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El. knyga: Electrokinetic Remediation for Environmental Security and Sustainability

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  • Išleidimo metai: 22-Mar-2021
  • Leidėjas: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119670162
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Electrokinetic Remediation for Environmental Security and SustainabilityDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 22-Mar-2021
  • Leidėjas: John Wiley & Sons Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9781119670162
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Electrokinetic Remediation for Environmental Security and Sustainability

Explore this comprehensive reference on the remediation of contaminated substrates, filled with cutting-edge research and practical case studies

Electrokinetic Remediation for Environmental Security and Sustainability delivers a thorough review of electrokinetic remediation (EKR) for the treatment of inorganic and organic contaminants in contaminated substrates. The book highlights recent progress and developments in EKR in the areas of resource recovery, the removal of pollutants, and environmental remediation. It also discusses the use of EKR in conjunction with nanotechnology and phytoremediation.

Throughout the book, case studies are presented that involve the field implementation of EKR technologies. The book also includes discussions of enhanced electrokinetic remediation of dredged co-contaminated sediments, solar-powered bioelectrokinetics for the mitigation of contaminated agricultural soil, advanced electro-fenton for remediation of organics, electrokinetic remediation for PPCPs in contaminated substrates, and the electrokinetic remediation of agrochemicals such as organochlorine compounds. Other topics include:

  • A thorough introduction to the modelling of electrokinetic remediation
  • An exploration of the electrokinetic recovery of tungsten and removal of arsenic from mining secondary resources
  • An analysis of pharmaceutically active compounds in wastewater treatment plants with a discussion of electrochemical advanced oxidation as an on-site treatment
  • A review of rare earth elements, including general concepts and recovery techniques, like electrodialytic extraction
  • A treatment of hydrocarbon-contaminated soil in cold climate conditions

    • Perfect for environmental engineers and scientists, geologists, chemical engineers, biochemical engineers, and scientists working with green technology, Electrokinetic Remediation for Environmental Security and Sustainability will also earn a place in the libraries of academic and industry researchers, engineers, regulators, and policy makers with an interest in the remediation of contaminated natural resources.

    Preface xix
    Contributors xxiii
    1 An Overview of the Modeling of Electrokinetic Remediation
    		1(34)
    Maria Vilien-Guzman
    Maria del Mar Cerrillo-Gonzalez
    Juan Manuel Paz-Garcia
    Jose Miguel Rodriguez-Maroto
    1.1 Introduction
    		1(2)
    1.2 Reactive Transport
    		3(15)
    1.2.1 One-Dimensional Electromigration Model
    		3(4)
    1.2.2 One-Dimensional Electromigration and Electroosmosis Model
    		7(2)
    1.2.3 One-Dimensional Electrodialytic Model
    		9(7)
    1.2.4 One-Dimensional Electroremediation Model Using Nernst-Planck-Poisson
    		16(2)
    1.3 Chemical Equilibrium
    		18(6)
    1.4 Models for the Future
    		24(11)
    1.4.1 Combining Chemical Equilibrium and Chemical Reaction Kinetics
    		24(2)
    1.4.2 Multiscale Models
    		26(3)
    1.4.3 Two-and Three-Dimensional Models
    		29(1)
    1.4.4 Multiphysics Modeling
    		29(1)
    Acknowledgments
    		30(1)
    References
    		30(5)
    2 Basic Electrochemistry Tools in Environmental Applications
    		35(26)
    Chanchal Kumar Mitra
    Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad
    2.1 Introduction
    		35(9)
    2.1.1 Electrochemical Half-Cells
    		37(1)
    2.1.2 Electrode Potential
    		38(2)
    2.1.3 Electrical Double Layer
    		40(1)
    2.1.4 Electrochemical Processes
    		41(1)
    2.1.4.1 Polarization (Overvoltage)
    		41(1)
    2.1.4.2 Slow Chemical Reactions
    		42(2)
    2.2 Basic Bioelectrochemistry and Applications
    		44(1)
    2.3 Industrial Electrochemistry and the Environment
    		44(1)
    2.3.1 Isolation and Purification of Important Metals
    		44(1)
    2.3.2 Production of Important Chemical Intermediates by Electrochemistry
    		45(1)
    2.4 Electrokinetic Phenomena
    		45(2)
    2.4.1 Electroosmosis in Bioremediation
    		46(1)
    2.5 Electrophoresis and Its Application in Bioremediation
    		47(1)
    2.6 Biosensors in Environmental Monitoring
    		48(4)
