Data on specific materials in text |
|
xiii | |
Introduction |
|
xv | |
|
1 The electron as a particle |
|
|
|
|
1 | (1) |
|
1.2 The effect of an electric field-conductivity and Ohm's law |
|
|
2 | (2) |
|
1.3 The hydrodynamic model of electron flow |
|
|
4 | (1) |
|
|
5 | (1) |
|
1.5 Electromagnetic waves in solids |
|
|
6 | (7) |
|
1.6 Waves in the presence of an applied magnetic field cyclotron resonance |
|
|
13 | (3) |
|
|
16 | (3) |
|
|
19 | (2) |
|
|
21 | (4) |
|
|
23 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
25 | (3) |
|
2.2 The electron microscope |
|
|
28 | (1) |
|
2.3 Some properties of waves |
|
|
29 | (2) |
|
2.4 Applications to electrons |
|
|
31 | (2) |
|
|
33 | (3) |
|
|
34 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
36 | (2) |
|
3.2 Schrodinger's equation |
|
|
38 | (1) |
|
3.3 Solutions of Schrodinger's equation |
|
|
39 | (1) |
|
3.4 The electron as a wave |
|
|
40 | (1) |
|
3.5 The electron as a particle |
|
|
41 | (1) |
|
3.6 The electron meeting a potential barrier |
|
|
41 | (3) |
|
|
44 | (1) |
|
3.8 The electron in a potential well |
|
|
45 | (2) |
|
3.9 The potential well with a rigid wall |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
3.10 The uncertainty relationship |
|
|
47 | (1) |
|
3.11 Philosophical implications |
|
|
48 | (5) |
|
|
50 | (3) |
|
4 The hydrogen atom and the periodic table |
|
|
|
|
53 | (5) |
|
|
58 | (1) |
|
4.3 Electron spin and Pauli's exclusion principle |
|
|
59 | (1) |
|
|
59 | (7) |
|
|
64 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
66 | (1) |
|
5.2 General mechanical properties of bonds |
|
|
67 | (2) |
|
|
69 | (6) |
|
|
69 | (1) |
|
|
70 | (1) |
|
|
70 | (3) |
|
5.3.4 The van der Waals bond |
|
|
73 | (1) |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
|
74 | (1) |
|
5.4 Feynman's coupled mode approach |
|
|
75 | (5) |
|
|
80 | (1) |
|
5.6 The hydrogen molecule |
|
|
81 | (1) |
|
|
82 | (2) |
|
|
82 | (2) |
|
6 The free electron theory of metals |
|
|
|
|
84 | (1) |
|
6.2 The density of states and the Fermi-Dirac distribution |
|
|
85 | (3) |
|
6.3 The specific heat of electrons |
|
|
88 | (1) |
|
|
89 | (1) |
|
|
89 | (3) |
|
|
92 | (3) |
|
|
95 | (1) |
|
6.8 The field-emission microscope |
|
|
95 | (2) |
|
6.9 The photoelectric effect |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
6.10 Quartz-halogen lamps |
|
|
97 | (1) |
|
6.11 The junction between two metals |
|
|
98 | (3) |
|
|
99 | (2) |
|
7 The band theory of solids |
|
|
|
|
101 | (1) |
|
7.2 The Kronig-Penney model |
|
|
102 | (4) |
|
|
106 | (3) |
|
|
109 | (3) |
|
|
112 | (2) |
|
7.6 The effective number of free electrons |
|
|
114 | (1) |
|
7.7 The number of possible states per band |
|
|
115 | (2) |
|
7.8 Metals and insulators |
|
|
117 | (1) |
|
|
117 | (2) |
|
|
119 | (1) |
|
|
120 | (1) |
|
|
121 | (2) |
|
|
122 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
123 | (1) |
|
8.2 Intrinsic semiconductors |
|
|
123 | (5) |
|
8.3 Extrinsic semiconductors |
|
|
128 | (4) |
|
|
132 | (2) |
|
8.5 A relationship between electron and hole densities |
|
|
134 | (2) |
|
8.6 III-V and II-VI compounds |
|
|
136 | (4) |
|
8.7 Non-equilibrium processes |
|
|
140 | (1) |
|
|
141 | (2) |
|
8.9 Amorphous semiconductors |
|
|
143 | (1) |
|
8.10 Measurement of semiconductor properties |
|
|
143 | (8) |
|
|
143 | (3) |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
|
146 | (1) |
|
|
147 | (4) |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
8.11 Preparation of pure and controlled-impurity single-crystal semiconductors |
|
|
151 | (10) |
|
8.11.1 Crystal growth from the melt |
|
|
151 | (1) |
|
|
152 | (2) |
|
8.11.3 Modern methods of silicon purification |
|
|
154 | (1) |
|
|
154 | (2) |
|
8.11.5 Molecular beam epitaxy |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
8.11.6 Metal-organic chemical vapour deposition |
|
|
156 | (1) |
|
8.11.7 Hydride vapour phase epitaxy (HVPE) for nitride devices |
|
|
157 | (1) |
|
|
158 | (3) |
|
9 Principles of semiconductor devices |
|
|
|
|
161 | (1) |
|
9.2 The p-n junction in equilibrium |
|
|
161 | (5) |
|
|
166 | (2) |
|
|
168 | (2) |
