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El. knyga: Elephants Under Human Care: The Behaviour, Ecology, and Welfare of Elephants in Captivity

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(Senior Lecturer, School of Science, Engineering and Environment, University of Salford, UK)
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 27-Sep-2020
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128167267
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Elephants Under Human Care: The Behaviour, Ecology, and Welfare of Elephants in CaptivityDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 27-Sep-2020
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128167267
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This book draws together, for the first time, the published research on the behaviour, ecology and welfare of elephants living in zoos, circuses, logging camps and other captive environments in a single comprehensive volume. It takes a multi-disciplinary approach, considering the work of zoo biologists, animal behaviour and welfare scientists, veterinarians, philosophers, zoo educators, tourism specialists, conservation biologists, lawyers and others with a professional interest in elephants.

Elephants Under Human Care: The Behaviour, Ecology, and Welfare of Elephants in Captivity

is a valuable resource for zoo biology and animal welfare researchers. It is also useful for students and zoo professionals and managers looking for a comprehensive guide to current research on captive elephants. Although not intended as a husbandry manual, the book discusses some of the elephant welfare standards developed by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums (AZA) and the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums (BIAZA) and their relationship to current knowledge of captive elephants.

  • Includes results of captive studies compared with field studies of wild elephants
  • Features original images of elephant behaviour as they live and behave under human care
  • Includes results of the author’s original research including many original photographs
  • Considers future implications of research for the welfare and conservation of elephants, both for elephants in captivity and those living in the wild
Acknowledgements xiii
Preface xv
Who is this book for? xvii
`Zoo elephant' or `elephant living in a zoo': a note on terminology xix
1 Elephants and their relationship with humans
1.1 Another book about elephants
1(2)
1.2 What is an elephant?
3(4)
1.2.1 Elephant taxonomy
3(4)
1.3 Conservation status
7(1)
1.3.1 The status of Asian elephants in the wild
7(1)
1.3.2 The status of African elephants in the wild
7(1)
1.4 The human use of elephants
8(7)
1.4.1 Elephants in ancient times
8(1)
1.4.2 Have elephants been domesticated?
9(1)
1.4.3 Ceremonial and religious use of elephants; elephants as gifts
9(1)
1.4.4 The use of elephants for transportation nd as weapons of war
10(3)
1.4.5 Elephants and forestry operations
13(1)
1.4.6 Elephants as entertainers: circuses, sports and tourism
13(1)
1.4.7 Elephants as ambassadors for conservation
14(1)
1.5 The beginning of elephant research
15(11)
1.5.1 Aristotle and elephants
15(3)
1.5.2 Anatomical research
18(6)
1.5.3 Anecdotes as a source of knowledge about elephants
24(1)
1.5.4 Papers in academic journals
25(1)
1.5.5 Early physiological research
25(1)
1.6 Unacceptable elephant science
26(1)
1.7 Captive elephants as proxies for wild elephants
27(2)
2 Ethological data collection and elephant activity budgets
2.1 Introduction
29(1)
2.2 Methodology
29(10)
2.2.1 Identifying individuals
29(2)
2.2.2 Studying elephants in zoos
31(3)
2.2.3 Ethograms
34(2)
2.2.4 Methodological difficulties
36(2)
2.2.5 Data collection by caregivers
38(1)
2.3 Activity budgets
39(11)
2.3.1 Introduction
39(4)
2.3.2 Feeding
43(2)
2.3.3 Dusting
45(1)
2.3.4 Walking
46(1)
2.3.5 Resting, sleeping and nocturnal behaviour
46(4)
2.4 The 24-hour needs of elephants in zoos
50(1)
3 Elephant social structure, behaviour and complexity
3.1 Introduction
51(1)
3.2 The structure of elephant societies
51(8)
3.2.1 Elephant societies in the wild
51(2)
3.2.2 Elephant societies in captivity
53(6)
3.2.3 Social behaviour and breeding
59(1)
3.3 Associations between individuals and friendships
59(4)
3.4 Introductions into an elephant group
63(1)
3.5 Protective formations
64(2)
3.6 Dominance hierarchies
66(2)
3.7 Aggression, appeasement and chastisement
68(8)
3.8 Personality
76(5)
4 Elephant reproductive biology
4.1 Introduction
81(1)
4.2 Historical accounts of sexual behaviour
81(2)
4.3 Courtship and mating behaviour
83(5)
4.4 Chemical control of reproduction
88(2)
4.4.1 Musth
88(1)
4.4.2 Endocrine monitoring of females
89(1)
4.5 Behavioural indicators of oestrus
90(1)
4.6 Gestation, pregnancy management and birth
91(2)
4.7 Parenting and calf development
93(7)
4.7.1 Developmental milestones and birth statistics
93(1)
4.7.2 Parenting and allomothering
94(5)
4.7.3 The effect of a calf on social interactions in the herd
99(1)
4.8 Early sexual behaviour
100(6)
4.8.1 Early male sexual behaviour
100(1)
4.8.2 Juvenile mounting
100(6)
4.9 Reproductive challenges and solutions
106(7)
4.9.1 Acyclicity and sperm quality
106(3)
4.9.2 Obstetrics and birthing problems
109(1)
4.9.3 New techniques in reproductive physiology
109(4)
5 Elephant cognition, communication and tool use
5.1 Introduction
113(1)
5.2 Cognition
113(5)
5.2.1 Historical perspectives
113(1)