    2.6.1 What Are Biosensors?
    		48(1)
    2.6.2 Biosensors as Environmental Monitors
    		49(3)
    2.7 Electrochemical Systems as Energy Sources
    		52(3)
    2.8 Conclusions
    		55(6)
    References
    		55(6)
    3 Combined Use of Remediation Technologies with Electrokinetics
    		61(24)
    Helena I. Gomes
    Erika B. Bustos
    3.1 Introduction
    		61(1)
    3.2 Biological Processes
    		62(5)
    3.2.1 Electrobioremediation
    		62(2)
    3.2.2 Electro-Phytoremediation
    		64(3)
    3.3 Permeable Reactive Barriers
    		67(1)
    3.4 Advanced Oxidation Processes
    		67(4)
    3.4.1 Electrokinetics-Enhanced In Situ Chemical Oxidation (EK-ISCO)
    		67(3)
    3.4.2 Electro-Fenton
    		70(1)
    3.5 In Situ Chemical Reduction (ISCR)
    		71(1)
    3.6 Challenges for Upscaling
    		71(2)
    3.7 Concluding Remarks
    		73(12)
    References
    		73(12)
    4 The Electrokinetic Recovery of Tungsten and Removal of Arsenic from Mining Secondary Resources: The Case of the Panasqueira Mine
    		85(14)
    Joana Almeida
    Paulina Faria
    Antonio Santos Silva
    Eduardo P. Mateus
    Alexandra B. Ribeiro
    4.1 Introduction
    		85(1)
    4.2 Tungsten Mining Resources: The Panasqueira Mine
    		86(3)
    4.2.1 The Development of the Industry
    		86(2)
    4.2.2 Ore Extraction Processes
    		88(1)
    4.2.3 Potential Risks
    		88(1)
    4.3 The Circular Economy of Tungsten Mining Waste
    		89(4)
    4.3.1 Panasqueira Old Slimes vs. Current Slimes
    		89(1)
    4.3.2 Tungsten Recovery
    		90(2)
    4.3.3 Building Material-Related Applications
    		92(1)
    4.4 Social, Economic, and Environmental Impacts
    		93(1)
    4.5 Final Remarks
    		94(5)
    Acknowledgments
    		94(1)
    References
    		95(4)
    5 Electrokinetic Remediation of Dredged Contaminated Sediments
    		99(42)
    Kristine B. Pedersen
    Ahmed Benamar
    Mohamed T. Ammami
    Florence Portet-Koltalo
    Gunvor M. Kirkelund
    5.1 Introduction
    		99(2)
    5.2 EKR Removal of Pollutants from Harbor Sediments
    		101(10)
    5.2.1 Pollutants and Removal Efficiencies
    		101(1)
    5.2.1.1 Metals
    		102(2)
    5.2.1.2 Organic Pollutants and Organometallic Pollutants
    		104(1)
    5.2.2 Influence of Experimental Settings and Sediment Properties on the Efficiency of EKR
    		105(1)
    5.2.2.1 Enhancement of EKR - Changes in Design
    		106(1)
    5.2.2.2 Enhancement of EKR - Chemical Agents and Surfactants
    		106(2)
    5.2.2.3 Sediment Characteristics
    		108(3)
    5.3 Case Studies of Enhancement Techniques
    		111(9)
    5.4 Evaluation of the Best Available EKR Practice
    		120(3)
    5.4.1 Energy Consumption
    		120(2)
    5.4.2 Environmental Impacts
    		122(1)
    5.5 Scaling Up EKR for Remediation of Polluted Harbor Sediments
    		123(6)
    5.5.1 Results and Comments
    		125(4)
    5.6 Future Perspectives
    		129(12)
    References
    		131(10)
    6 Pharmaceutically Active Compounds in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Electrochemical Advanced Oxidation as Onsite Treatment
    		141(18)
    Ana Rita Ferreira
    Paula Guedes
    Eduardo P. Mateus
    Alexandra B. Ribeiro
    Nazare Couto
    6.1 Introduction
    		141(7)
    6.1.1 Emerging Organic Contaminants
    		141(1)
    6.1.2 Occurrence and Fate of EOCs
    		141(2)
    6.1.2.1 EOCs in WWTPs
    		143(1)
    6.1.3 Water Challenges
    		144(2)
    6.1.4 Technologies for Wastewater Treatment - Electrochemical Process
    		146(2)
    6.2 Electrochemical Reactor for EOC Removal in WWTPs
    		148(5)
    6.2.1 Experimental Design
    		148(1)
    6.2.1.1 Analytical Methodology
    		148(2)
    6.2.2 Electrokinetic Reactor Operating in a Continuous Vertical Flow Mode
    		150(3)
    6.3 Conclusions
    		153(6)
    Acknowledgments
    		153(1)
    References
    		153(6)
