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Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering 5th edition [Kietas viršelis]

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The Definitive, Fully Updated Guide to Solving Real-World Chemical Reaction Engineering Problems

 

For decades, H. Scott Foglers Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering has been the worlds dominant text for courses in chemical reaction engineering. Now, Fogler has created a new, completely updated fifth edition of his internationally respected book. The result is a refined book that contains new examples and problems, as well as an updated companion Web site. More than ever, Fogler has successfully integrated text, visuals, and computer simulations to help both undergraduate and graduate students master all of the fields fundamentals. As always, he links theory to practice through many relevant examples, ranging from standard isothermal and non-isothermal reactor design to applications, such as solar energy, blood clotting, and drug delivery, and computer chip manufacturing.

 

To promote the transfer of key skills to real-life settings, Fogler presents the following three styles of problems:





Straightforward problems that reinforce the principles of chemical reaction engineering Living Example Problems (LEPs) that allow students to rapidly explore the issues and look for optimal solutions Open-ended problems that encourage students to practice creative problem-solving skills 

About the Web Site

The companion Web site offers extensive enrichment opportunities and additional content, including





Complete PowerPoint slides for lecture notes for chemical reaction engineering classes. Links to additional software, including POLYMATH, Matlab, Wolfram Mathematica, AspenTech, and COMSOL. Interactive learning resources linked to each chapter, including Learning Objectives, Summary Notes, Web Modules, Interactive Computer Games, Solved Problems, FAQs, additional homework problems, and links to Learncheme.

Living Example Problems that provide more than eighty interactive simulations, allowing students to explore the examples and ask what-if questions. The LEPs are unique to this book. Professional Reference Shelf, which includes advanced content on reactors, weighted least squares, experimental planning, laboratory reactors, pharmacokinetics, wire gauze reactors, trickle bed reactors, fluidized bed reactors, CVD boat reactors, detailed explanations of key derivations, and more. Problem-solving strategies and insights on creative and critical thinking.
Preface xvii
About The Author xxxiii
Chapter 1 Mole Balances 1(30)
1.1 The Rate of Reaction, -r A
4(4)
1.2 The General Mole Balance Equation
8(2)
1.3 Batch Reactors (BRs)
10(2)
1.4 Continuous-Flow Reactors
12(10)
1.4.1 Continuous-Stirred Tank Reactor (CSTR)
12(2)
1.4.2 Tubular Reactor
14(4)
1.4.3 Packed-Bed Reactor (PBR)
18(4)
1.5 Industrial Reactors
22(9)
Chapter 2 Conversion And Reactor Sizing 31(38)
2.1 Definition of Conversion
32(1)
2.2 Batch Reactor Design Equations
32(3)
2.3 Design Equations for Flow Reactors
35(3)
2.3.1 CSTR (Also Known as a Backmix Reactor or a Vat)
36(1)
2.3.2 Tubular Flow Reactor (PFR)
36(1)
2.3.3 Packed-Bed Reactor (PBR)
37(1)
2.4 Sizing Continuous-Flow Reactors
38(9)
2.5 Reactors in Series
47(11)
2.5.1 CSTRs in Series
48(4)
2.5.2 PFRs in Series
52(1)
2.5.3 Combinations of CSTRs and PFRs in Series
53(4)
2.5.4 Comparing the CSTR and PFR Reactor Volumes and Reactor Sequencing
57(1)
2.6 Some Further Definitions
