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Einstein's Physics: Atoms, Quanta, and Relativity - Derived, Explained, and Appraised [Kietas viršelis]

4.33/5 (6 ratings by Goodreads)
(University of Missouri - St. Louis, and Portland State University)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 372 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 252x190x26 mm, weight: 933 g, 70 b/w illustrations
  • Išleidimo metai: 31-Jan-2013
  • Leidėjas: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0199669910
  • ISBN-13: 9780199669912
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Einstein's Physics: Atoms, Quanta, and Relativity - Derived, Explained, and AppraisedDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 372 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 252x190x26 mm, weight: 933 g, 70 b/w illustrations
  • Išleidimo metai: 31-Jan-2013
  • Leidėjas: Oxford University Press
  • ISBN-10: 0199669910
  • ISBN-13: 9780199669912
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9780199669912.html
Raktažodžiai:
Many regard Albert Einstein as the greatest physicist since Newton. What exactly did he do that is so important in physics? We provide an introduction to his physics at a level accessible to an undergraduate physics student. All equations are worked out in detail from the beginning.

Einstein's doctoral thesis and his Brownian motion paper were decisive contributions to our understanding of matter as composed of molecules and atoms. Einstein was one of the founding fathers of quantum theory: his photon proposal through the investigation of blackbody radiation, his quantum theory of photoelectric effect and specific heat, his calculation of radiation fluctuation giving the first statement of wave-particle duality, his introduction of probability in the description of quantum radiative transitions, and finally the quantum statistics and Bose-Einstein condensation. Einstein's special theory of relativity gave us the famous E=mc² relation and the new kinematics leading to the idea of the 4-dimensional spacetime as the arena in which physical events take place. Einstein's geometric theory of gravity, general relativity, extends Newton's theory to time-dependent and strong gravitational fields. It laid the ground work for the study of black holes and cosmology.

This is a physics book with material presented in the historical context. We do not stop at Einstein's discovery, but carry the discussion onto some of the later advances: Bell's theorem, quantum field theory, gauge theories and Kaluza-Klein unification in a spacetime with an extra spatial dimension.

Accessibility of the material to a modern-day reader is the goal of our presentation. Although the book is written with primarily a physics readership in mind (it can also function as a textbook), enough pedagogical support material is provided that anyone with a solid background in introductory physics can, with some effort, understand a good part of this presentation.

Recenzijos

With its clear figures and mathematical appendices (which serve to fill in some gaps in the discussion or material that may be unfamiliar), this is a book that can be very highly recommended to any physicist who enjoys a fascination with nature and an interest in history. * Tom Lancaster, Contemporary Physics, *

PART I ATOMIC NATURE OF MATTER
1 Molecular size from classical fluids
3(17)
1.1 Two relations of molecular size and the Avogadro number
4(1)
1.2 The relation for the effective viscosity
5(3)
1.2.1 The equation of motion for a viscous fluid
5(1)
1.2.2 Viscosity and heat loss in a fluid
6(2)
1.2.3 Volume fraction in terms of molecular dimensions
8(1)
1.3 The relation for the diffusion coefficient
8(3)
1.3.1 Osmotic force
9(1)
1.3.2 Frictional drag force---the Stokes law
10(1)
1.4 SuppMat: Basics of fluid mechanics
11(2)
1.4.1 The equation of continuity
12(1)