    7 Rare Earth Elements: Overview, General Concepts, and Recovery Techniques, Including Electrodialytic Extraction
    		159(14)
    Nazare Couto
    Ana Rita Ferreira
    Vanda Lopes
    Stephen Peters
    Sibel Pamukcu
    Alexandra B. Ribeiro
    7.1 Introduction
    		159(5)
    7.1.1 Rare Earth Elements: Characterization, Applications, and Geo-Dependence
    		159(3)
    7.1.2 REE Mining and Secondary Sources
    		162(1)
    7.1.3 REE Extraction and Recovery from Secondary Resources
    		163(1)
    7.2 Case Study
    		164(2)
    7.3 Conclusions
    		166(7)
    Acknowledgments
    		167(1)
    References
    		167(6)
    8 Hydrocarbon-Contaminated Soil in Cold Climate Conditions: Electrokinetic-Bioremediation Technology as a Remediation Strategy
    		173(18)
    Ana Rita Ferreira
    Paula Guedes
    Eduardo P. Mateus
    Pernille Erland Jensen
    Alexandra B. Ribeiro
    Nazare Couto
    8.1 Introduction
    		173(4)
    8.1.1 Hydrocarbon Contamination
    		173(1)
    8.1.2 Oil Spills in Arctic Environments
    		174(1)
    8.1.3 Remediation of Petroleum-Contaminated Soil
    		175(1)
    8.1.3.1 Electrokinetic Remediation (EKR)
    		176(1)
    8.2 Case Study
    		177(3)
    8.2.1 Description of the Site
    		177(1)
    8.2.2 Soil Sampling
    		178(1)
    8.2.3 Electrokinetic Remediation (EKR) Experiments
    		178(1)
    8.2.4 Analytical Procedures
    		179(1)
    8.2.4.1 Soil Characterization
    		179(1)
    8.3 Determination of Metals and Phosphorus
    		180(6)
    8.3.1 Results and Discussion
    		180(1)
    8.3.1.1 Soil Characteristics
    		180(2)
    8.3.1.2 EKR Experiments
    		182(4)
    8.4 Conclusions
    		186(5)
    Acknowledgments
    		186(1)
    References
    		186(5)
    9 Electrochemical Migration of Oil and Oil Products in Soil
    		191(36)
    V.A. Korolev
    D.S. Nesterov
    9.1 Introduction
    		191(1)
    9.2 Specific Nature of Soils Polluted by Oil and Its Products
    		192(1)
    9.3 Influence of Mineral Composition
    		193(2)
    9.4 Influence of Soil Dispersiveness
    		195(3)
    9.5 Influence of Physical Soil Properties
    		198(3)
    9.6 Influence of Physico-Chemical Soil Properties
    		201(2)
    9.7 Influence of the Initial Water/Oil Ratio in a Soil
    		203(4)
    9.8 Influence of the Oil Aging Process
    		207(4)
    9.9 Influence of Oil Composition
    		211(9)
    9.10 Conclusions
    		220(7)
    Acknowledgments
    		222(1)
    References
    		222(5)
    10 Nanostructured Ti02-Based Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) Electrocatalysts: A Preliminary Feasibility Study in Electrodialytic Remediation with Hydrogen Recovery
    		227(24)
    Antonio Rubino
    Joana Almeida
    Catia Magro
    Pier G. Schiavi
    Paula Guedes
    Nazare Couto
    Eduardo P. Mateus
    Pietro Altimari
    Maria L. Astolfi
    Robertino Zanoni
    Alexandra B. Ribeiro
    Francesco Pagnanelli
    10.1 Introduction
    		227(4)
    10.1.1 Electrokinetic Technologies: Electrodialytic Ex Situ Remediation
    		228(2)
    10.1.2 Nanostructured TiO2 Electrocatalysts Synthesized Through Electrochemical Methods
    		230(1)
    10.2 Case Study
    		231(12)
    10.2.1 Aim and Scope
    		231(1)
    10.2.2 Experimental
    		232(1)
    10.2.2.1 Ti02 Based Electrocatalyst Synthesis and Characterization
    		232(1)
    10.2.2.2 ED Experiments
    		233(2)
    10.2.3 Discussion
    		235(1)
    10.2.3.1 Blank Tests: Electrocatalysts Effectiveness toward HER
    		235(2)
    10.2.3.2 ED Remediation for Sustainable CRMs Recovery
    		237(6)
    10.3 Final Considerations
    		243(8)
    Acknowledgments
    		244(1)
    References
    		244(7)
    11 Hydrogen Recovery in Electrodialytic-Based Technologies Applied to Environmental Contaminated Matrices
    		251(20)
    Catia Magro
    Joana Almeida
    Juan Manuel Paz-Garcia
    Eduardo P. Mateus
    Alexandra B. Ribeiro
    11.1 Scope
    		251(2)
