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Employment Law and Pensions [Kietas viršelis]

(Wilberforce Chambers, UK)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 824 pages, aukštis x plotis: 248x156 mm, weight: 1476 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 25-Feb-2016
  • Leidėjas: Bloomsbury Professional
  • ISBN-10: 1780439016
  • ISBN-13: 9781780439013
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Employment Law and PensionsDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 824 pages, aukštis x plotis: 248x156 mm, weight: 1476 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 25-Feb-2016
  • Leidėjas: Bloomsbury Professional
  • ISBN-10: 1780439016
  • ISBN-13: 9781780439013
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781780439013.html
Raktažodžiai:
Employment Law and Pensions is a new work which deals with the inter-action between employment law and pensions law and a practical guide for professionals in both legal disciplines. Unlike other pensions law titles, which tend to focus primarily on specific pensions issues, this title focuses on their inter-play with employment law issues.

This title covers specific topics that cross both fields of practice whilst drawing out key issues for consideration such as TUPE and pensions, employment law aspects of changes to pension arrangements and claims on termination of employment.

Recenzijos

...no one could be better qualified to write such a book than David Pollard...this detailed and complex subject matter is extremely well communicated by the author...a remarkably readable and valuable volume, which will be welcomed by HR professionals as well as lawyers and others who need to get to grips with employment law and workplace pensions. -- Paul Secher * Connect * Other than the majority of pension or employment law titles, which focus mainly on the specific issues of their field, the book illustrates the inter-play of pension and employment law issues. This approach of the inter-action between the two disciplines ensures a timesaving and purposeful mode of practice...Employment Law and Pensions is a valuable work and excellent for those dealing with the interrelationship of pension and employment law. * German-British Chamber of Industry & Commerce Deutsch-Britische Industrie- und Handelskammer * Pensions law expert David Pollard has produced a text that will be of value to every pension and employment lawyer. Any decent law firm's library should buy a copy. -- Stephen Levinson * Employment Law Briefing *

Daugiau informacijos

A practical guide for employment professionals and pensions professionals on the interrelationship between employment and pensions law dealing with specific topics that cross both disciplines.
Preface v
About the Author vii
Table of Statutes xxiii
Table of Statutory Instruments and Other Guidance xxxi
Table of European Legislation xxxvii
Table of Cases xxxix
Abbreviations and Terminology lxix
Part 1: Introduction
1 Introduction and scope
3(4)
Background
3(1)
Development of judicial attitudes to pension promises
4(3)
2 Pension provision in the UK: overview
7(24)
Introduction
7(1)
Types of retirement benefit provision
7(1)
Social security
7(1)
Supplementary provision
8(1)
Occupational pension schemes
8(1)
DC benefits
9(1)
DC Schemes, PSA 1993, s 181
9(2)
Death benefits and DC schemes
11(1)
Hybrid schemes
12(1)
Personal pension schemes
12(1)
Stakeholder schemes
13(1)
Automatic enrolment
13(1)
Legislation
14(1)
Tax: registered schemes
14(1)
Regulators: The Pensions Regulator
15(1)
Pension Protection Fund
15(1)
Pensions Ombudsman
16(1)
Key players
16(2)
Trusts and trustees
18(2)
Member-nominated trustees
20(1)
Employers
20(1)
DB schemes
20(1)
Final salary schemes
21(1)
Career average revalued earnings schemes (CARE schemes)
21(1)
Cash balance schemes
21(1)
Membership and benefits
21(1)
Retirement at normal retirement date
22(1)
Early retirement
22(1)
Late retirement
22(1)
Leaving service
22(1)
Scheme amendments
23(1)
Death benefits
24(1)
Contributions
24(1)
Funding
25(1)
Investments
26(1)
Contracting out of state benefits
27(4)
Part 2: Employers and Pension Obligations
3 Employment contracts and pensions
31(4)
Introduction
31(1)
Legal structure of pension benefits
32(2)
Types of pension schemes
34(1)
4 Funding obligations on employers
35(12)
Introduction
35(1)
DC funding
35(1)
DB funding
35(1)
Statutory provision on funding
36(1)
Different measures of liability
37(1)
Debt on the employer - PA 1995, s 75
38(1)
Minimum funding requirement (MFR)
39(1)
DB schemes: scheme specific funding (SSF) - PA 2004
40(1)
SSF contrasted with company accounts
40(1)
DB schemes: statutory funding objective - PA 2004, s 222
40(1)
Prudence
41(1)
DB schemes: statement of funding principles - PA 2004, s 223
42(1)
DB schemes: actuarial valuations and reports - PA 2004, s 224
42(1)
DB schemes: recovery plan - PA 2004, s 226
43(1)
DB schemes: schedules of contributions - PA 2004, s 227
44(1)
Employer agreement or consultation
44(2)
TPR Code of Practice on DB Scheme Funding
46(1)
Contribution holidays
46(1)
5 Automatic enrolment
47(14)
Introduction
47(1)
Background
47(2)
Jobholders
49(1)
Entitled workers
50(1)
Who is a worker?
