Considerations |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
7.3 Informational and Analytical Considerations for this Region |
|
|
290 | (5) |
|
7.3.1 Observation Systems and Data Sources |
|
|
290 | (4) |
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7.3.2 Models and Assessments |
|
|
294 | (1) |
|
7.4 Evaluation of Major Facets of EBFM for this Region |
|
|
295 | (28) |
|
7.4.1 Socioeconomic Criteria |
|
|
296 | (1) |
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7.4.1.1 Social and Regional Demographics |
|
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296 | (4) |
|
7.4.1.2 Socioeconomic Status and Regional Fisheries Economics |
|
|
300 | (1) |
|
7.4.2 Governance Criteria |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
7.4.2.1 Human Representative Context |
|
|
301 | (2) |
|
7.4.2.2 Fishery and Systematic Context |
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303 | (5) |
|
7.4.2.3 Organizational Context |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
7.4.2.4 Status of Living Marine Resources (Targeted and Protected Species) |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
7.4.3 Environmental Forcing and Major Features |
|
|
310 | (1) |
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7.4.3.1 Oceanographic and Climatological Context |
|
|
310 | (2) |
|
7.4.3.2 Notable Physical Features and Destabilizing Events and Phenomena |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
7.4.4 Major Pressures and Exogenous Factors |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
7.4.4.1 Other Ocean Use Context |
|
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312 | (6) |
|
7.4.5 Systems Ecology and Fisheries |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
7.4.5.1 Basal Ecosystem Production |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
7.4.5.2 System Exploitation |
|
|
318 | (2) |
|
7.4.6 Targeted and Non-Targeted Resources |
|
|
320 | (3) |
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|
323 | (7) |
|
7.5.1 Progress Toward Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management (EBFM) |
|
|
329 | (1) |
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|
330 | (1) |
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|
330 | (13) |
|
8 The U.S. Pacific Region |
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|
343 | (72) |
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|
344 | (1) |
|
8.2 Background and Context |
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|
345 | (9) |
|
8.2.1 Habitat and Geography |
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|
345 | (2) |
|
8.2.2 Climate and Other Major Stressors |
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|
347 | (2) |
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|
349 | (2) |
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|
351 | (1) |
|
8.2.5 Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) and Multisector Considerations |
|
|
351 | (3) |
|
8.3 Informational and Analytical Considerations for this Region |
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|
354 | (5) |
|
8.3.1 Observation Systems and Data Sources |
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354 | (2) |
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8.3.2 Models and Assessments |
|
|
356 | (3) |
|
8.4 Evaluation of Major Facets of EBFM for this Region |
|
|
359 | (31) |
|
8.4.1 Socioeconomic Criteria |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
8.4.1.1 Social and Regional Demographics |
|
|
359 | (1) |
|
8.4.1.2 Socioeconomic Status and Regional Fisheries Economics |
|
|
360 | (5) |
|
8.4.2 Governance Criteria |
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|
365 | (1) |
|
8.4.2.1 Human Representative Context |
|
|
365 | (3) |
|
8.4.2.2 Fishery and Systematic Context |
|
|
368 | (6) |
|
8.4.2.3 Organizational Context |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
8.4.2.4 Status of Living Marine Resources (Targeted and Protected Species) |
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|
374 | (4) |
|
8.4.3 Environmental Forcing and Major Features |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
8.4.3.1 Oceanographic and Climatological Context |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
8.4.3.2 Notable Physical Features and Destabilizing Events and Phenomena |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
8.4.4 Major Pressures and Exogenous Factors |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
8.4.4.1 Other Ocean Use Context |
|
|
380 | (3) |
|