1.4.2 The Euler equation for an ideal fluid
12(1)
1.5 SuppMat: Calculating the effective viscosity
13(5)
1.5.1 The induced velocity field v'
14(1)
1.5.2 The induced pressure field p'
15(1)
1.5.3 Heat dissipation in a fluid with suspended particles
15(3)
1.6 SuppMat: The Stokes formula for the viscous force
18(2)
2 The Brownian motion
20(11)
2.1 Diffusion and Brownian motion
21(3)
2.1.1 Einstein's statistical derivation of the diffusion equation
22(1)
2.1.2 The solution of the diffusion equation and the mean-square displacement
23(1)
2.2 Fluctuations of a particle system
24(1)
2.2.1 Random walk
24(1)
2.2.2 Brownian motion as a random walk
25(1)
2.3 The Einstein--Smoluchowski relation
25(2)
2.3.1 Fluctuation and dissipation
27(1)
2.3.2 Mean-square displacement and molecular dimensions
27(1)
2.4 Perrin's experimental verification
27(4)
PART II QUANTUM THEORY
3 Blackbody radiation: From Kirchhoff to Planck
31(19)
3.1 Radiation as a collection of oscillators
32(2)
3.1.1 Fourier components of radiation obey harmonic oscillator equations
33(1)
3.2 Thermodynamics of blackbody radiation
34(5)
3.2.1 Radiation energy density is a universal function
34(1)
3.2.2 The Stefan--Boltzmann law
35(1)
3.2.3 Wien's displacement law
36(2)
3.2.4 Planck's distribution proposed
38(1)
3.3 Planck's investigation of cavity oscillator entropy
39(2)
3.3.1 Relating the oscillator energy to the radiation density
39(1)
3.3.2 The mean entropy of an oscillator
40(1)
3.4 Planck's statistical analysis leading to energy quantization
41(4)
3.4.1 Calculating the complexion of Planck's distribution
41(3)
3.4.2 Planck's constant and Boltzmann's constant
44(1)
3.4.3 Planck's energy quantization proposal---a summary
45(1)
3.5 SuppMat: Radiation oscillator energy and frequency
45(5)
3.5.1 The ratio of the oscillator energy and frequency is an adiabatic invariant
46(2)
3.5.2 The thermodynamic derivation of the relation between radiation pressure and energy density
48(2)
4 Einstein's proposal of light quanta
50(12)
4.1 The equipartition theorem and the Rayleigh--Jeans law
51(4)
4.1.1 Einstein's derivation of the Rayleigh--Jeans law
52(1)
4.1.2 The history of the Rayleigh--Jeans law and "Planck's fortunate failure"
53(1)
4.1.3 An excursion to Rayleigh's calculation of the density of wave states
54(1)
4.2 Radiation entropy and complexion a la Einstein
55(4)
4.2.1 The entropy and complexion of radiation in the Wien limit
55(2)
4.2.2 The entropy and complexion of an ideal gas
57(1)
4.2.3 Radiation as a gas of light quanta
58(1)
4.2.4 Photons as quanta of radiation
59(1)
4.3 The photoelectric effect
59(1)
4.4 SuppMat: The equipartition theorem
60(2)
5 Quantum theory of specific heat
62(11)
5.1 The quantum postulate: Einstein vs. Planck
62(2)
5.1.1 Einstein's derivation of Planck's distribution
63(1)
5.2 Specific heat and the equipartition theorem
64(3)
5.2.1 The study of heat capacity in the pre-quantum era
65(1)
5.2.2 Einstein's quantum insight
66(1)
5.3 The Einstein solid---a quantum prediction
67(2)
5.4 The Debye solid and phonons
69(4)
5.4.1 Specific heat of a Debye solid
71(1)
5.4.2 Thermal quanta vs. radiation quanta
72(1)
6 Waves, particles, and quantum jumps
73(21)
6.1 Wave--particle duality
74(4)
6.1.1 Fluctuation theory (Einstein 1904)
75(1)
6.1.2 Energy fluctuation of radiation (Einstein 1909a)
75(3)
6.2 Bohr's atom---another great triumph of the quantum postulate
78(4)
6.2.1 Spectroscopy: Balmer and Rydberg
78(1)
6.2.2 Atomic structure: Thomson and Rutherford
79(1)
6.2.3 Bohr's quantum model and the hydrogen spectrum
79(3)
6.3 Einstein's A and B coefficients
82(3)
6.3.1 Probability introduced in quantum dynamics
82(2)
6.3.2 Stimulated emission and the idea of the laser
84(1)
6.4 Looking ahead to quantum field theory
85(7)
6.4.1 Oscillators in matrix mechanics
85(3)
6.4.2 Quantum jumps: From emission and absorption of radiation to creation and annihilation of particles
88(3)