50(1)
LLP members
51(1)
Qualifying earnings
51(1)
Automatic enrolment date
52(1)
Opting out
53(1)
Opting in
54(1)
Information requirements
54(1)
Existing qualifying schemes
55(1)
Transitional period
56(1)
Certification
57(1)
NEST
58(1)
Compliance
59(1)
Prohibited conduct
59(2)
6 Auto enrolment: prohibition on employer inducement
61(6)
Introduction
61(1)
What is an 'inducement'?
61(1)
TPR guidance
62(1)
Meaning of 'sole or main purpose'
63(1)
Enforcement
64(1)
Communication with higher paid employees
65(1)
Flexible benefit packages
65(2)
7 Employer's duty to provide written details of pension arrangements: ERA 1996,s 1
67(4)
Introduction
67(1)
Remedies for breach of the duty
68(1)
Pensions Disclosure Regulations
69(1)
EC Directive on information for employees
70(1)
8 Pensions as pay: compulsory schemes/deduction of employee contributions
71(14)
Introduction
71(1)
Contributions are generally not pay
72(7)
Pension payments are not wages
79(1)
No compulsory pension schemes: PSA 1993, s 160
80(1)
Deduction of employee contributions from pay: ERA 1996, Pt 2
81(4)
9 Limited implied employer obligation to advise on financial matters or inform about pension options: Scally
85(12)
Introduction
85(1)
Scally
85(1)
Scally duty is limited
86(1)
Statutory disclosure obligations on trustees
87(4)
Later cases on Scally
91(1)
Only a reasonable efforts duty
92(2)
Pension Ombudsman determinations
94(3)
10 Employer liability - negligent advice
97(4)
Introduction
97(1)
Lennon (2004)
97(2)
Potential discrimination claim?
99(2)
11 Maternity and paternity rights and pensions
101(10)
Introduction
101(1)
Maternity and paternity leave
102(1)
Shared parental leave
103(1)
Maternity pay
104(1)
Enhanced maternity pay
105(1)
Paternity pay
105(1)
Rights that continue and rights that do not
106(1)
Pensions
106(1)
Personal pensions
107(1)
Paternity leave
107(4)
Part 3: Unlawful discrimination and pensions
12 Discrimination and pensions: sex discrimination
111(26)
Introduction
111(2)
Employment contracts - EC equal treatment requirements: pre-Coloroll position
113(2)
Coloroll and other cases after Barber (1990)
115(12)
The 1995 Equal Access Regulations
127(2)
Equal treatment in the Equality Act 2010 (formerly PA, ss 62-66): the equal treatment rule
129(4)
State pension offsets
133(4)
13 Discrimination and pensions: age discrimination
137(12)
Introduction
137(1)
Backdrop
137(3)
Equality Act 2010 and pensions
140(1)
Trends in cases
140(1)
UK age 65 retirement exemption
141(1)
UK exemptions in the Age Regulations - how far can they go?
141(5)
Pensions Ombudsman jurisdiction?
146(3)
14 Age discrimination and pensions: money purchase arrangements
149(10)
Introduction
149(1)
DC: equal input or equal output?