8.4.5 Systems Ecology and Fisheries |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
8.4.5.1 Basal Ecosystem Production |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
8.4.5.2 System Exploitation |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
8.4.5.3 Targeted and Non-Targeted Resources |
|
|
383 | (7) |
|
|
390 | (5) |
|
8.5.1 Progress Toward Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management (EBFM) |
|
|
393 | (2) |
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|
395 | (1) |
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|
395 | (20) |
|
9 The U.S. North Pacific Region |
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|
415 | (70) |
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|
416 | (1) |
|
9.2 Background and Context |
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|
417 | (7) |
|
9.2.1 Habitat and Geography |
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|
417 | (1) |
|
9.2.2 Climate and Other Major Stressors |
|
|
417 | (3) |
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|
420 | (1) |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
9.2.5 Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) and Multisector Considerations |
|
|
421 | (3) |
|
9.3 Informational and Analytical Considerations for this Region |
|
|
424 | (3) |
|
9.3.1 Observation Systems and Data Sources |
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
9.3.2 Models and Assessments |
|
|
425 | (2) |
|
9.4 Evaluation of Major Facets of EBFM for this Region |
|
|
427 | (34) |
|
9.4.1 Socioeconomic Criteria |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
9.4.1.1 Social and Regional Demographics |
|
|
427 | (1) |
|
9.4.1.2 Socioeconomic Status and Regional Fisheries Economics |
|
|
428 | (8) |
|
9.4.2 Governance Criteria |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
9.4.2.1 Human Representative Context |
|
|
436 | (1) |
|
9.4.2.2 Fishery and Systematic Context |
|
|
437 | (2) |
|
9.4.2.3 Organizational Context |
|
|
439 | (1) |
|
9.4.2.4 Status of Living Marine Resources (Targeted and Protected Species) |
|
|
440 | (8) |
|
9.4.3 Environmental Forcing and Major Features |
|
|
448 | (1) |
|
9.4.3.1 Oceanographic and Climatological Context |
|
|
448 | (4) |
|
9.4.3.2 Notable Physical Features and Destabilizing Events and Phenomena |
|
|
452 | (2) |
|
9.4.4 Major Pressures and Exogenous Factors |
|
|
454 | (1) |
|
9.4.4.1 Other Ocean Use Context |
|
|
454 | (3) |
|
9.4.5 Systems Ecology and Fisheries |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
9.4.5.1 Basal Ecosystem Production |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
9.4.5.2 System Exploitation |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
9.4.5.3 Targeted and Non-Targeted Resources |
|
|
458 | (3) |
|
|
461 | (7) |
|
9.5.1 Progress toward Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management (EBFM) |
|
|
466 | (1) |
|
|
467 | (1) |
|
|
468 | (17) |
|
10 The U.S. Western Pacific Region |
|
|
485 | (60) |
|
|
486 | (1) |
|
10.2 Background and Context |
|
|
487 | (8) |
|
10.2.1 Habitat and Geography |
|
|
487 | (1) |
|
10.2.2 Climate and Other Major Stressors |
|
|
488 | (2) |
|
|
490 | (4) |
|
|
494 | (1) |
|
10.2.5 Ecosystem-Based Management (EBM) and Multisector Considerations |
|
|
495 | (1) |
|
10.3 Informational and Analytical Considerations for this Region |
|
|
495 | (4) |
|
10.3.1 Observation Systems and Data Sources |
|
|
495 | (3) |
|
10.3.2 Models and Assessments |
|
|
498 | (1) |
|
10.4 Evaluation of Major Facets of EBFM for this Region |
|
|
499 | (29) |
|
10.4.1 Socioeconomic Criteria |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
10.4.1.1 Social and Regional Demographics |
|
|
499 | (1) |
|
10.4.1.2 Socioeconomic Status and Regional Fisheries Economics |
|
|
500 | (2) |
|
10.4.2 Governance Criteria |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
10.4.2.1 Human Representative Context |
|
|
502 | (3) |
|
10.4.2.2 Fishery and Systematic Context |
|
|
505 | (7) |
|
10.4.2.3 Organizational Context |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
10.4.2.4 Status of Living Marine Resources (Targeted and Protected Species) |
|
|
512 | (3) |
|
10.4.3 Environmental Forcing and Major Features |
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
10.4.3.1 Oceanographic and Climatological Context |
|
|
515 | (3) |
|
10.4.3.2 Notable Physical Features and Destabilizing Events and Phenomena |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
10.4.4 Major Pressures and Exogenous Factors |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