    11.2 Technology Concept
    		253(7)
    11.2.1 Potential Secondary Resources
    		253(1)
    11.2.2 Electrodialytic Reactor
    		254(1)
    11.2.2.1 Electrodes
    		254(2)
    11.2.2.2 Ion-Exchange Membranes
    		256(2)
    11.2.2.3 PEMFC System
    		258(2)
    11.3 Economic Assessment of PEMFC Coupled with Electroremediation
    		260(5)
    11.3.1 Scenario Analysis
    		260(2)
    11.3.2 Hydrogen Business Model Canvas
    		262(2)
    11.3.3 SWOT Analysis
    		264(1)
    11.4 Final Remarks
    		265(6)
    Acknowledgments
    		266(1)
    References
    		266(5)
    12 Electrokinetic-Phytoremediation of Mixed Contaminants in Soil
    		271(16)
    Joana Dionisio
    Nazare Couto
    Paula Guedes
    Cristiana Gongalves
    Alexandra B. Ribeiro
    12.1 Soil Contamination
    		271(1)
    12.2 Phytoremediation
    		272(2)
    12.3 Electroremediation
    		274(5)
    12.3.1 EK Process Coupled with Phytoremediation
    		275(2)
    12.3.2 EK-Assisted Bioremediation in the Treatment of Inorganic Contaminants
    		277(1)
    12.3.3 EK-Assisted Bioremediation in the Treatment of Organic Contaminants
    		278(1)
    12.4 Case Study of EK and Electrokinetic-Assisted Phytoremediation
    		279(2)
    12.5 Conclusions
    		281(6)
    Acknowledgments
    		282(1)
    References
    		282(5)
    13 Enhanced Electrokinetic Techniques in Soil Remediation for Removal of Heavy Metals
    		287(16)
    Sadia Ilyas
    Rajiv Ranjan Srivastava
    Hyunjung Kim
    Humma Akram Cheema
    13.1 Introduction
    		287(1)
    13.2 Electrokinetic Mechanism and Phenomenon
    		288(1)
    13.3 Limitations of the Electrokinetic Remediation Process
    		289(1)
    13.4 Need for Enhancement in the Electrokinetic Remediation Process
    		290(2)
    13.5 Enhancement Techniques
    		292(1)
    13.5.1 Surface Modification
    		292(1)
    13.6 Cation-Selective Membranes
    		293(1)
    13.7 Electro-Bioremediation
    		294(1)
    13.8 Electro-Geochemical Oxidation
    		295(1)
    13.9 Lasagna™ Process
    		296(1)
    13.10 Other Potential Processes
    		296(2)
    13.11 Summary
    		298(5)
    Acknowledgments
    		299(1)
    References
    		299(4)
    14 Assessment of Soil Fertility and Microbial Activity by Direct Impact of an Electrokinetic Process on Chromium-Contaminated Soil
    		303(20)
    Prasun Kumar Chakraborty
    Prem Prakash
    Brijesh Kumar Mishra
    14.1 Introduction
    		303(1)
    14.2 Experimental Section
    		304(4)
    14.2.1 Soil Characteristics and Preparation of Contaminated Soil
    		304(1)
    14.2.2 Electrokinetic Tests, Experimental Setup, and Procedure
    		305(1)
    14.2.3 Testing Procedure
    		306(1)
    14.2.4 Extraction and Analytical Methods
    		306(1)
    14.2.5 Soil Nutrients
    		306(1)
    14.2.6 Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon Analysis
    		307(1)
    14.2.7 Quality Control and Quality Assurance
    		307(1)
    14.3 Results and Discussion
    		308(2)
    14.3.1 Electrokinetic Remediation of Chromium-Contaminated Soil
    		308(1)
    14.3.1.1 Electrical Current Changes During the Electrokinetic Experiment
    		308(1)
    14.3.2 pH Distribution in Soil During and After the Electrokinetic Experiment
    		309(1)
    14.4 Removal of Cr
    		310(2)
    14.4.1 The Distribution of Total Cr and Its Electroosmotic Flow During the Electrokinetic Experiment
    		310(2)
    14.5 Effects of the Electrokinetic Process on Some Soil Properties
    		312(6)
    14.5.1 Soil Organic Carbon
    		312(2)
    14.5.2 Soil-Available Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, and Calcium
    		314(4)
    14.5.3 Soil Microbial Biomass Carbon
    		318(1)
    14.6 Conclusion
    		318(5)
    References
    		319(4)
    15 Management of Clay Properties Based on Electrokinetic Nanotechnology
    		323(40)
    D.S. Nesterov
    V.A. Korolev
    15.1 Introduction
    		323(3)