150(1)
DC: flat-rate contributions
150(1)
DC: age-related contributions
151(2)
Service-related contributions
153(1)
Contribution rates not set out in the rules
153(1)
Contributions related to the amount of pay
154(1)
Money purchase for new joiners
154(1)
Vesting periods
155(1)
Minimum/maximum age for joining a scheme
156(1)
Maximum age for accrual
156(3)
15 Age discrimination: objective justification
159(8)
Introduction
159(1)
The test
159(1)
The UK approach
160(7)
16 Age discrimination: flexible benefit issues
167(12)
Introduction
167(1)
Accruing benefits while in employment over NRD
168(1)
Minimum age
168(1)
Drawing benefits while still in service
169(1)
Technical issues
170(1)
Liability
171(1)
Age discrimination: benefits after the scheme's retirement age
171(2)
Implications for pension schemes
173(1)
Life cover through a pension scheme after 65?
173(1)
Implications for DC schemes?
174(1)
Objective justification
174(1)
What benefits must be provided if an employee keeps working after NRA?
175(4)
17 Discrimination and pensions: civil partners and same-sex marriage
179(24)
Introduction
179(1)
Civil partnerships from 2005
179(1)
Same-sex marriage - from 2014
180(6)
The Pre 2005 position for same-sex partners
186(6)
Survivor benefits
192(2)
Occupational pension schemes: admission and benefits
194(2)
Position of civil partnerships - 'marital status'?
196(3)
Contracting-out
199(2)
Money purchase schemes (COMPS) and appropriate personal pensions
201(2)
18 Discrimination issues - temporal service limits
203(6)
Accrual pre-limit date
203(1)
Limit dates
203(1)
Example: civil partners/same sex marriage
203(1)
Service related benefits
204(2)
Non-service related benefits?
206(1)
Transfer credits
207(2)
19 Discrimination issues: liability of pension trustees
209(8)
Trustees also liable
209(1)
Coloroll
210(1)
UK pensions discrimination legislation from 1995
211(1)
Later UK discrimination legislation from 2003
212(1)
Respective liabilities of the scheme and the employer
213(4)
20 Liability for helping unlawful discrimination
217(12)
Introduction
217(1)
Liable if 'knowingly help' unlawful discrimination
218(1)
What is knowingly helping?
219(5)
Joint and several liability
224(5)
Part 4: Employment contracts: changing pensions
21 Employment contracts - the contractual pension promise and powers to change
229(10)
Introduction
229(2)
Interpretation of the employment contract and pension scheme booklets etc
231(1)
Benefit change by scheme amendment under amendment power
232(5)
Development of judicial attitudes to pension promises
237(2)
22 Does the employment contract allow the employer to vary the benefits under the pension scheme?
239(6)
Introduction
239(1)
Consent through collective agreements
240(1)
Narrow construction of variation power
241(1)
General interpretation principles
242(1)
Pensions are different?
243(1)
Trust and confidence
243(2)
23 Implied consent or waiver from employees
245(10)
Introduction
245(1)
Communication
245(1)
Legal principles
246(5)
Pension changes
251(1)
New contract terms as dismissal?
252(3)
24 Forcing change by terminating contracts and re-hiring
255(14)
Introduction
255(2)
Dismissal claims
257(1)
Discrimination claims
258(1)
Unfair dismissal
258(11)
25 Changes to pension benefits: potential discrimination claims
269(10)
Introduction
269(2)
Requirements for a claim
271(5)
ECJ: Protection for accrued rights is allowed
276(3)
26 Contractual promises - consideration and enforceability
279(6)
Background
279(3)
Privity of contract
282(3)
27 New hires with different pension benefits to existing employees
285(6)
Introduction
285(1)
Existing employees with option to join scheme
285(1)
New hires
286(1)
Unlawful discrimination?
287(1)
Mechanics of closing to new entrants
288(3)
28 Employers changing discretionary policies: implied term based on custom and practice
291(12)
Background
291(1)
Objective test
292(1)
A factual test - evidence needed
292(1)
Factors
293(2)
Composite approach
295(1)
Pension policies
296(1)
'As night follows day'
297(1)
Tupe transfer
298(1)
Non-employer discretions?
298(1)
Trust and confidence/reasonable expectation?
298(1)
Pensions maladministration?
299(1)
Unlawful deduction claim?
300(1)
Past agreement?
301(1)
Notice of change?
301(2)
29 Contracts between employer and member reducing benefits bind the scheme: South West Trains
303(18)
Legal issues
303(2)
Contract is effective
305(2)
Does an external contract only work if it relates to future pensionable pay?