5.2.2 Self-awareness: do elephants know they exist?
114(2)
5.2.3 Discrimination between objects and between quantities
116(1)
5.2.4 Insightful behaviour
116(1)
5.2.5 Pointing
116(1)
5.2.6 Memory
117(1)
5.3 Communication
118(5)
5.3.1 Introduction
118(1)
5.3.2 Vocal communication
119(1)
5.3.3 Human speech imitation
120(1)
5.3.4 Chemical communication
120(3)
5.3.5 Tactile and seismic communication
123(1)
5.4 Visual acuity and visual discrimination
123(1)
5.5 Tool use
124(3)
5.6 Knowing when to cooperate
127(2)
6 Elephant ecology and genetics
6.1 Introduction
129(1)
6.2 Ecophysiology
129(4)
6.2.1 Introduction
129(1)
6.2.2 Acclimatisation to new environments
130(1)
6.2.3 Thermoregulation
130(3)
6.3 Feeding ecology and energetics
133(7)
6.3.1 Food preferences
133(1)
6.3.2 Feeding methods
134(1)
6.3.3 Calculating food consumption
134(3)
6.3.4 Digestibility
137(1)
6.3.5 Food passage time
137(2)
6.3.6 Defaecation
139(1)
6.3.7 Food supplementation
139(1)
6.4 Energetics
140(1)
6.5 Exhibit design and enclosure use
141(12)
6.5.1 Introduction
141(1)
6.5.2 Enclosure use
142(4)
6.5.3 Substrate and indoor versus outdoor preferences
146(2)
6.5.4 Multispecies exhibits
148(1)
6.5.5 Rotational exhibits
149(1)
6.5.6 Elephants as agents of landscape change in zoos
150(3)
6.6 Population ecology
153(10)
6.6.1 Introduction
153(1)
6.6.2 Age determination from teeth
154(1)
6.6.3 Longevity and life expectancy in zoos
154(1)
6.6.4 Birth rates and calf survival
155(2)
6.6.5 Sexual maturity and mean calving interval
157(1)
6.6.6 Reproductive performance of Asian camp elephants
158(3)
6.6.7 Reproductive cessation and the `mother hypothesis'
161(1)
6.6.8 Sustainability of zoo populations
161(1)
6.6.9 Importation of elephants from range states
162(1)
6.7 Genetics
163(6)
6.7.1 Introduction
163(1)
6.7.2 Interspecific hybridisation
164(1)
6.7.3 Intraspecific hybridisation
164(1)
6.7.4 Genetic diversity
164(5)
7 Elephant welfare
7.1 Historical perspectives
169(4)
7.2 Measuring elephant welfare
173(21)
7.2.1 What is welfare?
173(1)