    15.2 Objects of the Study
    		326(2)
    15.3 Methods of the Study
    		328(2)
    15.4 Results and Discussion
    		330(24)
    15.4.1 Regulation of Soil pH
    		330(2)
    15.4.2 Regulation of Oxidation-Reduction Potential
    		332(1)
    15.4.3 Regulation of Soil Particle Surface-Charge Density
    		332(7)
    15.4.4 EDL Parameter Regulation
    		339(4)
    15.4.5 Regulation of Clav CEC
    		343(2)
    15.4.6 Regulation of Physico-Chemical Parameters of Soils
    		345(1)
    15.4.7 Regulation of Soil Texture and Structure
    		346(6)
    15.4.8 Regulation of Physical Clay Properties
    		352(1)
    15.4.9 Regulation of Soil Strength and Deformability
    		353(1)
    15.5 Conclusions
    		354(9)
    Acknowledgments
    		355(1)
    Abbreviations
    		355(2)
    References
    		357(6)
    16 Technologies to Create Electrokinetic Protective Barriers
    		363(50)
    D.S. Nesterov
    V.A. Korolev
    16.1 Introduction
    		363(3)
    16.2 Conventional Electrokinetic Barriers
    		366(3)
    16.2.1 Cationic Contaminants
    		366(1)
    16.2.2 Anionic Pollutants
    		367(1)
    16.2.3 Advanced EKB Implementations
    		367(1)
    16.2.4 Using EKBs for Soil Remediation
    		368(1)
    16.3 Electrokinetic Barrier with Ion-Selective Membranes (IS-EKB)
    		369(1)
    16.4 Electrokinetic Barrier Based on Geosynthetics (EKG-B)
    		370(1)
    16.5 Bio-Electrokinetic Protective Barrier (Bio-EKB)
    		371(5)
    16.6 Electrokinetic Permeable Reactive Barriers (EK-PRB)
    		376(21)
    16.6.1 EK-PRBs Based on Activated Carbon
    		377(1)
    16.6.2 EK-PRBs Based on Iron Compounds
    		378(1)
    16.6.2.1 ZVI-Based EK-PRBs
    		379(2)
    16.6.2.2 EK-PRBs Based on Ferric/Ferrous Compounds
    		381(1)
    16.6.3 EK-PRBs Based on Red Mud
    		382(1)
    16.6.4 EK-PRBs Based on Zeolites
    		383(1)
    16.6.5 EK-PRBs Based on Clays or Modified Soils
    		383(1)
    16.6.6 Other Materials for the Creation of EK-PRBs
    		384(13)
    16.7 Electrokinetic Permeable Reactive Barriers to Prevent Radionuclide Contamination
    		397(3)
    16.8 Conclusion
    		400(13)
    Acknowledgments
    		401(1)
    Abbreviations
    		401(2)
    References
    		403(10)
    17 Emerging Contaminants in Wastewater: Sensor Potential for Monitoring Electroremediation Systems
    		413(20)
    Catia Magro
    Eduardo P. Mateus
    Maria de Fdtima Raposo
    Alexandra B. Ribeiro
    17.1 Scope
    		413(3)
    17.2 Removal Technologies: Electroremediation Treatment
    		416(1)
    17.3 Monitoring Tool: Electronic Tongues Devices
    		417(7)
    17.3.1 Sensor Design
    		418(1)
    17.3.1.1 Thin-Film Nanomaterials
    		419(1)
    17.3.1.2 Promising Thin-Film Deposition Techniques
    		420(2)
    17.3.1.3 Electrical Measurements: Impedance Spectroscopy
    		422(2)
    17.3.2 Data Treatment
    		424(1)
    17.4 Critical View on Coupling EK and Electronic Tongues
    		424(3)
    17.5 Final Remarks
    		427(6)
    Acknowledgments
    		428(1)
    References
    		428(5)
    18 Perspectives on Electrokinetic Remediation of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Soil
    		433(20)
    Paula Guedes
    Nazare Couto
    Eduardo P. Mateus
    Cristina Silva Pereira
    Alexandra B. Ribeiro
    18.1 Introduction
    		433(3)
    18.1.1 Soil Pollution
    		433(1)
    18.1.2 Contaminants of Emerging Concern
    		434(2)
    18.2 Electrokinetic Process
    		436(9)
    18.2.1 Removal Mechanisms
    		437(2)
    18.2.2 Electro-Degradation Mechanisms
    		439(3)
    18.2.3 Enhanced Bio-Degradation
    		442(3)
    18.3 Conclusion
    		445(8)
    Acknowledgments
    		446(1)
    References
    		446(7)
    19 Electrokinetic Remediation for the Removal of Organic Waste in Soil and Sediments
    		453(26)
    S.M.P.A. Koliyabandara
    Chamika Siriwardhana
    Sakuni M. De Silva
    Janitha Walpita
    Asitha T. Cooray
