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Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Design Fundamentals, Second Edition 2nd New edition [Kietas viršelis]

(North Carolina State University, USA.)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 524 pages, aukštis x plotis: 234x156 mm, weight: 850 g, approx 282; 26 Tables, black and white; 285 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 11-Aug-2010
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 143981175X
  • ISBN-13: 9781439811757
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Hardback, 524 pages, aukštis x plotis: 234x156 mm, weight: 850 g, approx 282; 26 Tables, black and white; 285 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 11-Aug-2010
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-10: 143981175X
  • ISBN-13: 9781439811757
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Thoroughly updated to encompass the significant technological advances since the publication of the first edition, Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Design Fundamentals, Second Edition presents the design fundamentals, component sizing, and systems interactions of alternative vehicles. This new edition of a widely praised, bestselling textbook maintains the comprehensive, systems-level perspective of electric and hybrid vehicles while covering the hybrid architectures and components of the vehicle in much greater detail. The author emphasizes technical details, mathematical relationships, and design guidelines throughout the text.



New to the Second Edition















New chapters on sizing and design guidelines for various hybrid architectures, control strategies for hybrid vehicles, powertrain component cooling systems, and in-vehicle communication methods New sections on modeling of energy storage components, tire-road force mechanics, compressed air-storage, DC/DC converters, emission control systems, electromechanical brakes, and vehicle fuel economy Reorganization of power electronics, electric machines, and motor drives sections Enhanced sections on mechanical components that now include more technical descriptions and example problems An emphasis on the integration of mechanical and electrical components, taking into account the interdisciplinary nature of automotive engineering















As an advisor to the University of Akrons team in the Challenge X: Crossover to Sustainable Mobility, Dr. Husain knows first-hand how to teach students both the fundamentals and cutting-edge technologies of the next generation of automotives. This text shows students how electrical and mechanical engineers must work together to complete an alternative vehicle system. It empowers them to carry on state-of-the-art research and development in automotive engineering in order to meet todays needs of clean, efficient, and sustainable vehicles.

Recenzijos

Dr. Iqbal Husain takes his new edition of Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Design Fundamentals to the next level, adding substantial depth to the coverage of vehicle architectures and components while maintaining a comprehensive systems-level approach. The book presents a thorough and well-organized multidisciplinary perspective, excellent for undergraduate and beginning graduate-level courses, and as a resource for practicing engineers interested in the latest developments in electric and hybrid vehicles. The technical content, examples, and case studies are laced with the authors significant hands-on design experience. Annette von Jouanne, Professor in the School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA









it seems that the author has covered all materials related to hybrid vehicles. More specifically, various components used in an HEV are described. This book is well written and is appropriate for adoption as a textbook for a senior undergraduate/graduate course. In fact, the solved problems and end-of-chapter problems make it a very good textbook. it can also be used a reference book. There are a few books on the subject of hybrid vehicles in the market today. However, I rank this book among the best on the subject matter. Based on the table of contents and the two chapters that I have reviewed, the book does an excellent job in defining the problem and analyzing all its components. Hamid A. Toliyat, Raytheon Endowed Professor in the Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA









Praise for the First Edition:









represents a systems-level perspective on electric and hybrid vehicles technical aspects, basic mathematical relationships and fundamental design guidelines. The author has chosen to write a book on the basics of EHV, directed mainly to engineering students. proceeds with remarkable consistence to detail this goal over the 10 chapters if the book The book is concise and clear, its mathematics are kept to a necessary minimum, but fully representative of the scope and the content is well balanced in general. a new and timely contribution to the field warmly recommend it to academia Ion Boldea, Journal of Electrical Engineering