6.4.3 Resolving the riddle of wave--particle duality in radiation fluctuation
91(1)
6.5 SuppMat: Fluctuations of a wave system
92(2)
7 Bose--Einstein statistics and condensation
94(18)
7.1 The photon and the Compton effect
95(1)
7.2 Towards Bose--Einstein statistics
96(6)
7.2.1 Boltzmann statistics
97(1)
7.2.2 Bose's counting of photon states
98(2)
7.2.3 Einstein's elaboration of Bose's counting statistics
100(2)
7.3 Quantum mechanics and identical particles
102(3)
7.3.1 Wave mechanics: de Broglie--Einstein--Schrodinger
102(1)
7.3.2 Identical particles are truly identical in quantum mechanics
103(1)
7.3.3 Spin and statistics
103(1)
7.3.4 The physical implications of symmetrization
104(1)
7.4 Bose--Einstein condensation
105(3)
7.4.1 Condensate occupancy calculated
105(1)
7.4.2 The condensation temperature
106(1)
7.4.3 Laboratory observation of Bose--Einstein condensation
107(1)
7.5 SuppMat: Radiation pressure due to a gas of photons
108(1)
7.6 SuppMat: Planck's original analysis in view of Bose--Einstein statistics
109(1)
7.7 SuppMat: The role of particle indistinguishability in Bose--Einstein condensation
110(2)
8 Local reality and the Einstein--Bohr debate
112(15)
8.1 Quantum mechanical basics---superposition and probability
112(1)
8.2 The Copenhagen interpretation
113(1)
8.2.1 The Copenhagen vs. the local realist interpretations
113(1)
8.3 EPR paradox: Entanglement and nonlocality
114(7)
8.3.1 The post-EPR era and Bell's inequality
117(2)
8.3.2 Local reality vs. quantum mechanics---the experimental outcome
119(2)
8.4 SuppMat: Quantum mechanical calculation of spin correlations
121(6)
8.4.1 Quantum mechanical calculation of spin average values
121(1)
8.4.2 Spin correlation in one direction
122(1)
8.4.3 Spin correlation in two directions
123(4)
PART III SPECIAL RELATIVITY
9 Prelude to special relativity
127(20)
9.1 Relativity as a coordinate symmetry
128(1)
9.1.1 Inertial frames of reference and Newtonian relativity
128(1)
9.2 Maxwell's equations
129(2)
9.2.1 The electromagnetic wave equation
130(1)
9.2.2 Aether as the medium for electromagnetic wave propagation
131(1)
9.3 Experiments and theories prior to special relativity
131(8)
9.3.1 Stellar aberration and Fizeau's experiment
131(2)
9.3.2 Lorentz's corresponding states and local time
133(3)
9.3.3 The Michelson--Morley experiment
136(1)
9.3.4 Length contraction and the Lorentz transformation
137(1)
9.3.5 Poincare and special relativity
138(1)
9.4 Reconstructing Einstein's motivation
139(4)
9.4.1 The magnet and conductor thought experiment
139(2)
9.4.2 From "no absolute time" to the complete theory in five weeks
141(1)
9.4.3 Influence of prior investigators in physics and philosophy
142(1)
9.5 SuppMat: Lorentz transformation a la Lorentz
143(4)
9.5.1 Maxwell's equations are not Galilean covariant
143(1)
9.5.2 Lorentz's local time and noncovariance at O(v2/c2)
144(2)
9.5.3 Maxwell's equations are Lorentz covariant
146(1)
10 The new kinematics and E = mc2
147(19)
10.1 The new kinematics
148(6)
10.1.1 Einstein's two postulates
148(1)
10.1.2 The new conception of time and the derivation of the Lorentz transformation
149(2)
10.1.3 Relativity of simultaneity, time dilation, and length contraction
151(3)
10.2 The new velocity addition rule
154(2)
10.2.1 The invariant spacetime interval
154(1)
10.2.2 Adding velocities but keeping light speed constant
155(1)
10.3 Maxwell's equations are Lorentz covariant
156(2)
10.3.1 The Lorentz transformation of electromagnetic fields
156(2)
10.3.2 The Lorentz transformation of radiation energy
158(1)
10.4 The Lorentz force law
158(1)
10.5 The equivalence of inertia and energy
159(3)
10.5.1 Work--energy theorem in relativity
159(1)
10.5.2 The E = mc2 paper three months later
160(2)
10.6 SuppMat: Relativistic wave motion
162(2)
10.6.1 The Fresnel formula from the velocity addition rule
162(1)
10.6.2 The Doppler effect and aberration of light
162(1)
