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El. knyga: Energetic Particles in the Heliosphere

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This monograph traces the development of our understanding of how and where energetic particles are accelerated in the heliosphere and how they may reach the Earth. Detailed data sets are presented which address these topics. The bulk of the observations are from spacecraft in or near the ecliptic plane. It is timely to present this subject now that Voyager-1 has entered the true interstellar medium. Since it seems unlikely that there will be a follow-on to the Voyager programme any time soon, the data we already have regarding the outer heliosphere are not going to be enhanced for at least 40 years.

Introduction.- Instrumentation.- Energetic Particle Acceleration.- Solar Electrons as a Probe of the Inner Heliosphere.- Studies of Energetic Ions in the Inner Heliosphere.- Corotating Interaction Regions.- Studies onf the High Latitude Heliosphere.- The Anomalus Cosmic Ray.- Studies of the Distant Heliosphere beyond Jupiter.- Energetic Particles From Planetary Magnetospheres.- What about the Future .-

Recenzijos

The book provides an excellent overview of our current knowledge of energetic charged particles in heliosphere. It brings out the complexity of these data and highlights the challenges that we face when interpreting these data against our still-limited theoretical understanding of how the heliosphere work. (Mike Hapgood, The Observatory, April, 2018)

1 Introduction
1(10)
1.1 Historical Background
1(6)
1.2 The First Energetic Particle Observations Outside the Magnetosphere
7(4)
References
10(1)
2 Instrumentation
11(10)
2.1 Introduction
11(10)
References
20(1)
3 Energetic Particle Acceleration
21(24)
3.1 Introduction
21(2)
3.2 Acceleration Mechanisms
23(5)
3.2.1 Electron and Proton Acceleration
23(5)
3.3 Where Does the Acceleration Take Place at Times of Flares?
28(2)
3.4 Spectral Evolution of the X-Ray Emission
30(1)
3.5 Location of the Acceleration
31(7)
3.5.1 Coronal Acceleration
31(1)
3.5.2 Acceleration in the Active Region
32(2)
3.5.3 CME-Driven Shock Acceleration
34(4)
3.6 Abundance Data
38(1)
3.7 Application to Flares
39(2)
3.8 Summary
41(4)
References
43(2)
4 Solar Electrons as a Probe of the Inner Heliosphere
45(44)
4.1 Introduction
45(2)
4.2 Sources of Energetic Electrons in the Inner Heliosphere
47(17)
4.2.1 Coronal Source
47(3)
4.2.2 The Upper Energy of Impulsive Events
50(1)
4.2.3 The Events in June 2004
51(8)
4.2.4 Analysis of Beamed Electron Events
59(5)
4.3 Solar Flares
64(12)
4.4 Case Studies
76(9)
4.4.1 The July 1968 Event
77(2)
4.4.2 Electrons from the 28 October 2003 Event
79(2)
4.4.3 The 7--10 May 2001 Event
81(4)
4.5 Summary
85(4)
References
87(2)
5 Studies of Energetic Ions in the Inner Heliosphere
89(32)
5.1 Historical Background
89(1)
5.2 Ground-Level Events
90(7)
5.2.1 29 September 1989
91(1)
5.2.2 24 May 1990
91(3)
5.2.3 28 October 2003
94(1)
5.2.4 20 January 2005
95(2)
5.3 Other Solar Proton Events
97(7)
5.4 Protons Below 5 MeV
104(3)
5.4.1 Interplanetary Shocks
105(2)
5.5 3He-Rich Events
107(7)
5.5.1 3He at Energies Above 10MeV
112(2)
5.5.2 Elemental Composition
114(1)
5.6 STEREO
114(2)
5.7 Summary
116(5)
References
118(3)
6 Corotating Interaction Regions
121(24)
6.1 History
121(2)
6.2 Ulysses Observations of CIRs
123(2)
6.3 Insights into Heliospheric Structure from CIR Studies
125(7)
6.3.1 Other Phenomena at CIRs
129(3)
6.4 The Modification to the Parker Magnetic Field
132(3)
6.5 Theoretical Interpretation
135(7)
6.5.1 Adiabatic Energy Losses of Charged Particles
135(1)
6.5.2 Application to the Observations from CIRs
136(4)
6.5.3 Discussion and Summary
140(2)
6.6 Conclusions
142(3)
References
143(2)
7 Studies of the High Latitude Heliosphere
145(44)
7.1 Introduction
145(4)
7.1.1 Background to Solar Energetic Particle Observations
147(2)
7.2 Overview of the Energetic Particle Intensities Over the Solar Poles During Solar Minimum
149(3)
7.3 Overview of the Energetic Particle Intensities Over the Solar Poles During Solar Maximum
152(6)
7.4 Solar Flare Events When Ulysses Was at High Latitude
158(13)
7.4.1 The July 14 2000 Flare
159(6)
7.4.2 The 12 September 2000 Event
165(3)
7.4.3 Electron Onsets from Four Other Flares When Ulysses Is at High Latitude
168(2)
7.4.4 Transient Events at High Latitude
170(1)
7.5 The Decay of the Electron Intensity at Ulysses and ACE
171(12)
7.5.1 12 September 2000
171(3)
7.5.2 8 November 2000
174(1)
7.5.3 4 November 2001
175(1)
7.5.4 17 November 2001
176(1)
7.5.5 The Activity Around N35° in August/September 2002
177(2)
7.5.6 The CME at Ulysses on 29 September (Day 272) 2001
179(3)
7.5.7 Protons at the Time of the CME
182(1)
7.6 Discussion
183(6)
References
186(3)
8 The Anomalous Cosmic Rays
189(12)
8.1 Introduction
189(1)
8.2 Observations
189(7)
8.2.1 Measurements from Voyager-1 and -2
193(3)
8.3 Acceleration at the Termination Shock
196(5)
References
200(1)
9 Studies of the Distant Heliosphere Beyond Jupiter
201(22)
9.1 History
201(2)
9.2 Up to ~70 AU
203(7)
9.3 The Outer Heliosphere
210(7)
9.4 The Transition to the Interstellar Medium
217(6)
References
221(2)
10 Energetic Particles from Planetary Magnetospheres
223(16)
10.1 Introduction
223(1)
10.2 The Earth
224(3)
10.3 The Outer Planets
227(8)
10.3.1 Jupiter
227(4)
10.3.2 Saturn
231(2)
10.3.3 Uranus
233(1)
10.3.4 Neptune
234(1)
10.4 Conclusions: Trapped Electrons and Protons
235(4)
References
237(2)
11 What About the Future?
239
11.1 History
239(1)
11.2 The Present
240(1)
11.3 The Future
241
George Simnett obtained his Ph D from Imperial College, London in 1966, having started there in 1961.