Through a balanced blend of traditional and relatively new topics, Iqbal Husains Electric and Hybrid Vehicles: Design Fundamentals introduces students to the big picture of EVs and HEVs. This book significantly exposes students to nearly every aspect of electric and hybrid vehicles without overemphasizing only one topic. The basic aspects of electric and hybrid vehicles are discussed well from overall concepts to more detailed design and reinforced through good examples, illustrations, and exercise problems. Dr. Husains well-paced coverage and an easy-to-follow writing style are key to students understanding and success. My students will have no problem reading this material regardless of his/her electrical or mechanical engineering background. Being a faculty member in a major university with a strong research EV and HEV program, I feel this book truly provides quite enough materials for my needs and will be a big hit with college students and faculty. Longya Xu, Department of Electrical Engineering, Ohio State University









a thorough and insightful introduction to the interdisciplinary topic of traction design for road vehicles. The necessary requirements of energy storage, conversion and processing are presented as the means to providing vehicular performance in a logical progression that students will find readily understandable and practicing engineers will appreciate as a useful reference source. Overall the practical importance of systems engineering and its control are made evident. Salient features are emphasized by worked examples with realistic parameters. late Alan K. Wallace, Professor of Electrical Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA

Preface xv
Acknowledgments xix
Author xxi
1 Introduction to Alternative Vehicles
1(28)
1.1 Electric Vehicles
3(1)
1.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles
4(1)
1.3 Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Components
5(4)
1.4 Vehicle Mass and Performance
9(1)
1.5 Electric Motor and Engine Ratings
10(2)
1.6 Electric and Hybrid Vehicle History
12(7)
1.6.1 The Early Years
12(2)
1.6.2 1960s
14(1)
1.6.3 1970s
14(1)
1.6.4 1980s and 1990s
15(2)
1.6.5 Recent EVs and HEVs
17(2)
1.7 Well-to-Wheel Analysis
19(3)
1.8 EV/ICEV Comparison
22(4)
1.8.1 Efficiency Comparison
22(2)
1.8.2 Pollution Comparison
24(1)
1.8.3 Capital and Operating Cost Comparison
25(1)
1.8.4 U.S. Dependence on Foreign Oil
25(1)
1.9 Electric Vehicle Market
26(3)
References
27(1)
Assignment
28(1)
2 Vehicle Mechanics
29(34)
2.1 Roadway Fundamentals
30(2)
2.2 Laws of Motion
32(2)
2.3 Vehicle Kinetics
34(3)
2.4 Dynamics of Vehicle Motion
37(1)
2.5 Propulsion Power
38(3)
2.5.1 Force-Velocity Characteristics
38(2)
2.5.2 Maximum Gradability
40(1)
2.6 Velocity and Acceleration
41(8)
2.6.1 Constant FTRr Level Road
41(1)
2.6.1.1 Velocity Profile
42(1)
2.6.1.2 Distance Traversed
43(1)
2.6.1.3 Tractive Power
44(1)
2.6.1.4 Energy Required
44(2)
2.6.2 Nonconstant FTRr General Acceleration
46(3)
2.7 Tire-Road Force Mechanics
49(8)
2.7.1 Slip
50(1)
2.7.2 Traction Force at Tire-Road Interface
51(1)
2.7.3 Force Transmission at Tire-Road Interface
52(1)
2.7.4 Quarter-Car Model