58(11)
2.6.1 Space Time
58(2)
2.6.2 Space Velocity
60(9)
Chapter 3 Rate Laws 69(36)
3.1 Basic Definitions
70(2)
3.1.1 Relative Rates of Reaction
71(1)
3.2 The Reaction Order and the Rate Law
72(11)
3.2.1 Power Law Models and Elementary Rate Laws
72(4)
3.2.2 Nonelementary Rate Laws
76(4)
3.2.3 Reversible Reactions
80(3)
3.3 Rates and the Reaction Rate Constant
83(10)
3.3.1 The Rate Constant k
83(7)
3.3.2 The Arrhenius Plot
90(3)
3.4 Present Status of Our Approach to Reactor Sizing and Design
93(12)
Chapter 4 Stoichiometry 105(34)
4.1 Batch Systems
107(6)
4.1.1 Batch Concentrations for the Generic Reaction, Equation (2-2)
109(4)
4.2 Flow Systems
113(13)
4.2.1 Equations for Concentrations in Flow Systems
114(1)
4.2.2 Liquid-Phase Concentrations
114(1)
4.2.3 Gas-Phase Concentrations
115(11)
4.3 Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium Conversion
126(13)
Chapter 5 Isothermal Reactor Design: Conversion 139(68)
5.1 Design Structure for Isothermal Reactors
140(4)
5.2 Batch Reactors (BRs)
144(8)
5.2.1 Batch Reaction Times
145(7)
5.3 Continuous-Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs)
152(10)
5.3.1 A Single CSTR
152(3)
5.3.2 CSTRs in Series
155(7)
5.4 Tubular Reactors
162(7)
5.5 Pressure Drop in Reactors
169(21)
5.5.1 Pressure Drop and the Rate Law
169(1)
5.5.2 Flow Through a Packed Bed
170(4)
5.5.3 Pressure Drop in Pipes
174(3)
5.5.4 Analytical Solution for Reaction with Pressure Drop
177(4)
5.5.5 Robert the Worrier Wonders: What If...
181(9)
5.6 Synthesizing the Design of a Chemical Plant
190(17)
Chapter 6 Isothermal Reactor Design: Moles And Molar Flow Rates 207(36)
6.1 The Molar Flow Rate Balance Algorithm
208(1)
6.2 Mole Balances on CSTRs, PFRs, PBRs, and Batch Reactors
208(4)
6.2.1 Liquid Phase
208(2)
6.2.2 Gas Phase
210(2)
6.3 Application of the PFR Molar Flow Rate Algorithm to a Microreactor
212(5)
6.4 Membrane Reactors
217(8)
6.5 Unsteady-State Operation of Stirred Reactors
225(2)
6.6 Semibatch Reactors
227(16)
6.6.1 Motivation for Using a Semibatch Reactor
227(1)
6.6.2 Semibatch Reactor Mole Balances
227(16)
Chapter 7 Collection And Analysis Of Rate Data 243(36)
7.1 The Algorithm for Data Analysis
244(2)
7.2 Determining the Reaction Order for Each of Two Reactants Using the Method of Excess
246(1)
7.3 Integral Method
247(4)
7.4 Differential Method of Analysis
251(7)
7.4.1 Graphical Differentiation Method
252(1)
7.4.2 Numerical Method
252(1)
7.4.3 Finding the Rate-Law Parameters
253(5)
7.5 Nonlinear Regression
258(6)
7.6 Reaction-Rate Data from Differential Reactors
264(7)
7.7 Experimental Planning
271(8)
Chapter 8 Multiple Reactions 279(54)
8.1 Definitions
280(2)
8.1.1 Types of Reactions
280(1)
8.1.2 Selectivity
281(1)
8.1.3 Yield
282(1)
8.2 Algorithm for Multiple Reactions
282(3)
8.2.1 Modifications to the
Chapter CRE Algorithm for Multiple Reactions
284(1)
8.3 Parallel Reactions
285(9)
8.3.1 Selectivity
285(1)
8.3.2 Maximizing the Desired Product for One Reactant
285(6)
8.3.3 Reactor Selection and Operating Conditions
291(3)
8.4 Reactions in Series
294(10)
8.5 Complex Reactions
304(8)
8.5.1 Complex Gas-Phase Reactions in a PBR
304(3)
8.5.2 Complex Liquid-Phase Reactions in a CSTR
307(3)
8.5.3 Complex Liquid-Phase Reactions in a Semibatch Reactor
310(2)
8.6 Membrane Reactors to Improve Selectivity in Multiple Reactions
312(5)
8.7 Sorting It All Out
317(1)
8.8 The Fun Part
317(16)
Chapter 9 Reaction Mechanisms, Pathways, Bioreactions, And Bioreactors 333(66)
9.1 Active Intermediates and Nonelementary Rate Laws
334(9)
9.1.1 Pseudo-Steady-State Hypothesis (PSSH)
335(3)