    19.1 Introduction
    		453(1)
    19.2 Organic Soil Pollution
    		453(3)
    19.2.1 The Fate of Organic Soil Pollutants
    		455(1)
    19.2.2 Biomagnification and Bioaccumulation of Soil Pollutants
    		455(1)
    19.3 Soil Remediation Methods
    		456(5)
    19.3.1 Physical Methods
    		456(1)
    19.3.1.1 Capping
    		456(1)
    19.3.1.2 Thermal Desorption
    		457(1)
    19.3.1.3 Soil Vapor Extraction (SVE)
    		458(1)
    19.3.1.4 Incineration
    		458(1)
    19.3.1.5 Air Sparging
    		458(1)
    19.3.2 Chemical Methods
    		458(1)
    19.3.2.1 Soil Washing/Flushing
    		459(1)
    19.3.2.2 Chemical Oxidation Remediation
    		459(1)
    19.3.3 Bioremediation
    		460(1)
    19.3.3.1 Microbial Remediation
    		460(1)
    19.3.3.2 Phytoremediation
    		460(1)
    19.4 Electrokinetic Remediation (EKR)
    		461(3)
    19.4.1 Basic Principles of EKR
    		461(1)
    19.4.1.1 Electrolysis of Pore Water
    		462(1)
    19.4.1.2 Electromigration
    		462(2)
    19.4.1.3 Electroosmosis
    		464(1)
    19.4.1.4 Electrophoresis
    		464(1)
    19.5 EKR for the Treatment of Soils and Sediments
    		464(6)
    19.5.1 Enhancement Techniques Coupled with EKR
    		466(1)
    19.5.1.1 Techniques Used to Enhance the Solubility of Contaminants
    		466(1)
    19.5.1.2 Techniques to Control Soil pH
    		466(1)
    19.5.1.3 Coupling with Other Remediation Techniques
    		467(1)
    19.5.2 Facilitating Agents for PAH Removal
    		468(1)
    19.5.2.1 Cyclodextrin-Enhanced EKR
    		468(1)
    19.5.2.2 Surfactant-Enhanced EKR
    		468(1)
    19.5.3 Cosolvent-Enhanced EKR
    		469(1)
    19.5.4 Biosurfactant-Enhanced EKR
    		469(1)
    19.6 Factors Affecting the Efficiency of Electrokinetic Remediation
    		470(1)
    19.6.1 Effect of pH
    		470(1)
    19.6.2 Effect of Electrolytes
    		470(1)
    19.6.3 Effect of Soil Characteristics
    		470(1)
    19.6.4 Effect of the Voltage Gradient
    		471(1)
    19.7 Conclusions and Future Perspective
    		471(8)
    Acknowledgments
    		471(1)
    References
    		472(7)
    20 The integration of Electrokinetics and In Situ Chemical Oxidation Processes for the Remediation of Organically Polluted Soils
    		479(24)
    Long Cang
    Qiao Huang
    Hongting Xu
    Mingzhu Zhou
    20.1 Introduction
    		479(1)
    20.2 Principles Underlying EK-ISCO Remediation Technology
    		480(4)
    20.2.1 Desorption and Migration of Organic Pollutants
    		480(2)
    20.2.2 Oxidant Migration
    		482(2)
    20.3 Factors that Influence EK-ISCO Technology
    		484(2)
    20.3.1 Soil Properties
    		484(1)
    20.3.2 Dosage and Methods Used to Add Oxidants to Soil
    		485(1)
    20.3.3 Concentration and Aging of Organic Pollutants
    		486(1)
    20.4 Enhanced EK-ISCO Remediation Methods
    		486(4)
    20.4.1 Electro-Fenton Process
    		486(1)
    20.4.2 pH Control
    		487(1)
    20.4.3 Ion-Exchange Membranes
    		488(1)
    20.4.4 Adding Solubilizers
    		488(1)
    20.4.5 Electrode Activation/Electrode Thermal Activation
    		489(1)
    20.4.6 Nanomaterial-Enhanced Methods
    		490(1)
    20.5 Pilot/Field-Scale Studies of EK-ISCO Remediation Technologies
    		490(4)
    20.5.1 Experimental Design
    		490(1)
    20.5.1.1 Electrode Materials
    		490(1)
    20.5.1.2 Configuring Electrode Settings
    		491(1)
    20.5.1.3 Power Supply Modes
    		492(1)
    20.5.2 Pilot Cases
    		493(1)
    20.6 Conclusions
    		494(9)
    Acknowledgments
    		494(1)
    References
    		495(8)
    21 Electrokinetic and Electrochemical Removal of Chlorinated Ethenes: Application in Low- and High-Permeability Saturated Soils
    		503(38)
    Bente H. Hytdegaard
    Lisbeth M. Ottosen
    21.1 Introduction
    		503(5)
    21.1.1 Chlorinated Ethenes
    		503(3)
    21.1.2 Low-Permeability Saturated Soils
    		506(1)
    21.1.3 High-Permeability Saturated Soils