10.6.3 Derivation of the radiation energy transformation
163(1)
10.7 SuppMat: Relativistic momentum and force
164(2)
11 Geometric formulation of relativity
166(17)
11.1 Minkowski spacetime
167(2)
11.1.1 Rotation in 3D space---a review
168(1)
11.1.2 The Lorentz transformation as a rotation in 4D spacetime
168(1)
11.2 Tensors in a flat spacetime
169(7)
11.2.1 Tensor contraction and the metric
169(2)
11.2.2 Minkowski spacetime is pseudo-Euclidean
171(1)
11.2.3 Relativistic velocity, momentum, and energy
172(1)
11.2.4 The electromagnetic field tensor
173(1)
11.2.5 The energy--momentum--stress tensor for a field system
174(2)
11.3 The spacetime diagram
176(3)
11.3.1 Basic features and invariant regions
176(1)
11.3.2 Lorentz transformation in the spacetime diagram
177(2)
11.4 The geometric formulation---a summary
179(4)
PART IV GENERAL RELATIVITY
12 Towards a general theory of relativity
183(17)
12.1 Einstein's motivations for general relativity
184(1)
12.2 The principle of equivalence between inertia and gravitation
184(3)
12.2.1 The inertia mass vs. the gravitational mass
184(2)
12.2.2 "My happiest thought"
186(1)
12.3 Implications of the equivalence principle
187(6)
12.3.1 Bending of a light ray
187(1)
12.3.2 Gravitational redshift
188(2)
12.3.3 Gravitational time dilation
190(1)
12.3.4 Gravity-induced index of refraction in free space
191(1)
12.3.5 Light ray deflection calculated
192(1)
12.3.6 From the equivalence principle to "gravity as the structure of spacetime"
193(1)
12.4 Elements of Riemannian geometry
193(7)
12.4.1 Gaussian coordinates and the metric tensor
194(1)
12.4.2 Geodesic equation
195(2)
12.4.3 Flatness theorem
197(1)
12.4.4 Curvature
197(3)
13 Curved spacetime as a gravitational field
200(16)
13.1 The equivalence principle requires a metric description of gravity
201(3)
13.1.1 What is a geometric theory?
201(1)
13.1.2 Time dilation as a geometric effect
202(1)
13.1.3 Further arguments for warped spacetime as the gravitational field
203(1)
13.2 General relativity as a field theory of gravitation
204(3)
13.2.1 The geodesic equation as the general relativity equation of motion
205(1)
13.2.2 The Newtonian limit
205(2)
13.3 Tensors in a curved spacetime
207(6)
13.3.1 General coordinate transformations
207(2)
13.3.2 Covariant differentiation
209(4)
13.4 The principle of general covariance
213(3)
13.4.1 The principle of minimal substitution
213(1)
13.4.2 Geodesic equation from the special relativity equation of motion
214(2)
14 The Einstein field equation
216(18)
14.1 The Newtonian field equation
217(1)
14.2 Seeking the general relativistic field equation
218(1)
14.3 Curvature tensor and tidal forces
219(6)
14.3.1 Tidal forces---a qualitative discussion
219(1)
14.3.2 Newtonian deviation equation and the equation of geodesic deviation
220(2)
14.3.3 Symmetries and contractions of the curvature tensor
222(1)
14.3.4 The Bianchi identities and the Einstein tensor
223(2)
14.4 The Einstein equation
225(1)
14.4.1 The Newtonian limit for a general source
225(1)
14.4.2 Gravitational waves
226(1)
14.5 The Schwarzschild solution
226(8)
14.5.1 Three classical tests
228(3)
14.5.2 Black holes---the full power and glory of general relativity
231(3)
15 Cosmology
234(21)
15.1 The cosmological principle
235(5)
15.1.1 The Robertson--Walker spacetime
236(2)
15.1.2 The discovery of the expanding universe
238(1)
15.1.3 Big bang cosmology
239(1)
15.2 Time evolution of the universe
240(4)
15.2.1 The FLRW cosmology
240(2)
15.2.2 Mass/energy content of the universe
242(2)
15.3 The cosmological constant
244(11)
15.3.1 Einstein and the static universe
244(3)
15.3.2 The Inflationary epoch
247(2)
15.3.3 The dark energy leading to an accelerating universe
249(6)
PART V WALKING IN EINSTEIN'S STEPS
16 Internal symmetry and gauge interactions
255(28)
16.1 Einstein and the symmetry principle
256(1)
16.2 Gauge invariance in classical electromagnetism
257(4)
16.2.1 Electromagnetic potentials and gauge transformation