307(1)
There must be a valid binding contract
308(9)
Damages must not be an adequate remedy
317(1)
Change in benefits (or injunction) must not be contrary to the restrictions in s 91 of PA 1995
318(3)
30 Non-pensionable pay
321(8)
Introduction
321(1)
New hires
321(1)
Existing members: non-pensionable pay rises
321(1)
The contractual position
322(2)
Pay bargaining
324(1)
Collective bargaining
325(1)
The position of the pension scheme
326(3)
31 Salary sacrifices and pensions
329(22)
Background
329(1)
Contract
329(4)
Valid contractual change
333(4)
Employee option to terminate sacrifice?
337(1)
Timing of sacrifice change
338(1)
What is a salary sacrifice?
339(5)
Termination of salary sacrifice into a pension scheme
344(1)
Auto enrolment
345(1)
Effect on other employment benefits
345(1)
Documentation
346(2)
Trustees
348(1)
Member consultation
348(1)
Notifications
349(1)
2009 to 2011: Special annual allowance tax charge
349(1)
From 2016: reduction in annual allowance
350(1)
32 Employer liens and charges over pension benefits
351(22)
Introduction
351(1)
General rule: no charge or lien over benefits - PA 1995, s 91
351(1)
What can be covered by the charge or lien?
352(2)
Conditions for exercise
354(1)
Forfeiture of accrued pension rights: PA 1995, ss 92 and 93
355(1)
Trust deed
356(1)
Transfer credits
356(2)
Difficulties with interpreting ss 91 and 93
358(1)
Other legal restrictions to consider
359(2)
Tax law implications of making a payment to the employer (Finance Act 2004, ss 175 and 178)
361(2)
Time limits for payment of cash equivalent - PSA 1993, s 99
363(1)
Payment of benefit
364(2)
Trustee records
366(1)
Data protection
366(1)
Human rights
367(1)
Companies Act 2006 and employer-related investments
368(1)
Case law
368(5)
Part 5: Employer's Powers and Consultation
33 Employer powers: implied mutual duty of trust and confidence (MDTC)
373(24)
Background
373(1)
Introduction
374(2)
Structure
376(1)
Overview
377(2)
Good faith obligation in contracts generally?
379(2)
Braganza
381(2)
Employment and pensions
383(3)
Uncertainty
386(6)
Negligence is not enough
392(1)
The test is objective - motive is not conclusive
392(1)
There does not have to be direct maltreatment of employees
393(1)
Not a breach merely because the employee suffers loss
394(1)
General description
394(3)
34 Trust and confidence: the 'Imperial Duty' and the pensions cases
397(28)
Mutual duty of trust and confidence
397(4)
No implied limitation of reasonableness
401(7)
Who owes the implied duty?
408(11)
Refusing to consider the exercise of a power
419(1)
Exercising powers after a Tupe transfer
420(1)
Using surplus to enhance benefits and reduce redundancy costs
421(2)
An overall view?
423(2)
35 Imperial duty and MDTC: changing DB benefits under a pension scheme: Prudential/IBM/BBC
425(16)
Changing DB benefits
425(2)
Way in which scheme is closed
427(1)
MDTC and exercising a discretion
428(1)
Trust and confidence
429(1)
The case law
429(6)
Fact specific
435(1)
Cases after IBM (2014)
435(2)
Effect of breach
437(1)
Comparing Bradbury v BBC with IBM
438(1)
Overview
438(1)
Bradbury v BBC (2015)
439(2)
36 Consumer legislation - UCTA 1977 and CRA 2015
441(16)
Introduction
441(1)
Consumer legislation and employment/pensions
442(3)
Employment contracts and the EU Directive
445(9)
Personal pensions and simple contracts may be within UCTA 1977/CRA 2015
454(3)
37 Consultation about pension benefit changes: PA 2004
457(16)
Introduction
457(2)
Excluded employers
459(1)
Listed changes
460(1)
Exclusions
461(1)
Information and consultation procedure
461(3)
Information and consultation
464(1)
Penalty for failure to consult
465(1)
Difficulties with the legislation
466(1)
Changes that affect overseas and prospective members
467(1)
50-employee threshold
467(1)
Changes in pensionable pay
467(1)
Corporate transactions: Tupe and share sales
468(1)
Scheme mergers
469(1)
Individual agreements
469(1)
Moving members to a new section
470(1)
Salary-sacrifice arrangements
470(1)
Changes to ancillary benefits
471(1)
Ending of contracting-out in April 2016
471(1)
Changes to proposals during consultation
472(1)
38 Works councils and pensions
473(8)
Introduction
473(1)
Are pensions matters included?