53(2)
2.7.5 Traction Limit and Control
55(2)
2.8 Propulsion System Design
57(6)
Problems
58(3)
References
61(2)
3 Alternative Vehicle Architectures
63(36)
3.1 Electric Vehicles
63(2)
3.2 Hybrid Electric Vehicles
65(8)
3.2.1 Hybrids Based on Architecture
66(1)
3.2.1.1 Series and Parallel Architectures
66(3)
3.2.1.2 Series-Parallel Architecture
69(1)
3.2.1.3 Series-Parallel 2x2 Architecture
70(1)
3.2.2 Hybrids Based on Transmission Assembly
71(2)
3.2.3 Hybrids Based on Degree of Hybridization
73(1)
3.3 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle
73(2)
3.4 Powertrain Component Sizing
75(15)
3.4.1 EV Powertrain Sizing
76(2)
3.4.1.1 Initial Acceleration
78(1)
3.4.1.2 Rated Vehicle Velocity
79(1)
3.4.1.3 Maximum Velocity
80(1)
3.4.1.4 Maximum Gradability
80(1)
3.4.2 HEV Powertrain Sizing
80(2)
3.4.2.1 Rated Vehicle Velocity
82(1)
3.4.2.2 Initial Acceleration
83(1)
3.4.2.3 Maximum Velocity
84(1)
3.4.2.4 Maximum Gradability
84(1)
3.4.3 HEV Powertrain Sizing Example
84(1)
3.4.3.1 Total Power Required: Initial Acceleration
85(3)
3.4.3.2 IC Engine Power: Cruising Speed
88(1)
3.4.3.3 Maximum Velocity
89(1)
3.4.3.4 Generator Sizing
89(1)
3.4.3.5 Battery Sizing
89(1)
3.5 Mass Analysis and Packaging
90(2)
3.6 Vehicle Simulation
92(7)
3.6.1 Simulation Model
92(1)
3.6.2 Standard Drive Cycles
93(4)
Problems
97(1)
References
98(1)
4 Battery Energy Storage
99(72)
4.1 Batteries in Electric and Hybrid Vehicles
101(3)
4.2 Battery Basics
104(6)
4.2.1 Battery Cell Structure
104(1)
4.2.2 Chemical Reactions
105(5)
4.3 Battery Parameters
110(9)
4.3.1 Battery Capacity
110(1)
4.3.2 Open Circuit Voltage
111(1)
4.3.3 Terminal Voltage
112(1)
4.3.4 Practical Capacity
112(1)
4.3.5 Discharge Rate
113(1)
4.3.6 State of Charge
114(1)
4.3.7 State of Discharge
115(1)
4.3.8 Depth of Discharge
115(1)
4.3.9 Battery Energy
116(1)
4.3.10 Specific Energy
116(1)
4.3.11 Battery Power
117(1)
4.3.12 Specific Power
118(1)
4.3.13 Ragone Plots
118(1)
4.4 Electrochemical Cell Fundamentals
119(13)
4.4.1 Thermodynamic Voltage
120(4)
4.4.2 Electrolysis and Faradaic Current
124(1)
4.4.3 Electrode Kinetics
125(3)
4.4.4 Mass Transport
128(2)
4.4.5 Electrical Double Layer
130(1)
4.4.6 Ohmic Resistance
131(1)
4.4.7 Concentration Polarization
131(1)
4.5 Battery Modeling
132(16)
4.5.1 Electric Circuit Models
133(1)
4.5.1.1 Basic Battery Model
134(3)
4.5.1.2 Run-Time Battery Model
137(1)
4.5.1.3 Impedance-Based Model
138(1)
4.5.1.4 First Principle Model
139(1)
4.5.2 Empirical Models
140(2)
4.5.2.1 Range Prediction with Constant Current Discharge
142(4)
4.5.2.2 Range Prediction with Power Density Approach
146(2)
4.6 Traction Batteries
148(11)
4.6.1 Lead-Acid Battery
149(1)
4.6.2 Nickel-Cadmium Battery
150(1)
4.6.3 Nickel-Metal-Hydride Battery
151(1)
4.6.4 Li-Ion Battery
152(2)
4.6.5 Li-Polymer Battery
154(1)
4.6.6 Zinc-Air Battery
154(1)
4.6.7 Sodium-Sulfur Battery
155(1)
4.6.8 Sodium-Metal-Chloride Battery
155(2)
4.6.9 Goals for Advanced Batteries
157(2)
4.7 Battery Pack Management
159(12)
4.7.1 Battery Management System
159(2)
4.7.2 SoC Measurement
161(1)
4.7.3 Battery Cell Balancing
162(2)
4.7.4 Battery Charging
164(1)
Problems
165(3)
References
168(3)