7.2.2 How can welfare be measured?
173(2)
7.2.3 Population-level welfare indices
175(1)
7.2.4 Body weight and condition scoring
176(3)
7.2.5 The welfare of elephants working in tourism
179(1)
7.2.6 Stress and distress
180(1)
7.2.7 Behaviour as a welfare indicator
181(2)
7.2.8 Stereotypic behaviours
183(11)
7.3 Environmental enrichment
194(13)
7.3.1 Defining environmental enrichment
194(2)
7.3.2 Food and foraging as enrichment
196(3)
7.3.3 Substratum and trees as enrichment
199(3)
7.3.4 Water as enrichment
202(1)
7.3.5 Sleep, rest and enrichment
202(3)
7.3.6 Sound, music and art as enrichment
205(1)
7.3.7 Interactive toys
206(1)
7.3.8 Improving elephant welfare through breeding
206(1)
7.3.9 Social contact: the ultimate in enrichment
207(1)
7.4 Training
207(1)
7.5 Locomotion and gait
208(2)
7.6 Obesity
210(1)
7.7 Disease
211(8)
7.7.1 Introduction
211(2)
7.7.2 Histology
213(1)
7.7.3 Foot health
214(2)
7.7.4 Tuberculosis
216(1)
7.7.5 Elephant endotheliotropic herpesviruses
217(2)
8 Housing and handling elephants
8.1 Introduction
219(1)
8.2 Wild elephant decline and the establishment of ex situ breeding programmes
219(3)
8.3 Elephant enclosures
222(16)
8.3.1 Housing and containment
222(1)
8.3.2 Early elephant houses
223(6)
8.3.3 Enclosure size and substratum
229(8)
8.3.4 New enclosures
237(1)
8.4 The cost of keeping elephants under good welfare conditions
238(5)
8.5 Elephants and their caretakers
243(7)
8.5.1 Keeper--elephant bonds
243(1)
8.5.2 Traditional elephant expertise versus zoo husbandry
244(2)
8.5.3 Keeper and mahout deaths
246(2)
8.5.4 Free versus protected contact
248(2)
8.6 Transportation
250(9)
9 Ethics, pressure groups and the law
9.1 Introduction
259(1)
9.2 Is it ethical to keep elephants in captivity?
259(5)
9.3 Pressure groups
264(2)
9.4 Law
266(21)
9.4.1 Introduction
266(1)
9.4.2 Ivory in human ownership
266(2)
9.4.3 The UN Convention on Biological Diversity and the IUCN
268(2)
9.4.4 Elephants, zoos and the law
270(1)
9.4.5 The law and elephants in private ownership
271(1)
9.4.6 Elephants, entertainment and the law
272(2)
9.4.7 Legal personhood and habeas corpus
274(1)
9.4.8 Elephant cruelty and cruel methods
275(3)
9.4.9 Zoos and the wildlife trade
278(4)
9.4.10 A right to companionship and retirement
282(2)
9.4.11 Financial support for in situ conservation
284(3)
10 The conservation value of captive elephants
10.1 Introduction
287(3)
10.2 The popularity of elephants in zoos
290(4)
10.3 Zoo elephants as insurance populations
294(3)
10.3.1 Introduction
294(1)
10.3.2 The Species Survival Plan in North America
295(1)
10.3.3 The European Endangered species Programme
295(1)
10.3.4 Are zoo elephant populations sustainable?
296(1)
10.4 Scientific research
297(1)
10.5 The development of technologies relevant to field conservation
298(2)
10.6 Educational function
300(6)
10.7 Professional training of local conservationists and associated technology transfer
306(1)
10.8 Fundraising for in situ conservation
307(1)
10.9 Do zoo and conservation authorities support captive breeding in zoos?
308(1)
10.10 Captive breeding in range states
309(1)
10.11 `Domestication' of African elephants
310(1)
10.12 Conclusion
310(3)
11 The future of elephants in captivity
11.1 Introduction
313(1)
11.2 Elephant ranching
313(2)
11.3 Rewilding -- shades of Jurassic Park
315(1)
11.4 Release to the wild
316(1)
11.5 Welfare concerns
317(1)
11.6 Sanctuaries
317(1)
11.7 A repository of useful genes
318(2)
11.8 Cloning
320(1)
11.9 Elephants as therapy
320(1)
11.10 Climate change
321(1)
11.11 A role for zoos?
321(3)
11.12 Consumptive use or intensive protection zones?
324(2)
11.13 The court of public opinion
326(1)
11.14 Predictions
326(1)
Postscript
327(2)
Appendix 329(4)
Glossary 333(8)
References 341(38)
Index 379
Paul A. Rees is a Senior Lecturer in the School of Science, Engineering and Environment at the University of Salford, in the United Kingdom, and has taught at various levels for nearly four decades. In 2002, he introduced Wildlife Programmes at Salford and in 2005 established the first undergraduate programme in the UK focusing on zoo biology. His research interests include the behaviour and welfare of animals in zoos, especially elephants, the ecology and behaviour of mammals, biological education and wildlife law. In addition to authoring a number of books, including An Introduction to Zoo Biology and Management (Wiley-Blackwell, 2011), Dictionary of Zoo Biology and Animal Management (Wiley-Blackwell, 2013), Studying Captive Animals (Wiley-Blackwell, 2015) and Examining Ecology (Elsevier, 2018), he also once worked as an elephant keeper.
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