258(1)
16.2.2 Hamiltonian of a charged particle in an electromagnetic field
259(2)
16.3 Gauge symmetry in quantum mechanics
261(5)
16.3.1 The minimal substitution rule
261(1)
16.3.2 The gauge transformation of wavefunctions
262(1)
16.3.3 The gauge principle
263(3)
16.4 Electromagnetism as a gauge interaction
266(4)
16.4.1 The 4D spacetime formalism recalled
266(2)
16.4.2 The Maxwell Lagrangian density
268(1)
16.4.3 Maxwell equations from gauge and Lorentz symmetries
269(1)
16.5 Gauge theories: A narrative history
270(13)
16.5.1 Einstein's inspiration, Weyl's program, and Fock's discovery
270(1)
16.5.2 Quantum electrodynamics
271(2)
16.5.3 QCD as a prototype Yang--Mills theory
273(3)
16.5.4 Hidden gauge symmetry and the electroweak interaction
276(4)
16.5.5 The Standard Model and beyond
280(3)
17 The Kaluza--Klein theory and extra dimensions
283(22)
17.1 Unification of electrodynamics and gravity
284(3)
17.1.1 Einstein and unified field theory
284(1)
17.1.2 A geometric unification
284(1)
17.1.3 A rapid review of electromagnetic gauge theory
285(1)
17.1.4 A rapid review of general relativistic gravitational theory
286(1)
17.2 General relativity in 5D spacetime
287(2)
17.2.1 Extra spatial dimension and the Kaluza--Klein metric
287(1)
17.2.2 "The Kaluza--Klein miracle"
288(1)
17.3 The physics of the Kaluza--Klein spacetime
289(3)
17.3.1 Motivating the Kaluza--Klein metric ansatz
289(1)
17.3.2 Gauge transformation as a 5D coordinate change
289(1)
17.3.3 Compactified extra dimension
290(1)
17.3.4 Quantum fields in a compactified space
290(2)
17.4 Further theoretical developments
292(1)
17.4.1 Lessons from Maxwell's equations
292(1)
17.4.2 Einstein and mathematics
293(1)
17.5 SuppMat: Calculating the 5D tensors
293(12)
17.5.1 The 5D Christoffel symbols
294(3)
17.5.2 The 5D Ricci tensor components
297(5)
17.5.3 From 5D Ricci tensor to 5D Ricci scalar
302(3)
PART VI APPENDICES
A Mathematics supplements
305(15)
A.1 Vector calculus
305(7)
A.1.1 The Kronecker delta and Levi-Civita symbols
305(2)
A.1.2 Differential calculus of a vector field
307(1)
A.1.3 Vector integral calculus
308(2)
A.1.4 Differential equations of Maxwell electrodynamics
310(2)
A.2 The Gaussian integral
312(1)
A.3 Stirling's approximation
313(2)
A.3.1 The integral representation for n!
313(1)
A.3.2 Derivation of Stirling's formula
314(1)
A.4 Lagrangian multipliers
315(2)
A.4.1 The method
315(1)
A.4.2 Some examples
315(2)
A.5 The Euler--Lagrange equation
317(3)
A.5.1 Mechanics of a single particle
317(1)
A.5.2 Lagrangian density of a field system
318(2)
B Einstein's papers
320(5)
B.1 Einstein's journal articles cited in the text
320(3)
B.2 Further reading
323(2)
C Answers to the 21 Einstein questions
325(6)
Glossary of symbols and acronyms
331(6)
1 Latin symbols
331(2)
2 Greek symbols
333(1)
3 Acronyms
334(1)
4 Miscellaneous units and symbols
335(2)
Bibliography 337(6)
Index 343
Ta-Pei Cheng is a particle physics theorist. He received a PhD from Rockefeller University with the noted physicist and Einstein biographer Abraham Pais. He is now Professor Emeritus at the University of Missouri - St. Louis, and an Adjunct Professor at Portland State University in Oregon. He is an elected Fellow of the American Physical Society. Among many concurrent appointments, he was at the Institute for Advanced study (Princeton), the University of Minnesota, and the Lawrence Berkeley Lab. Professor Cheng is the co-author (with Ling-Fong Li) of the book Gauge Theory of Elementary Particle Physics (Oxford, 1984) that has introduced the subject to several generations of particle physics students. Its companion book GTEPP: Problems and Solutions was published in 2000. He is also the author of Relativity, Gravitation, and Cosmology: A basic introduction, (Oxford 2005, 2nd ed. 2010). It is among the first books adopting a `physics-first approach' to the pedagogy of general relativity.