5 Alternative Energy Storage
171(26)
5.1 Fuel Cells
172(11)
5.1.1 Fuel Cell Characteristics
173(2)
5.1.2 Fuel Cell Types
175(1)
5.1.2.1 Alkaline Fuel Cell
175(1)
5.1.2.2 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell
175(1)
5.1.2.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cell
175(1)
5.1.2.4 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cell
176(1)
5.1.2.5 Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell
176(1)
5.1.2.6 Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
176(2)
5.1.3 Fuel Cell Model
178(1)
5.1.4 Hydrogen Storage Systems
179(1)
5.1.5 Reformers
180(1)
5.1.6 Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle
181(2)
5.2 Ultracapacitors
183(6)
5.2.1 Symmetrical Ultracapacitors
184(2)
5.2.2 Asymmetrical Ultracapacitors
186(1)
5.2.3 Ultracapacitor Modeling
187(2)
5.3 Compressed Air Storage
189(2)
5.4 Flywheels
191(6)
Problems
193(1)
References
194(3)
6 Electric Machines
197(64)
6.1 Simple Electric Machines
198(9)
6.1.1 Fundamental Machine Phenomena
199(1)
6.1.1.1 Motional Voltage
199(1)
6.1.1.2 Electromagnetic Force
200(1)
6.1.2 Simple DC Machine
200(1)
6.1.2.1 Induced Voltage
201(2)
6.1.2.2 Force and Torque
203(1)
6.1.2.3 DC Machine Back-EMF and Torque
204(2)
6.1.3 Simple Reluctance Machine
206(1)
6.2 DC Machines
207(6)
6.3 Three-Phase AC Machines
213(13)
6.3.1 Sinusoidal Stator Windings
213(2)
6.3.2 Number of Poles
215(1)
6.3.3 Three-Phase Sinusoidal Windings
216(1)
6.3.4 Space Vector Representation
216(5)
6.3.4.1 Interpretation of Space Vectors
221(1)
6.3.4.2 Inverse Relations
221(1)
6.3.4.3 Resultant mmf in a Balanced System
222(2)
6.3.4.4 Mutual Inductance Lm and Induced Stator Voltage
224(1)
6.3.5 Types of AC Machines
225(1)
6.4 Induction Machines
226(11)
6.4.1 Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit
227(3)
6.4.2 Simplified Torque Expression
230(3)
6.4.3 Speed Control Methods
233(2)
6.4.4 Regenerative Braking
235(2)
6.5 Permanent Magnet Machines
237(12)
6.5.1 Permanent Magnets
238(1)
6.5.1.1 Ferrites
238(1)
6.5.1.2 Samarium Cobalt
239(1)
6.5.1.3 Neodymium-Iron-Boron
239(1)
6.5.2 PM Synchronous Motors
240(2)
6.5.3 PMSM Models
242(1)
6.5.3.1 Voltage Equations
243(1)
6.5.3.2 Per-Phase Equivalent Circuit
244(2)
6.5.4 PM Brushless DC Motors
246(1)
6.5.4.1 PM BLDC Machine Modeling
246(3)
6.6 Switched Reluctance Machines
249(12)
6.6.1 Advantages and Disadvantages
250(1)
6.6.2 SRM Design/Basics
251(2)
6.6.3 Principle of Operation
253(1)
6.6.3.1 Voltage-Balance Equation
253(1)
6.6.3.2 Energy Conversion
254(2)
6.6.3.3 Torque Production
256(1)
6.6.3.4 Torque-Speed Characteristics
257(2)
Problems
259(1)
References
260(1)
7 Power Electronic Converters
261(26)
7.1 Power Electronic Switches
262(5)
7.1.1 Diode
263(1)
7.1.2 Power BJT
264(2)
7.1.3 Power MOSFET
266(1)
7.1.4 IGBT
266(1)
7.1.5 Bidirectional Switch
266(1)
7.2 DC/DC Converters
267(11)
7.2.1 Non-Isolated DC/DC Converters
268(1)
7.2.1.1 Buck Converter
268(1)
7.2.1.2 Boost Converter
269(2)
7.2.1.3 Buck-Boost Converter
271(1)
7.2.1.4 Fourth-Order DC/DC Converters
272(1)
7.2.1.5 Powertrain Boost Converter
272(1)
7.2.2 Isolated DC/DC Converters
273(5)
7.3 Cell Balancing Converters
278(9)