10.4.4.1 Other Ocean Use Context |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
10.4.5 Systems Ecology and Fisheries |
|
|
520 | (1) |
|
10.4.5.1 Basal Ecosystem Production |
|
|
520 | (2) |
|
10.4.5.2 System Exploitation |
|
|
522 | (4) |
|
10.4.5.3 Targeted and Non-Targeted Resources |
|
|
526 | (2) |
|
|
528 | (5) |
|
10.5.1 Progress toward Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management (EBFM) |
|
|
531 | (1) |
|
|
532 | (1) |
|
|
533 | (12) |
|
11 Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) |
|
|
545 | (66) |
|
|
546 | (12) |
|
11.1.1 Atlantic and Pacific Highly Migratory Species |
|
|
546 | (5) |
|
11.1.2 Pacific Halibut and Pacific Whiting |
|
|
551 | (2) |
|
11.1.3 Atlantic and Pacific Salmon |
|
|
553 | (2) |
|
11.1.4 Additional Regional RFMOs, Fishery Bodies, and Global Organizations |
|
|
555 | (3) |
|
11.2 Evaluation of Major Facets of EBFM for These Regions |
|
|
558 | (53) |
|
11.2.1 Socioeconomic Criteria |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
11.2.1.1 Social and Regional Demographics |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
11.2.1.2 Socioeconomic Status and Regional Fisheries Economics |
|
|
561 | (7) |
|
11.2.2 Governance Criteria |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
11.2.2.1 Human Representative Context |
|
|
568 | (1) |
|
11.2.2.2 Fishery and Systematic Context |
|
|
569 | (1) |
|
11.2.2.3 Status of Living Marine Resources (Targeted and Protected Species) |
|
|
569 | (8) |
|
11.2.3 Environmental Forcing and Major Features |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
11.2.3.1 Oceanographic and Climatological Context |
|
|
577 | (1) |
|
11.2.3.2 Notable Physical Features |
|
|
578 | (2) |
|
11.2.4 Major Pressures and Exogenous Factors |
|
|
580 | (1) |
|
11.2.4.1 Other Ocean Use Context |
|
|
580 | (4) |
|
11.2.5 Systems Ecology and Fisheries |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
11.2.5.1 Basal Ecosystem Production |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
11.2.5.2 System Exploitation |
|
|
584 | (1) |
|
11.2.5.3 Targeted and Non-Targeted Resources |
|
|
584 | (2) |
|
|
586 | (5) |
|
11.2.6.1 Progress toward Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management (EBFM) |
|
|
591 | (2) |
|
|
593 | (1) |
|
|
594 | (17) |
|
12 An Examination of Progress Toward Ecosystem-Based Management of Living Marine Resources in the U.S. |
|
|
611 | (40) |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
612 | (8) |
|
|
620 | (7) |
|
12.4 U.S. Participatory RFMOs |
|
|
627 | (6) |
|
12.5 Progress Regarding EBFM Roadmap Recommendations |
|
|
633 | (9) |
|
12.6 Progress Regarding the 1999 EPAP Recommendations for FEPs |
|
|
642 | (3) |
|
12.7 Issues of Main Concern for U.S. Marine Regions and RFMOs Over the Next Decade |
|
|
645 | (4) |
|
|
649 | (2) |
|
|
651 | (12) |
|
13.1 What Have We Actually Accomplished Regarding Ecosystem-Based Fisheries Management (EBFM)? |
|
|
651 | (2) |
|
13.1.1 In Terms of Recognition, Support, and Acceptance of EBFM |
|
|
651 | (1) |
|
13.1.2 In Terms of Capability, Products, and Accomplishments |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
13.1.3 In Terms of Organizations and Governance |
|
|
652 | (1) |
|
13.2 Has EBFM Actually Improved Conditions in the Ocean, of LMR Populations, and of Fishing Communities? Or at Least has It Been Able to Identify and Predict Major Sources of Change and Uncertainty to Them? |
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
13.2.1 In Terms of Status of Resources, Ocean, and Fishing Communities |
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
13.2.2 In Terms of at Least Being Able to Identify and Predict Major Sources of Uncertainty |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
13.3 Are There Any Instances that are Good Examples of Fully Implemented EBFM? |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
13.4 Has Moving Toward EBFM Made a Positive Difference? |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
13.5 What are Some Areas for Improvement for EBFM in the Next Decade or So? |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
13.5.1 Organizational, Mandate, and Governance Advancements |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
13.5.2 Technical, Sampling, and Data Advancements |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
13.5.3 Analytical and Forecast Advancements |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
13.6 What If We Don't Do EBFM? |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
|
657 | (1) |
|
|
657 | (6) |
Index |
|
663 | |