9.1.2 Why Is the Rate Law First Order?
338(1)
9.1.3 Searching for a Mechanism
339(4)
9.1.4 Chain Reactions
343(1)
9.2 Enzymatic Reaction Fundamentals
343(13)
9.2.1 Enzyme-Substrate Complex
344(2)
9.2.2 Mechanisms
346(2)
9.2.3 Michaelis-Menten Equation
348(6)
9.2.4 Batch-Reactor Calculations for Enzyme Reactions
354(2)
9.3 Inhibition of Enzyme Reactions
356(8)
9.3.1 Competitive Inhibition
357(2)
9.3.2 Uncompetitive Inhibition
359(2)
9.3.3 Noncompetitive Inhibition (Mixed Inhibition)
361(2)
9.3.4 Substrate Inhibition
363(1)
9.4 Bioreactors and Biosynthesis
364(35)
9.4.1 Cell Growth
368(1)
9.4.2 Rate Laws
369(2)
9.4.3 Stoichiometry
371(6)
9.4.4 Mass Balances
377(4)
9.4.5 Chemostats
381(1)
9.4.6 CSTR Bioreactor Operation
381(2)
9.4.7 Wash-Out
383(16)
Chapter 10 Catalysis And Catalytic Reactors 399(94)
10.1 Catalysts
399(6)
10.1.1 Definitions
400(1)
10.1.2 Catalyst Properties
401(2)
10.1.3 Catalytic Gas-Solid Interactions
403(1)
10.1.4 Classification of Catalysts
404(1)
10.2 Steps in a Catalytic Reaction
405(16)
10.2.1 Step 1 Overview: Diffusion from the Bulk to the External Surface of the Catalyst
408(1)
10.2.2 Step 2 Overview: Internal Diffusion
409(1)
10.2.3 Adsorption Isotherms
410(6)
10.2.4 Surface Reaction
416(2)
10.2.5 Desorption
418(1)
10.2.6 The Rate-Limiting Step
419(2)
10.3 Synthesizing a Rate Law, Mechanism, and Rate-Limiting Step
421(15)
10.3.1 Is the Adsorption of Cumene Rate-Limiting?
424(3)
10.3.2 Is the Surface Reaction Rate-Limiting?
427(2)
10.3.3 Is the Desorption of Benzene Rate-Limiting?
429(1)
10.3.4 Summary of the Cumene Decomposition
430(1)
10.3.5 Reforming Catalysts
431(4)
10.3.6 Rate Laws Derived from the Pseudo-Steady-State Hypothesis (PSSH)
435(1)
10.3.7 Temperature Dependence of the Rate Law
436(1)
10.4 Heterogeneous Data Analysis for Reactor Design
436(10)
10.4.1 Deducing a Rate Law from the Experimental Data
438(1)
10.4.2 Finding a Mechanism Consistent with Experimental Observations
439(1)
10.4.3 Evaluation of the Rate-Law Parameters
440(3)
10.4.4 Reactor Design
443(3)
10.5 Reaction Engineering in Microelectronic Fabrication
446(5)
10.5.1 Overview
446(2)
10.5.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition
448(3)
10.6 Model Discrimination
451(3)
10.7 Catalyst Deactivation
454(39)
10.7.1 Types of Catalyst Deactivation
456(9)
10.7.2 Reactors That Can Be Used to Help Offset Catalyst Decay
465(1)
10.7.3 Temperature-Time Trajectories
465(2)
10.7.4 Moving-Bed Reactors
467(5)
10.7.5 Straight-Through Transport Reactors (S7TR)
472(21)
Chapter 11 Nonisothermal Reactor Design-The Steady-State Energy Balance And Adiabatic PFR Applications 493(46)
11.1 Rationale
494(1)
11.2 The Energy Balance
495(7)
11.2.1 First Law of Thermodynamics
495(1)
11.2.2 Evaluating the Work Term
496(2)
11.2.3 Overview of Energy Balances
498(4)
11.3 The User-Friendly Energy Balance Equations
502(6)
11.3.1 Dissecting the Steady-State Molar Flow Rates to Obtain the Heat of Reaction
502(2)
11.3.2 Dissecting the Enthalpies
504(1)
11.3.3 Relating ΔHRx(T), ΔH°Rx(TR), and ΔCP
505(3)
11.4 Adiabatic Operation
508(10)
11.4.1 Adiabatic Energy Balance
508(1)