This was the dawn of the space age. In 1967 he moved to Goddard Space Flight Center where he worked on the energetic particle data from IMP-4 and IMP=5.  In 1969 he went as Assistant Professor to the University of California, Riverside, where he was project manager on an instrument to detect energetic solar neutrons using the UCR balloon-borne detector. In 1975, now based at the University of Birmingham, UK, he collaborated with Professor de Jager (PI), Utrecht, to build the Hard X-ray Imaging Spectrometer for NASA's Solar Maximum Mission, which was launched in 1980. In 1977 he joined the team led by Dr Lanzerotti (PI) to propose a particle instrument for the International Solar Polar Mission (later renamed Ulysses, launched 1990) which was to be the first (and so far only) spacecraft to go virtually over the solar poles, via Jupiter.





In 1989 he collaborated with Dr Brueckner (PI) on the LASCO suite of coronagraphs which are on the SOHO spacecraft, launched in 1995 and still operating at the inner Lagrangian point. More recently he has led the University of Birmingham team in their involvement in the EUV Imaging Spectrometer on the Japanese Hinode spacecraft (formerly Solar-B launched in 2006; the Solar Mass Ejection Imager (SMEI) on the US Navy Coriolis spacecraft, which was operational in a polar orbit from 2003-2011; and the Sun-Earth Connection Coronal Heliospheric Investigation (SECCHI) on NASA's STEREO mission, launched 2006.







He has over 200 publications in refereed journals and he is currently Emeritus Professor, University of Birmingham.
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