Atnaujinkite slapukų nuostatas

Energy: Crises, Challenges and Solutions [Kietas viršelis]

Edited by (MGKVP University, Bhagwanpur, Varanasi, India), Edited by (University of Delhi, New Delhi, India), Edited by (University of Delhi, New Delhi, India), Edited by (University of Delhi, New Delhi, India)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 352 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 244x170x22 mm, weight: 794 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 07-Oct-2021
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-Blackwell
  • ISBN-10: 1119741440
  • ISBN-13: 9781119741442
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Energy: Crises, Challenges and SolutionsDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 352 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 244x170x22 mm, weight: 794 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 07-Oct-2021
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-Blackwell
  • ISBN-10: 1119741440
  • ISBN-13: 9781119741442
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781119741442.html
Raktažodžiai:
"Addressing the energy crisis and climate change notions would entail dramatic policy changes in areas such as energy, global warming, and forest management. Energy and climate are also discussed together as the global economy was fuelled by fossil fuels, which could change the environment since the industrial revolution. This could lead to climate change that would be difficult and expensive to respond to. Fossil fuels play a significant role in the governance of economic growth, industrialization and human health. It is a fact that man's over-reliance on carbon trading is a huge mistake that could even lead to violent war between powerful nations and lead to political instability. The global energy system, therefore, calls for significant transformative steps to combat global climate change. If greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels burning continue unabated, a radical environmental transformation will be observed. Therefore, it is essential to direct efforts to support climate change goals at the national and global level in orthography policy"--

Energy

Global energy demand has more than doubled since 1970. The use of energy is strongly related to almost every conceivable aspect of development: wealth, health, nutrition, water, infrastructure, education and even life expectancy itself are strongly and significantly related to the consumption of energy per capita. Many development indicators are strongly related to per-capita energy consumption. Fossil fuel is the most conventional source of energy but also increases greenhouse gas emissions. The economic development of many countries has come at the cost of the environment. However, it should not be presumed that a reconciliation of the two is not possible.

The nexus concept is the interconnection between the resource energy, water, food, land, and climate. Such interconnections enable us to address trade-offs and seek synergies among them. Energy, water, food, land, and climate are essential resources of our natural environment and support our quality of life. Competition between these resources is increasing globally and is exacerbated by climate change. Improving resilience and securing resource availability would require improving resource efficiency. Many policies and programs are announced nationally and internationally for replacing the conventional mode and also emphasizing on conservation of fossil fuels and reuse of exhausted energy, so a gap in implications and outcomes can be broadly traced by comparing the data.

This book aims to highlight problems and solutions related to conventional energy utilization, formation, and multitudes of ecological impacts and tools for the conservation of fossil fuels. The book also discusses modern energy services as one of the sustainable development goals and how the pressure on resource energy disturbs the natural flows. The recent advances in alternative energy sources and their possible future growth are discussed and on how conventional energy leads to greenhouse gas formation, which reduces energy use efficiency. The different policies and models operating is also addressed, and the gaps that remained between them. Climate change poses a challenge for renewable energy, and thus it is essential to identify the factors that would reduce the possibility of relying on sustainable energy sources.

This book will be of interest to researchers and stakeholders, students, industries, NGOs, and governmental agencies directly or indirectly associated with energy research.