    		507(1)
    21.2 Electrokinetically Enhanced Remediation in Low-Permeability Saturated Soils
    		508(8)
    21.2.1 Electrokinetically Enhanced Bioremediation (EK-BIO)
    		508(1)
    21.2.1.1 EK-Induced Delivery of Microbial Cultures and Electron Donors
    		509(1)
    21.2.1.2 Current State of Development from an Applied Perspective
    		510(1)
    21.2.2 Electrokinetically Enhanced In Situ Chemical Oxidation (EK-ISCO)
    		511(1)
    21.2.2.1 EK-Induced Delivery of Oxidants
    		512(1)
    21.2.2.2 Current State of Development from an Applied Perspective
    		513(1)
    21.2.3 Electrokinetically Enhanced Permeable Reactive Barriers (EK-PRB)
    		514(1)
    21.2.3.1 EK-Induced Mobilization of Chlorinated Ethenes
    		514(1)
    21.2.3.2 EK-Controlled Reactivity of the Filling Material
    		515(1)
    21.2.3.3 Current State of Development from an Applied Perspective
    		515(1)
    21.3 Electrochemical Remediation in High-Permeability Saturated Soils
    		516(11)
    21.3.1 Electrochemistry in Complex Environmental Settings
    		517(2)
    21.3.2 Electrochemical Remediation in Complex Environmental Settings
    		519(3)
    21.3.2.1 Electrochemically Induced Changes in Hydrogeochemistry
    		522(3)
    21.3.2.2 Current State of Development from an Applied Perspective
    		525(2)
    21.4 Summary
    		527(14)
    References
    		528(13)
    22 Chlorophenolic Compounds and Their Transformation Products by the Heterogeneous Fenton Process: A Review
    		541(46)
    Cetin Kantar
    Ozlem Oral
    22.1 Introduction
    		541(4)
    22.2 Heterogeneous Fenton Processes
    		545(20)
    22.2.1 Effect of Catalyst Type and Possible Reaction Mechanisms
    		546(1)
    22.2.1.1 Iron Oxides
    		547(5)
    22.2.1.2 Pyrite
    		552(1)
    22.2.1.3 Zero-Valent Iron (ZVI)
    		553(2)
    22.2.1.4 Multimetallic Iron-Based Catalysts
    		555(5)
    22.2.1.5 Supported Iron-Based Catalyst Materials
    		560(5)
    22.3 Factors Affecting CP Removal Efficiency in Heterogeneous Fenton Processes
    		565(2)
    22.3.1 Effect of Catalyst Size
    		565(1)
    22.3.2 Effect of Catalyst Dosage
    		565(1)
    22.3.3 Effect of pH
    		566(1)
    22.3 A Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide Dose
    		567(2)
    22.3.5 Effect of Organic Ligands
    		568(1)
    22.4 Reaction By-Products
    		569(2)
    22.5 Mode of Implementation, Reactor Configuration, and Biodegradability
    		571(1)
    22.6 Conclusions
    		572(15)
    References
    		574(13)
    23 Clays and Clay Polymer Composites for Electrokinetic Remediation of Soil
    		587(16)
    Jayasankar Janeni
    Nadeesh M. Adassooriya
    23.1 Introduction
    		587(1)
    23.2 Electrokinetic Remediation Technique: An Overview
    		588(1)
    23.3 Clay Soil and Minerals
    		588(1)
    23.4 Clay Mineral Classifications and Structure
    		589(1)
    23.5 Layer Charge
    		590(1)
    23.6 Active Bond Sites in Clay Minerals
    		590(1)
    23.7 Properties of Clay Minerals
    		591(1)
    23.8 Clay Minerals and Their Modifications
    		591(1)
    23.9 Organoclays and Their Properties
    		591(2)
    23.10 Factors Affecting the Mechanism of Transporting Contaminants in Clay Soils
    		593(5)
    23.10.1 Structural Parameters
    		593(1)
    23.10.2 Mass Transport
    		593(2)
    23.10.3 Electrokinetic Potential (Zeta Potential)
    		595(1)
    23.10.4 Polymeric Agent Enhanced Electrokinetic Decontamination of Clay Soils
    		596(1)
    23.10.5 Future Perspectives
    		597(1)
    23.11 Summary
    		598(5)
    References
    		598(5)
    24 Enhanced Remediation and Recovery of Metal-Contaminated Soil Using Electrokinetic Soil Flushing
    		603(26)
    Yudha Gusti Wibowo
    Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan
    24.1 Introduction
    		603(1)
    24.2 Metal Contamination in Mining Areas
    		604(1)