|
|
170 | (1) |
|
|
171 | (5) |
|
9.7 Metal-semiconductor junctions |
|
|
176 | (2) |
|
9.8 The role of surface states; real metal-semiconductor junctions |
|
|
178 | (2) |
|
9.9 Metal-insulator-semiconductor junctions |
|
|
180 | (3) |
|
|
183 | (3) |
|
|
186 | (1) |
|
9.12 The Zener diode and the avalanche diode |
|
|
186 | (2) |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
9.12.2 Avalanche breakdown |
|
|
187 | (1) |
|
|
188 | (1) |
|
9.14 Field-effect transistors |
|
|
189 | (5) |
|
|
194 | (4) |
|
9.16 Charge-coupled devices |
|
|
198 | (2) |
|
9.17 Silicon controlled rectifier |
|
|
200 | (1) |
|
|
201 | (3) |
|
|
204 | (1) |
|
9.20 Measurement of magnetic field by the Hall effect |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
|
205 | (1) |
|
9.22 Microelectronic circuits |
|
|
206 | (4) |
|
|
210 | (2) |
|
9.24 Recent techniques for overcoming limitations |
|
|
212 | (1) |
|
9.25 Building in the third dimension |
|
|
213 | (2) |
|
9.26 Microelectro-mechanical systems (MEMS) |
|
|
215 | (3) |
|
|
215 | (1) |
|
9.26.2 A mass spectrometer on a chip |
|
|
216 | (2) |
|
|
218 | (4) |
|
|
222 | (3) |
|
|
223 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
10.2 Macroscopic approach |
|
|
225 | (1) |
|
10.3 Microscopic approach |
|
|
226 | (1) |
|
10.4 Types of polarization |
|
|
227 | (1) |
|
10.5 The complex dielectric constant and the refractive index |
|
|
228 | (1) |
|
|
229 | (1) |
|
10.7 Anomalous dispersion |
|
|
230 | (1) |
|
10.8 Polar and non-polar materials |
|
|
231 | (2) |
|
|
233 | (1) |
|
10.10 The effective field |
|
|
234 | (2) |
|
|
236 | (4) |
|
10.12 Dielectric breakdown |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
10.12.1 Intrinsic breakdown |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
10.12.2 Thermal breakdown |
|
|
240 | (1) |
|
10.12.3 Discharge breakdown |
|
|
241 | (1) |
|
10.13 Piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity, and ferroelectricity |
|
|
241 | (8) |
|
|
241 | (6) |
|
|
247 | (1) |
|
|
248 | (1) |
|
10.14 Interaction of optical phonons with drifting electrons |
|
|
249 | (1) |
|
|
250 | (2) |
|
|
252 | (1) |
|
|
252 | (2) |
|
|
254 | (5) |
|
|
256 | (3) |
|
|
|
|
259 | (1) |
|
11.2 Macroscopic approach |
|
|
260 | (1) |
|
11.3 Microscopic theory (phenomenological) |
|
|
260 | (4) |
|
11.4 Domains and the hysteresis curve |
|
|
264 | (4) |
|
11.5 Soft magnetic materials |
|
|
268 | (2) |
|
11.6 Hard magnetic materials (permanent magnets) |
|
|
270 | (3) |
|
11.7 Microscopic theory (quantum-mechanical) |
|
|
273 | (9) |
|
11.7.1 The Stern-Gerlach experiment |
|
|
278 | (1) |
|
|
278 | (2) |
|
11.7.3 Paramagnetic solids |
|
|
280 | (1) |
|
11.7.4 Antiferromagnetism |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
281 | (1) |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
|
282 | (2) |
|
11.8.1 Paramagnetic resonance |
|
|
282 | (1) |
|
11.8.2 Electron spin resonance |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
11.8.3 Ferromagnetic, antiferromagnetic, and ferrimagnetic resonance |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
11.8.4 Nuclear magnetic resonance |
|
|
283 | (1) |
|
11.8.5 Cyclotron resonance |
|
|
284 | (1) |
|
11.9 The quantum Hall effect |
|
|
284 | (2) |
|
|
286 | (1) |
|
|
287 | (4) |
|
|
287 | (2) |
|
|
289 | (1) |
|
11.11.3 Spin waves and magnons |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
11.11.4 Spin Hall effect and its inverse |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
11.11.6 Spin transfer torque |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
291 | (4) |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
11.12.3 Magnetic read-heads |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
|
295 | (4) |
|
|
299 | (2) |
|
12.4 Absorption and amplification |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
12.5 Resonators and conditions of oscillation |
|
|
301 | (1) |
|
12.6 Some practical laser systems |
|
|
302 | (5) |
|
12.6.1 Solid state lasers |
|
|
303 | (1) |
|
12.6.2 The gaseous discharge laser |
|
|
304 | (1) |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