474(1)
Works councils - general
475(3)
Penalties
478(1)
Other consultation obligations
479(1)
Other statutes
480(1)
Consultation generally a good thing
480(1)
39 Pension change: consultation under TULRCA 1992
481(12)
Introduction
481(1)
Definition of 'redundancy' for TULRCA
482(2)
Consultation
484(1)
European law and timing of consultation
485(2)
Collective redundancies: duty to notify Secretary of State
487(1)
Establishment
487(1)
Maximum amount of award
488(3)
Other consultation obligations
491(2)
40 Role of the pension trustees in relation to benefit amendments
493(14)
Trustees
493(2)
Who are the trustees?
495(1)
Appointment of a trustee
495(1)
Scope of the amendment power
496(1)
Employer consent
497(1)
Trustees: fiduciary duties
497(7)
Amendment to reduce future service benefits
504(2)
2006 Finance Act changes
506(1)
41 ERA 1996: protection for an employee acting as a trustee
507(28)
Introduction
507(1)
Appointment of a trustee
508(1)
Directors of corporate trustees
508(1)
Indemnities and exonerations?
509(1)
Statutory protections under ERA 1996
510(1)
Protections only for current employees
511(1)
Protections only for trustees (or trustee directors)
511(1)
Applicable pension schemes
512(1)
Occupational pension scheme
513(1)
Established under trust
513(2)
A pension scheme of the employer
515(2)
Detriment - ERA 1996, s 46
517(1)
Detriment must be by the employer
518(1)
There must be a detriment
519(2)
Detriment must be caused by an act or deliberate failure to act by the employer
521(2)
Onus of proof
523(1)
Claims before the employment tribunal
523(2)
Compensation
525(1)
Unfair dismissal - ERA 1996, s 102
526(2)
Time off for employee trustees - ERA 1996, ss 58 and 59
528(1)
Time off for performance of duties and for training: s 58
529(1)
Calculation of payment for time off: s 59
530(1)
Remedies for employer default: s 60
531(4)
Part 6: Tupe and pensions
42 Tupe and pensions: general
535(6)
Introduction
535(1)
General transfer
536(1)
Occupational pensions: exclusion from transfer
536(3)
Transfer of pension obligations outside Tupe
539(2)
43 Tupe: general exclusion of transfer of occupational pensions - reg 10
541(6)
Introduction
541(1)
Exclusion of occupational pension schemes from transfer
541(1)
The position under Tupe 1981 - reg 7
542(1)
The position under Tupe 2006 - reg 10
543(1)
What does the exclusion in reg 10 not cover?
544(1)
Special cases: statutory protection/transfer
544(3)
44 Tupe: What is an 'occupational pension scheme'?
547(4)
Introduction
547(1)
Before September 2005
547(1)
From September 2005
548(2)
Death benefits and occupational schemes
550(1)
45 Tupe: Personal pensions and stakeholders
551(2)
Personal pensions schemes
551(1)
Stakeholder schemes
552(1)
Auto enrolment
552(1)
46 Tupe: Pension changes and constructive dismissal: reg 10(3)
553(6)
Constructive dismissal?
553(1)
Tupe 1981: reg 5(5)
554(1)
Tupe 2006: reg 4(9) and (11)
555(4)
47 Tupe and consultation obligations on pensions
559(8)
Tupe consultation obligations: general
559(1)
Whose obligation?
560(1)
What are 'measures'?
561(1)
Tupe consultation obligations: pensions
561(1)
Penalty for failing to consult
562(2)
Hagen v ICI Chemicals (2001)
564(3)
48 Tupe and Beckmann: 'Old Age, Invalidity or Survivors' Benefits': reg 10(2)
567(28)
Background
567(1)
Beckmann in the ECJ (2002)
568(2)
Martin (2003)
570(5)
Tupe and pensions timeline - key milestones
575(1)
Procter & Gamble (2012)
576(6)
More detailed look at the Procter & Gamble judgment
582(13)
49 Tupe: practical issues on old age benefits remaining after P&G
595(6)
General
595(6)
50 TUPE and Beckmann: how is any transferred benefit calculated?
601(10)
Introduction
601(1)
Example of a Seller Plan
601(4)
How would the purchaser/transferee meet any liability?