Preface xiv
List of Contributors xvi
1 Energy Crisis and Climate Change: Global Concerns and Their Solutions 1(17)
Sandeepa Singh
1.1 Introduction
1(1)
1.2 Energy Crisis
2(1)
1.3 Role of Renewable Energy in Sustainable Development
3(2)
1.4 Climate Change and Energy Crisis
5(1)
1.5 Climate Change
6(4)
1.5.1 Environmental and Social Consequences of Climate Change
7(2)
1.5.2 Process and Causes of Global Warming
9(1)
1.6 Cleaner Alternatives to Coal to Alleviate Climate Change
10(2)
1.6.1 Carbon Sequestering and Clean Coal
10(1)
1.6.2 Natural Gas and Nuclear Energy
11(1)
1.6.3 Hydrogen
11(1)
1.7 Climate Change and Energy Demand
12(1)
1.8 Mitigation Measures for the Energy Crisis and Global Warming: Reduce Emissions of Greenhouse Gases (IPCC)
12(1)
1.9 Conclusion
13(1)
1.10 Future Considerations
14(1)
References
15(3)
2 Advances in Alternative Sources of Energy: Opening New Doors for Energy Sustainability 18(37)
Iyoti Tyagi
2.1 Introduction
18(1)
2.2 Need of Novel Research in Alternative Sources of Energy
19(1)
2.3 Recent Advances in Renewable Sources of Energy
20(22)
2.3.1 Solar Energy
21(4)
2.3.1.1 Solar Photovoltaic
21(3)
2.3.1.2 Solar Power Generation
24(1)
2.3.1.3 Photovoltaic/Thermal (PV/T) Collectors
24(1)
2.3.2 Wind Energy
25(4)
2.3.2.1 Onshore Wind Energy Technology
25(2)
2.3.2.2 Offshore Wind Energy Technology
27(2)
2.3.3 Hydropower
29(4)
2.3.3.1 Flow Control Technologies
30(1)
2.3.3.2 Digitalization of Hydropower Plants
30(1)
2.3.3.3 Evolution in Hydroelectric Energy Storage
31(1)
2.3.3.4 Technology Evolution: Small-Scale Hydropower Plants
31(1)
2.3.3.5 Gravity Hydropower Converters
32(1)
2.3.3.6 Pump as Turbines (PAT)
32(1)
2.3.3.7 Developments in Fish-Friendly Hydropower
32(1)
2.3.4 Geothermal Energy
33(4)
2.3.4.1 Direct Dry Steam Plants
34(1)
2.3.4.2 Flash Power Plants
35(1)
2.3.4.3 Binary Plants
35(1)
2.3.4.4 Combined-Cycle or Hybrid Plants
35(1)
2.3.4.5 Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS)
35(2)
2.3.5 Bioenergy
37(3)
2.3.5.1 Biopellets and Biogas
38(1)
2.3.5.2 Bioethanol and Biodiesel
38(1)
2.3.5.3 Advanced or 2G Biofuels
39(1)
2.3.6 Ocean Energy
40(2)
2.3.6.1 Wave Energy
40(1)
2.3.6.2 Tidal Energy
41(1)
2.3.6.3 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC)
41(1)
2.3.6.4 Salinity Gradient Energy
41(1)
2.4 Future Fuel: Hydrogen
42(2)
2.4.1 Hydrogen Production Methods Using Renewable Sources
43(1)
2.4.1.1 Renewable Electrolysis
43(1)
2.4.1.2 Biomass Gasification
43(1)
2.4.1.3 Thermochemical Water Splitting
43(1)
2.4.1.4 Bio-Hydrogen Production
44(1)
2.5 Challenges
44(2)
2.5.1 Efficiency
44(1)
2.5.2 Large-Scale Production
45(1)
2.5.3 Cost-Effective Production
46(1)
2.6 Future: Alternative Sources of Energy
46(1)
2.7 Conclusions
47(1)
References
48(7)
3 Recent Advances in Alternative Sources of Energy 55(17)
Pradeep Pratap Singh
Ambika
Maya Verma
3.1 Introduction
55(1)
3.2 Different Innovations Employed in Major Types of Alternative Sources of Energy
56(8)
3.2.1 Solar Energy (Semiconductor Technology to Harness Solar Power)
56(4)
3.2.2 Hydropower
60(1)
3.2.3 Wind Energy
61(1)
3.2.4 Geothermal Energy
61(1)
3.2.5 Biomass Energy
62(1)
3.2.6 Hydrogen as a Fuel