    24.3 Treatment of Metal-Contaminated Soil Using EKSF
    		605(15)
    24.3.1 Soil Flushing
    		605(1)
    24.3.2 Fundamental Equation for EK Remediation
    		606(3)
    24.3.3 Electrokinetic Soil Flushing (EKSF)
    		609(1)
    24.3.4 Flushing Fluid Enhanced EKSF Performance
    		610(7)
    24.3.5 Preventing pH from Acidification
    		617(1)
    24.3.6 Other Factors that Enhance EKSF Performance
    		618(1)
    24.3.7 Energy Requirements and Future Perspectives
    		618(2)
    24.4 Conclusion
    		620(9)
    References
    		620(9)
    25 Recent Progress on Pressure-Driven Electro-Dewatering (PED) of Contaminated Sludge
    		629(24)
    Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan
    Amelinda Dhiya Farhah
    Mochtar Hadiwidodo
    Mochamad Arief Budihardjo
    25.1 Introduction
    		629(1)
    25.2 Electro-Dewatering for Sludge Treatment
    		630(6)
    25.2.1 Conventional Sludge Treatment Systems
    		630(1)
    25.2.2 Overview of Electro-Dewatering Systems
    		630(2)
    25.2.3 Fundamental Equations of EDW Systems
    		632(4)
    25.3 Design Considerations for PED Systems
    		636(5)
    25.3.1 Reducing Electrical Resistance in PED Systems
    		638(1)
    25.3.2 Maintaining Optimum pH and Salinity
    		639(2)
    25.3.3 Determining Sludge Characteristics and Properties
    		641(1)
    25.3 A Operating PED Under Constant Voltage or Current
    		641(3)
    25.3.5 Determining Appropriate Electrodes (Anodes and Cathodes)
    		642(1)
    25.3.6 Reducing Energy Consumption
    		643(1)
    25.4 Future Perspectives
    		644(3)
    25.5 Conclusion
    		647(6)
    References
    		647(6)
    26 Removing Ionic and Nonionic Pollutants from Soil, Sludge, and Sediment Using Ultrasound-Assisted Electrokinetic Treatment
    		653(26)
    Bimastyaji Surya Ramadan
    Marita Wulandari
    Yudha Gusti Wibowo
    Nurani Ikhlas
    Dimastyaji Yusron Nurseta
    26.1 Introduction
    		653(1)
    26.2 Overview of Technologies
    		654(5)
    26.2.1 Ultrasonication
    		654(2)
    26.2.2 Electrokinetic Remediation
    		656(3)
    26.3 Desorption and Degradation Mechanism
    		659(7)
    26.3.1 Removing Contaminants by Ultrasonication
    		659(1)
    26.3.2 Ultrasonic Wave Effect
    		660(1)
    26.3.2.1 Cavitation
    		660(1)
    26.3.2.2 Thermal Effect
    		661(1)
    26.3.2.3 Chemical Effect
    		661(1)
    26.3.2.4 Biological Effect
    		662(1)
    26.3.3 Electrokinetic Remediation Process
    		662(1)
    26.3.3.1 Electrolysis
    		662(2)
    26.3.3.2 Electromigration and Electrophoresis
    		664(1)
    26.3.3.3 Electroosmosis
    		664(1)
    26.3.3.4 Electrooxidation/Reduction
    		665(1)
    26.4 Ultrasonication-Assisted Electrokinetic Remediation
    		666(5)
    26.4.1 Recent Progress in Ultrasonication-Assisted Electrokinetic Remediation (US-EK)
    		666(1)
    26.4.2 Factors Affecting Performance
    		666(1)
    26.4.2.1 System Parameters
    		666(3)
    26.4.2.2 Contaminant and Environmental Parameters
    		669(2)
    26.4.3 Future Directions
    		671(1)
    26.5 Conclusions
    		671(8)
    References
    		672(7)
    Index 679
    Alexandra B. Ribeiro, is Associate Professor in Habilitation in Environmental Engineering at NOVA School of Sciences and Technology at NOVA University Lisbon in Portugal. She received her doctorate in Environmental Engineering at the Technical University of Denmark.

    Majeti Narasimha Vara Prasad is Emeritus Professor in the School of Life Sciences at the University of Hyderabad in India. He has published over 216 papers in scholarly journals and edited 34 books. He received his doctorate in Botany from Lucknow University, India in 1979. Based on an independent study by Stanford University scientists in 2020, he figured in the top 2% of scientists from India, ranked number 1 in Environmental Sciences (116 in world).
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