11.4.2 Adiabatic Tubular Reactor
509(9)
11.5 Adiabatic Equilibrium Conversion
518(4)
11.5.1 Equilibrium Conversion
518(4)
11.6 Reactor Staging
522(4)
11.6.1 Reactor Staging with Interstage Cooling or Heating
522(1)
11.6.2 Exothermic Reactions
523(1)
11.6.3 Endothermic Reactions
523(3)
11.7 Optimum Feed Temperature
526(13)
Chapter 12 Steady-State Nonisothermal Reactor Design-Flow Reactors With Heat Exchange 539(90)
12.1 Steady-State Tubular Reactor with Heat Exchange
540(3)
12.1.1 Deriving the Energy Balance for a PFR
540(2)
12.1.2 Applying the Algorithm to Flow Reactors with Heat Exchange
542(1)
12.2 Balance on the Heat-Transfer Fluid
543(2)
12.2.1 Co-current Flow
543(1)
12.2.2 Countercurrent Flow
544(1)
12.3 Algorithm for PFR/PBR Design with Heat Effects
545(19)
12.3.1 Applying the Algorithm to an Exothermic Reaction
548(7)
12.3.2 Applying the Algorithm to an Endothermic Reaction
555(9)
12.4 CSTR with Heat Effects
564(10)
12.4.1 Heat Added to the Reactor, Q
564(10)
12.5 Multiple Steady States (MSS)
574(7)
12.5.1 Heat-Removed Term, R(T)
575(1)
12.5.2 Heat-Generated Term, G(T)
576(2)
12.5.3 Ignition-Extinction Curve
578(3)
12.6 Nonisothermal Multiple Chemical Reactions
581(14)
12.6.1 Energy Balance for Multiple Reactions in Plug-Flow Reactors
581(1)
12.6.2 Parallel Reactions in a PFR
582(3)
12.6.3 Energy Balance for Multiple Reactions in a CSTR
585(1)
12.6.4 Series Reactions in a CSTR
585(3)
12.6.5 Complex Reactions in a PFR
588(7)
12.7 Radial and Axial Variations in a Tubular Reactor
595(8)
12.7.1 Molar Flux
596(1)
12.7.2 Energy Flux
597(1)
12.7.3 Energy Balance
598(5)
12.8 Safety
603(26)
Chapter 13 Unsteady-State Nonisothermal Reactor Design 629(50)
13.1 Unsteady-State Energy Balance
630(2)
13.2 Energy Balance on Batch Reactors
632(14)
13.2.1 Adiabatic Operation of a Batch Reactor
633(7)
13.2.2 Case History of a Batch Reactor with Interrupted Isothermal Operation Causing a Runaway Reaction
640(6)
13.3 Semibatch Reactors with a Heat Exchanger
646(5)
13.4 Unsteady Operation of a CSTR
651(5)
13.4.1 Startup
651(5)
13.5 Nonisothermal Multiple Reactions
656(23)
Chapter 14 Mass Transfer Limitations In Reacting Systems 679(40)
14.1 Diffusion Fundamentals
680(4)
14.1.1 Definitions
681(1)
14.1.2 Molar Flux
682(1)
14.1.3 Fick's First Law
683(1)
14.2 Binary Diffusion
684(4)
14.2.1 Evaluating the Molar Flux
684(1)
14.2.2 Diffusion and Convective Transport
685(1)
14.2.3 Boundary Conditions
685(1)
14.2.4 Temperature and Pressure Dependence of DAB
686(1)
14.2.5 Steps in Modeling Diffusion without Reaction
687(1)
14.2.6 Modeling Diffusion with Chemical Reaction
687(1)
14.3 Diffusion Through a Stagnant Film
688(2)
14.4 The Mass Transfer Coefficient
690(15)
14.4.1 Correlations for the Mass Transfer Coefficient
690(3)
14.4.2 Mass Transfer to a Single Particle
693(4)
14.4.3 Mass Transfer-Limited Reactions in Packed Beds
697(3)
14.4.4 Robert the Worrier
700(5)
14.5 What If...? (Parameter Sensitivity)
705(14)
Chapter 15 Diffusion And Reaction 719(48)
15.1 Diffusion and Reactions in Homogeneous Systems
720(1)
15.2 Diffusion and Reactions in Spherical Catalyst Pellets
720(10)