7.3.1 Passive Balancing Methods
279(2)
7.3.2 Active Balancing Methods
281(1)
7.3.2.1 Individual DC/DC Converter
282(1)
7.3.2.2 Centralized DC/DC Converter
283(2)
7.3.2.3 Current Diverter DC/DC Converter
285(1)
References
286(1)
8 Electric Motor Drives
287(50)
8.1 Electric Drive Components
287(2)
8.2 DC Drives
289(14)
8.2.1 Two-Quadrant Chopper
289(2)
8.2.2 Open Loop Drive
291(2)
8.2.2.1 Steady-State Analysis of Quadrant 1
293(2)
8.2.2.2 Ripple Reduction in ia
295(1)
8.2.2.3 Acceleration (CCM)
296(1)
8.2.2.4 Acceleration (DCM)
297(1)
8.2.2.5 Acceleration (Uncontrollable Mode)
298(1)
8.2.2.6 Braking Operation (CCM in Steady State)
299(3)
8.2.2.7 Regenerative Power
302(1)
8.3 Operating Point Analysis
303(5)
8.4 AC Drives
308(17)
8.4.1 Six-Step Operation
309(3)
8.4.1.1 Harmonic Analysis
312(1)
8.4.2 Pulse Width Modulation
313(1)
8.4.2.1 Sinusoidal PWM
314(2)
8.4.2.2 Harmonics in Sinusoidal PWM
316(1)
8.4.2.3 Space Vector PWM
316(3)
8.4.2.4 Generation of SV PWM Switching Signals
319(3)
8.4.3 Current Control Methods
322(1)
8.4.3.1 Hysteresis Current Controller
323(1)
8.4.3.2 Ramp Comparison Controller
324(1)
8.5 SRM Drives
325(12)
8.5.1 SRM Converters
325(2)
8.5.2 SRM Controls
327(1)
8.5.2.1 Control Parameters
327(1)
8.5.2.2 Advance Angle Calculation
328(1)
8.5.2.3 Voltage-Controlled Drive
329(1)
8.5.2.4 Current-Controlled Drive
330(1)
8.5.2.5 Advanced Control Strategies
330(1)
Problems
331(4)
References
335(2)
9 Control of AC Machines
337(26)
9.1 Vector Control of AC Motors
338(2)
9.2 dq Modeling
340(8)
9.2.1 Rotating Reference Frame
343(1)
9.2.2 Induction Machine dq Model
344(2)
9.2.3 Power and Electromagnetic Torque
346(2)
9.3 Induction Machine Vector Control
348(7)
9.3.1 Rotor Flux-Oriented Vector Control
349(3)
9.3.2 Direct and Indirect Vector Control
352(1)
9.3.2.1 Direct Vector Control
352(2)
9.3.2.2 Indirect Vector Control
354(1)
9.3.2.3 Vector Control Implementation
354(1)
9.4 PM Machine Vector Control
355(8)
9.4.1 Voltage and Torque in Reference Frame
355(1)
9.4.2 Simulation Model
356(2)
9.4.3 Transformation Equations
358(1)
9.4.4 PM Synchronous Motor Drives
358(2)
9.4.4.1 Flux Weakening
360(1)
9.4.4.2 Current and Voltage Controllers
360(1)
Problems
361(1)
References
362(1)
10 Internal Combustion Engines
363(32)
10.1 Internal Combustion Engines
363(10)
10.1.1 Reciprocating Engines
365(2)
10.1.2 Practical and Air-Standard Cycles
367(1)
10.1.2.1 Air-Standard Otto Cycle
368(2)
10.1.2.2 Air-Standard Diesel Cycle
370(1)
10.1.3 Gas Turbine Engines
371(2)
10.2 BMEP and BSFC
373(2)
10.3 Vehicle Fuel Economy
375(4)
10.3.1 Fuel Economy in Hybrids
378(1)
10.4 Emission Control System
379(10)
10.4.1 Generation of Pollutants
380(2)
10.4.2 Effect of Air-Fuel Ratio on Emissions
382(2)
10.4.3 NOx Flow Rate
384(4)
10.4.4 Emission Control Components
388(1)
10.4.4.1 Exhaust Gas Recirculation
388(1)
10.4.4.2 Catalytic Converter
388(1)
10.4.5 Treatment of Diesel Exhaust Emissions
389(6)
10.4.5.1 Diesel Oxidation Catalysts
390(1)
10.4.5.2 Diesel Particulate Filters
390(1)
10.4.5.3 Methods of NOv Reduction
391(2)
Problem
393(1)
References
393(2)
11 Powertrain Components and Brakes
395(32)
11.1 Powertrain Components
396(2)
11.1.1 Electric Vehicle Powertrain