12.6.4 Gas-dynamic lasers |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
|
307 | (1) |
|
12.7 Semiconductor lasers |
|
|
307 | (12) |
|
|
307 | (5) |
|
12.7.2 Wells, wires, and dots |
|
|
312 | (4) |
|
12.7.3 Bandgap engineering |
|
|
316 | (2) |
|
12.7.4 Quantum cascade lasers |
|
|
318 | (1) |
|
12.8 Laser modes and control techniques |
|
|
319 | (3) |
|
|
319 | (1) |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
|
321 | (1) |
|
12.9 Parametric oscillators |
|
|
322 | (1) |
|
12.10 Optical fibre amplifiers |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
|
324 | (2) |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
|
326 | (9) |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
|
327 | (1) |
|
12.13.4 Study of rapid events |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
12.13.5 Plasma diagnostics |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
12.13.10 Manipulation of atoms by light |
|
|
328 | (1) |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
12.13.13 Medical applications |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
12.13.17 Nuclear applications |
|
|
331 | (1) |
|
|
332 | (2) |
|
12.13.19 Raman scattering |
|
|
334 | (1) |
|
|
335 | (3) |
|
|
336 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
|
339 | (2) |
|
13.3 Light emitting diodes (LEDs) |
|
|
341 | (4) |
|
13.4 Electro-optic, photorefractive, and nonlinear materials |
|
|
345 | (1) |
|
13.5 Volume holography and phase conjugation |
|
|
346 | (5) |
|
13.6 Acousto-optic interaction |
|
|
351 | (2) |
|
|
353 | (4) |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
13.7.3 Directional coupler |
|
|
355 | (2) |
|
|
357 | (1) |
|
13.8 Spatial light modulators |
|
|
357 | (2) |
|
13.9 Nonlinear Fabry-Perot cavities |
|
|
359 | (3) |
|
|
362 | (2) |
|
13.11 Electro-absorption in quantum well structures |
|
|
364 | (7) |
|
|
364 | (1) |
|
13.11.2 Excitons in quantum wells |
|
|
365 | (1) |
|
13.11.3 Electro-absorption |
|
|
365 | (2) |
|
|
367 | (2) |
|
|
369 | (2) |
|
|
|
|
371 | (2) |
|
14.2 The effect of a magnetic field |
|
|
373 | (2) |
|
14.2.1 The critical magnetic field |
|
|
373 | (1) |
|
14.2.2 The Meissner effect |
|
|
374 | (1) |
|
|
375 | (1) |
|
14.4 Thermodynamical treatment |
|
|
376 | (5) |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
14.6 The Landau-Ginzburg theory |
|
|
382 | (7) |
|
|
389 | (4) |
|
|
393 | (3) |
|
14.8.1 High-field magnets |
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
14.8.2 Switches and memory elements |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
394 | (1) |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
14.8.5 Suspension systems and motors |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
14.8.6 Radiation detectors |
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
396 | (1) |
|
14.9 High-rc superconductors |
|
|
396 | (5) |
|
14.10 New superconductors% |
|
|
401 | (3) |
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
15 Artificial materials or metamaterials |
|
|
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
15.2 Natural and artificial materials |
|
|
405 | (2) |
|
15.3 Photonic bandgap materials |
|
|
407 | (1) |
|
15.4 Equivalent plasma frequency of a wire medium |
|
|
408 | (2) |
|
15.5 Resonant elements for metamaterials |
|
|
410 | (1) |
|
15.6 Polarizability of a current-carrying resonant loop |
|
|
411 | (1) |
|
15.7 Effective permeability |
|
|
412 | (2) |
|
15.8 Effect of negative material constants |
|
|
414 | (3) |
|
|
417 | (5) |
|
15.10 Detectors for magnetic resonance imaging |
|
|
422 | (2) |
|
|
424 | (50) |
|
Appendix I Organic semiconductors |
|
|
427 | (7) |
|
Appendix II Nobel laureates |
|
|
434 | (2) |
|
Appendix III Physical constants |
|
|
436 | (2) |
|
Appendix IV Variational calculus. Derivation of Euler's equation |
|
|
438 | (2) |
|
Appendix V Thermoelectricity |
|
|
440 | (4) |
|
Appendix VI Principles of the operation of computer memories |
|
|
444 | (19) |
|
Appendix VII Medical imaging |
|
|
463 | (8) |
|
Appendix VIII Suggestions for further reading |
|
|
471 | (3) |
Answers to exercises |
|
474 | (3) |
Index |
|
477 | |