15.2.1 Effective Diffusivity
721(2)
15.2.2 Derivation of the Differential Equation Describing Diffusion and Reaction in a Single Catalyst Pellet
723(3)
15.2.3 Writing the Diffusion with the Catalytic Reaction Equation in Dimensionless Form
726(3)
15.2.4 Solution to the Differential Equation for a First-Order Reaction
729(1)
15.3 The Internal Effectiveness Factor
730(7)
15.3.1 Isothermal First-Order Catalytic Reactions
730(3)
15.3.2 Effectiveness Factors with Volume Change with Reaction
733(1)
15.3.3 Isothermal Reactors Other Than First Order
733(1)
15.3.4 Weisz-Prater Criterion for Internal Diffusion
734(3)
15.4 Falsified Kinetics
737(2)
15.5 Overall Effectiveness Factor
739(4)
15.6 Estimation of Diffusion- and Reaction-Limited Regimes
743(1)
15.6.1 Mears Criterion for External Diffusion Limitations
743(1)
15.7 Mass Transfer and Reaction in a Packed Bed
744(6)
15.8 Determination of Limiting Situations from Reaction-Rate Data
750(1)
15.9 Multiphase Reactors in the Professional Reference Shelf
751(2)
15.9.1 Slurry Reactors
752(1)
15.9.2 Trickle Bed Reactors
752(1)
15.10 Fluidized Bed Reactors
753(1)
15.11 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
753(14)
Chapter 16 Residence Time Distributions Of Chemical Reactors 767(40)
16.1 General Considerations
767(3)
16.1.1 Residence Time Distribution (RTD) Function
769(1)
16.2 Measurement of the RTD
770(7)
16.2.1 Pulse Input Experiment
770(5)
16.2.2 Step Tracer Experiment
775(2)
16.3 Characteristics of the RTD
777(7)
16.3.1 Integral Relationships
777(1)
16.3.2 Mean Residence Time
778(1)
16.3.3 Other Moments of the RTD
778(4)
16.3.4 Normalized RTD Function, E(Θ)
782(1)
16.3.5 Internal-Age Distribution, I(α)
783(1)
16.4 RTD in Ideal Reactors
784(5)
16.4.1 RTDs in Batch and Plug-Flow Reactors
784(1)
16.4.2 Single-CSTR RTD
785(1)
16.4.3 Laminar-Flow Reactor (LFR)
786(3)
16.5 PFR/CSTR Series RTD
789(4)
16.6 Diagnostics and Troubleshooting
793(14)
16.6.1 General Comments
793(1)
16.6.2 Simple Diagnostics and Troubleshooting Using the RTD for Ideal Reactors
794(13)
Chapter 17 Predicting Conversion Directly From The Residence Time Distribution 807(38)
17.1 Modeling Nonideal Reactors Using the RTD
808(2)
17.1.1 Modeling and Mixing Overview
808(1)
17.1.2 Mixing
808(2)
17.2 Zero-Adjustable-Parameter Models
810(17)
17.2.1 Segregation Model
810(10)
17.2.2 Maximum Mixedness Model
820(7)
17.3 Using Software Packages
827(3)
17.3.1 Comparing Segregation and Maximum Mixedness Predictions
829(1)
17.4 RTD and Multiple Reactions
830(15)
17.4.1 Segregation Model
830(1)
17.4.2 Maximum Mixedness
831(14)
Chapter 18 Models For Nonideal Reactors 845(52)
18.1 Some Guidelines for Developing Models
846(2)
18.1.1 One-Parameter Models
847(1)
18.1.2 Two-Parameter Models
848(1)
18.2 The Tanks-in-Series (T-I-S) One-Parameter Model
848(4)
18.2.1 Developing the E-Curve for the T-I-S Model
849(2)
18.2.2 Calculating Conversion for the T-I-S Model
851(1)
18.2.3 Tanks-in-Series versus Segregation for a First-Order Reaction
852(1)
18.3 Dispersion One-Parameter Model
852(2)
18.4 Flow, Reaction, and Dispersion
854(15)
18.4.1 Balance Equations