63(1)
3.3 Environmental Impacts
64(1)
3.4 Future Prospects
65(1)
3.5 Conclusions
65(1)
References
66(6)
4 Energy and Development in the Twenty-First Century - A Road Towards a Sustainable Future: An Indian Perspective 72(19)
Shikha Menani
Kiran Yadav
4.1 Introduction
72(1)
4.2 Energy Consumption and Economic Development
73(3)
4.3 Environmental Issues - A Corollary of Economic Development
76(1)
4.4 Air Quality - Deterioration Leading to Development of another Mars
77(1)
4.5 Carbon Footprints - Gift of Mankind to Mother Earth
78(2)
4.6 Sustainable Development
80(7)
4.6.1 Problems Faced by the Country in Implementing Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
81(1)
4.6.1.1 Financial Resources
81(1)
4.6.1.2 Social Issues Not Covered
82(1)
4.6.1.3 Natural Calamities and Pandemics
82(1)
4.6.1.4 Illegal Activities Barring the Achievement of the SDGs
82(1)
4.6.2 Paris Accord
82(2)
4.6.3 Steps Taken by India to Reduce the Carbon Emission
84(8)
4.6.3.1 Sustainability Index
84(1)
4.6.3.2 Mandatory CSR
85(1)
4.6.3.3 Innovative Schooling Ideas
86(1)
4.6.3.4 Solar Powered Transportation System
86(1)
4.7 Coronavirus Pandemic and its Impact on the Carbon Emission
87(1)
4.8 Conclusion
88(1)
References
89(2)
5 Energy Development as a Driver of Economic Growth: Evidence from Developing Nations 91(17)
Md Rashid Farooqi
Akhlaqur Rahman
Md Faiz Ahmad
Supriya
5.1 Introduction
91(1)
5.2 Energy and Economic Development
92(7)
5.2.1 The Impact of Economic Development on Energy
94(1)
5.2.2 Economic Development and Fluctuations in Energy Consumption
95(1)
5.2.3 Energy Consumption in Developing Nations
96(1)
5.2.4 The Price of Energy and Management of Demand
97(2)
5.3 Energy Services in Developing Nations
99(1)
5.4 Energy Supplies in the Developing Nations
100(2)
5.5 Energy and the Environment in Developing Nations
102(1)
5.6 Conclusion
103(1)
References
104(4)
6 Pathways of Energy Transition and Its Impact on Economic Growth: A Case Study of Brazil 108(23)
Pooja Sharma
6.1 Introduction
108(4)
6.2 The Rationale for Public Investment in Research and Development in Energy Sector
112(1)
6.3 Overview of the Electricity Sector in Brazil
113(2)
6.3.1 Energy Policies in Brazil
113(1)
6.3.1.1 Energy Sources and Associated Policies
113(1)
6.3.1.2 The First Phase of Reforms in the Electricity Sector: 1990s
114(1)
6.3.1.3 Second Reform of the Electricity Market: 2004
114(1)
6.3.2 Climate Change: National Policy 2009
114(1)
6.3.3 Prioritization of Policies in Choice of Energy Mix (International Atomic Energy Agency, 2006)
114(1)
6.4 Market Structure
115(1)
6.4.1 Government Players
115(1)
6.4.2 Private and Public Players
116(1)
6.5 Programmes and Laws Under the Government of Brazil
116(1)
6.6 An Overview of the Sources of Finance in the Energy Sector: Brazil
116(5)
6.6.1 The Regime for Funding Agency (World Energy Outlook 2013)
118(2)
6.6.1.1 Regime Structure and Legal Regulatory: Key Takeaways
119(1)
6.6.2 Source of Funding and Trends in Research and Development
120(1)
6.6.2.1 Finance and Innovation in Renewable Energy: Key Takeaways
120(1)
6.7 Climate-Resilient Growth: Environmental Consequences
121(1)