397(1)
11.2 Gears
398(10)
11.2.1 Gear Ratio
400(3)
11.2.2 Torque-Speed Characteristics
403(3)
11.2.3 Planetary Gear Set
406(2)
11.3 Clutches
408(1)
11.4 Differential
408(1)
11.5 Transmission
409(7)
11.5.1 Manual Transmission
410(2)
11.5.2 Automatic Transmission
412(1)
11.5.2.1 Torque Converter
412(2)
11.5.2.2 Automatic Transmission in Hybrids
414(1)
11.5.3 Continuously Variable Transmission
414(1)
11.5.4 eCVT/HEV Transmission
415(1)
11.6 Vehicle Brakes
416(11)
11.6.1 Conventional Brake System
416(6)
11.6.2 Electromechanical Brake System
422(3)
Problem
425(1)
References
426(1)
12 Cooling Systems
427(12)
12.1 Climate Control System
427(6)
12.1.1 Vapor-Compression Refrigeration Cycle
428(3)
12.1.2 Vehicle Air-Conditioning System
431(2)
12.2 Powertrain Component-Cooling System
433(6)
References
437(2)
13 Hybrid Vehicle Control Strategy
439(30)
13.1 Vehicle Supervisory Controller
440(1)
13.2 Mode Selection Strategy
441(10)
13.2.1 Mechanical Power-Split Hybrid Modes
444(1)
13.2.1.1 Electric Only (Low Speeds, Reverse, Battery Charging)
445(1)
13.2.1.2 Engine Starting (Low Speeds)
446(1)
13.2.1.3 Parallel Mode (Heavy Acceleration)
446(1)
13.2.1.4 Power-Split Mode (Cruise, Light Acceleration)
447(1)
13.2.1.5 Engine-Brake Mode (Driver Selectable Mode)
448(1)
13.2.1.6 Regeneration Mode (Vehicle Braking)
449(1)
13.2.2 Series-Parallel 2x2 Hybrid Modes
449(1)
13.2.2.1 Electric-Only (Low Speeds, Reverse, Battery Charging)
450(1)
13.2.2.2 Series Mode (Low Speeds)
450(1)
13.2.2.3 Power-Split Mode (Cruise, Light Acceleration)
450(1)
13.2.2.4 Parallel Mode (Heavy Acceleration)
450(1)
13.3 Modal Control Strategies
451(18)
13.3.1 Series Control
452(2)
13.3.2 Parallel Control
454(2)
13.3.3 Series-Parallel Control
456(1)
13.3.3.1 Mechanical Power-Split IC Engine Control
456(2)
13.3.3.2 Series-Parallel 2 x 2 Control
458(2)
13.3.4 Energy Storage System Control
460(1)
13.3.5 Regeneration Control
461(4)
Problems
465(1)
References
466(3)
14 Vehicle Communications
469(18)
14.1 OSI Seven-Layer Model
469(2)
14.2 In-Vehicle Communications
471(1)
14.3 Controller Area Network
472(15)
14.3.1 CAN Transfer Protocol
474(1)
14.3.2 CAN Transfer Layer
475(1)
14.3.2.1 Bit Timing
475(1)
14.3.2.2 CAN Message Frames
476(3)
14.3.2.3 Message Arbitration
479(1)
14.3.2.4 Error Detection and Error Signaling
480(1)
14.3.3 CAN Physical Layer
481(2)
14.3.4 CAN Programming
483(3)
References
486(1)
Index 487
Iqbal Husain is a professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Akron in Ohio. He received his Ph.D. in electrical engineering from Texas A&M University. Dr. Husain is the founder of the Electric and Hybrid Vehicle Program at the University of Akron, which encompasses graduate and undergraduate courses, research on electric drives for electric and hybrid vehicles, and collegiate-level competitions on alternative vehicles. An IEEE Fellow, he is the recipient of the National Science Foundation CAREER award, the IEEE-IAS Outstanding Young Member award, the IEEE Third Millennium Medal, the College of Engineering Outstanding Researcher Award, and the Society of Automotive Engineers Vincent Bendix Automotive Electronics Engineering Award.