854(1)
18.4.2 Boundary Conditions
855(3)
18.4.3 Finding Da and the Peclet Number
858(1)
18.4.4 Dispersion in a Tubular Reactor with Laminar Flow
858(2)
18.4.5 Correlations for Da
860(2)
18.4.6 Experimental Determination of Da
862(7)
18.5 Tanks-in-Series Model versus Dispersion Model
869(1)
18.6 Numerical Solutions to Flows with Dispersion and Reaction
870(1)
18.7 Two-Parameter Models-Modeling Real Reactors with Combinations of Ideal Reactors
871(9)
18.7.1 Real CSTR Modeled Using Bypassing and Dead Space
872(6)
18.7.2 Real CSTR Modeled as Two CSTRs with Interchange
878(2)
18.8 Use of Software Packages to Determine the Model Parameters
880(2)
18.9 Other Models of Nonideal Reactors Using CSTRs and PFRs
882(1)
18.10 Applications to Pharmacokinetic Modeling
883(14)
Appendix A Numerical Techniques 897(8)
A.1 Useful Integrals in Reactor Design
897(1)
A.2 Equal-Area Graphical Differentiation
898(2)
A.3 Solutions to Differential Equations
900(1)
A.3.A First-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
900(1)
A.3.B Coupled Differential Equations
900(1)
A.3.C Second-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
901(1)
A.4 Numerical Evaluation of Integrals
901(2)
A.5 Semilog Graphs
903(1)
A.6 Software Packages
903(2)
Appendix B Ideal Gas Constant And Conversion Factors 905(4)
Appendix C Thermodynamic Relationships Involving The Equilibrium Constant 909(6)
Appendix D Software Packages 915(4)
D.1 Polymath
915(1)
D.1.A About Polymath
915(1)
D.1.B Polymath Tutorials
916(1)
D.2 MATLAB
916(1)
D.3 Aspen
916(1)
D.4 COMSOL Multiphysics
917(2)
Appendix E Rate Law Data 919(2)
Appendix F Nomenclature 921(4)
Appendix G Open-Ended Problems 925(4)
G.1 Design of Reaction Engineering Experiment
925(1)
G.2 Effective Lubricant Design
925(1)
G.3 Peach Bottom Nuclear Reactor
925(1)
G.4 Underground Wet Oxidation
926(1)
G.5 Hydrodesulfurization Reactor Design
926(1)
G.6 Continuous Bioprocessing
926(1)
G.7 Methanol Synthesis
926(1)
G.8 Cajun Seafood Gumbo
926(1)
G.9 Alcohol Metabolism
927(1)
G.10 Methanol Poisoning
928(1)
Appendix H Use Of Computational Chemistry Software Packages 929(2)
Appendix I How To Use The CRE Web Resources 931(6)
I.1 CRE Web Resources Components
931(2)
I.2 How the Web Can Help Your Learning Style
933(1)
I.2.1 Global vs. Sequential Learners
933(1)
I.2.2 Active vs. Reflective Learners
934(1)
I.3 Navigation
934(3)
Index 937
H. Scott Fogler is the Ame and Catherine Vennema Professor of Chemical Engineering and the Arthur F. Thurnau Professor at the University of Michigan. He has been research advisor to forty-five Ph.D. students, and has more than two hundred thirty-five refereed publications. He was 2009 President of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Fogler has chaired ASEEs Chemical Engineering Division, served as director of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, and earned the Warren K. Lewis Award from AIChE for contributions to chemical engineering education. He has received the Chemical Manufacturers Associations National Catalyst Award and the 2010 Malcom E. Pruitt Award from the Council for Chemical Research.