605(3)
What if the Seller Plan changes after the Tupe transfer?
608(3)
51 Tupe: could the seller be liable (if the buyer fails to provide) a 'Beckmann' benefit?
611(2)
Liability
611(2)
52 Tupe transfer: potential trigger of enhanced benefits under a pension scheme?
613(10)
Introduction
613(1)
Trigger for enhanced benefits?
613(1)
Construction of trust deed and rules
614(1)
Age at date of Tupe transfer
615(1)
'Dismissal'
616(1)
'Retirement'
616(2)
'At the employer's request'/'with employer's consent'
618(1)
'Redundancy'
619(4)
53 Tupe and business transfers: PA 2004 - (limited) obligation for future benefits
623(16)
Background
623(1)
When will the protection apply?
624(2)
What is the protection?
626(1)
Future money purchase benefits
627(4)
Future defined benefit scheme
631(2)
Other issues
633(1)
Anti-avoidance provisions
634(1)
Intra-group transfers
634(1)
What is not protected?
635(1)
Implications for employers
635(2)
Implications for employees
637(2)
54 Public sector transfers
639(8)
Introduction
639(1)
Public sector pensions
640(1)
Fair Deal for staff pensions: June 1999
640(2)
Two-tier code (2003)
642(1)
Review of Fair Deal (2011)
643(1)
New Fair Deal policy (published on 4 October 2013)
643(1)
Impact on individual public sector schemes
644(3)
Part 7: Cessation of employment and pensions
55 Enhanced pension benefits on cessation of employment - what is 'retirement'?
647(22)
Introduction
647(1)
Construction of pension schemes
648(1)
Construing in light of previous decisions
649(2)
Retirement
651(5)
Age of retirement?
656(1)
Dismissal as 'retirement' or 'retirement at the request of the employer'?
656(7)
Employer consent to leaving or consent to a pension?
663(2)
Dismissal because of redundancy
665(2)
Overview
667(2)
56 Termination of employment - wrongful dismissal: pension loss
669(26)
Introduction
669(1)
Defined contribution schemes
670(1)
Defined benefits schemes
670(2)
Loss in relation to past service
672(1)
Loss in relation to future service
673(8)
Overview on discretions/pay rises
681(2)
No limitation based on 'no claim' wording in the pension scheme trust deed
683(3)
Calculation of future loss
686(2)
Calculation of future loss: special cases
688(1)
Chance of employer closing scheme to DB accrual
689(1)
How is any loss paid by the employer?
689(6)
57 Damages: offsetting pensions paid
695(6)
Introduction
695(1)
Scheme negates the non-deduction rule?
696(1)
Substitute for earnings?
697(1)
Pension paid compensates for loss of pension
697(1)
Death benefits
697(1)
Claim by a spouse or dependant
697(1)
Discretionary payments out of a pension scheme
698(3)
58 Termination of employment: loss of life cover
701(6)
Life cover as a head of loss
701(1)
Shove v Downs Surgical (1984)
701(1)
Knapton v ECC Card Clothing (2006)
702(1)
Fox v British Airways (2013)
702(5)
59 Termination of employment - unfair dismissal: pension loss
707(14)
Unfair dismissal - general
707(1)
Unfair dismissal - compensatory award
708(1)
GAD guidelines on pensions loss
708(4)
2014: GAD tribunal guidelines withdrawn
712(1)
GAD Guidelines
712(5)
Termination of employment - other relevant matters
717(1)
General
718(3)
60 Termination: agreeing a compensation sacrifice or adjustment
721(4)
General
721(4)
61 Offsetting pensions against redundancy payments: 1965 Regulations
725(2)
Background
725(2)
Index 727
David Pollard is a solicitor and a consultant with Freshfields Bruckhaus Deringer LLP. A former Chair of the Association of Pension Lawyers (APL), he was for 25 years a partner in Freshfields specialising in pensions, employment and insolvency law. He advised companies on issues ranging from the setting up and funding of pension schemes to the impact of corporate insolvencies and transactions. He also acted for trustees, advising them generally, including on restructurings, funding, company proposals, disputes, and queries from pension scheme members. He has twice (1998 and 2015) been awarded the Wallace Medal by the APL for excellence in communicating pension issues.