6.7.1 Environmental Consequences: Key Takeaways
121(1)
6.8 Social Consequences: Availability, Affordability and Accessibility
122(1)
6.8.1 Social Consequences: Key Takeaways
122(1)
6.9 The Political Economy of Energy Transition: A Brazilian Experience
123(1)
6.10 Interlinking Economic Growth and Energy Use: A Theoretical Construct
123(2)
6.10.1 Renewable Energy Consumption, per Capita GDP Growth, CO2 Emissions, Research and Development Expenditure: A Comparison of BRICS
124(1)
6.11 Conclusion
125(1)
References
126(1)
Websites
127(1)
Appendix A
128(3)
7 Renewable Energy: Sources, Importance and Prospects for Sustainable Future 131(20)
Shachi Agrawal
Renu Soni
7.1 Introduction
131(1)
7.2 Sources of Renewable Energy
132(7)
7.2.1 Solar Energy
133(1)
7.2.1.1 Active Solar Energy Technology
133(1)
7.2.1.2 Passive Solar Energy Technology
133(1)
7.2.2 Wind Energy
134(2)
7.2.3 Hydropower
136(1)
7.2.4 Geothermal Energy
137(1)
7.2.5 Biomass
138(1)
7.2.6 Tidal Energy
138(1)
7.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Various Renewable Energy Resources
139(1)
7.4 Importance of Renewable Energy
140(1)
7.5 Benefits of Renewable Energy Production to the Society
141(1)
7.6 Renewable Energy and Sustainable Development Goals
142(1)
7.7 Limitations in Renewable Energy
143(1)
7.8 Current Status and Future Perspectives
143(1)
7.9 Conclusion
144(1)
References
145(6)
8 Clean Energy Sources for a Better and Sustainable Environment of Future Generations 151(18)
Aparna Nautiyal
Ayyagari Ramlal
8.1 Introduction
151(1)
8.2 Conventional Sources of Energy
152(4)
8.2.1 Hydro Energy
153(1)
8.2.2 Wind Energy
154(1)
8.2.3 Geothermal Energy
155(1)
8.2.4 Solar Energy
155(1)
8.2.5 Ocean Energy
156(1)
8.3 Environmental Impacts of Renewable Resources
156(1)
8.4 Mitigation Strategies and Sustainable Development of Renewable Resources
157(1)
8.5 Biomass and Microorganisms-Derived Energy
157(3)
8.6 Alternative Energy Resources
160(4)
8.6.1 Biodiesel from Bioengineered Fungi
160(1)
8.6.2 Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCS)
161(1)
8.6.3 Waste-to-Energy Technology
161(1)
8.6.4 Hydrogen as a Fuel
162(1)
8.6.5 Fuel Cell
163(1)
8.6.6 Radiant Energy
163(1)
8.7 Challenges: Implementation to the Usage of Renewable Energy
164(1)
8.7.1 Social Barriers
164(1)
8.7.2 Ecological and Environmental Issues
164(1)
8.7.3 Commercialization and Scalability
165(1)
8.7.4 Material Requirement
165(1)
8.8 Conclusion
165(1)
References
165(3)
Suggested Readings
168(1)
9 Sustainable Energy Policies of India to Address Air Pollution and Climate Change 169(13)
Prem Lata Meena
Vinay
Anirudh Sehrawat
9.1 Introduction
169(1)
9.2 Energy Sector of India
170(2)
9.2.1 Energy Reserves
170(1)
9.2.1.1 Coal and Lignite
170(1)
9.2.1.2 Petroleum and Natural Gas
170(1)
9.2.1.3 Renewable Energy Sources
170(1)
9.2.2 Production of Energy
170(1)
9.2.3 Consumption of Fossil Fuel and Electricity
171(1)
9.2.3.1 Coal and Lignite
171(1)
9.2.3.2 Crude Oil and Natural Gas
171(1)
9.2.3.3 Petroleum Products Consumption
171(1)
9.2.3.4 Consumption of Electricity
171(1)
9.2.4 Energy Sector and Greenhouse Gases Emission
172(1)
9.3 India's Potential and Policies to Exploit Renewable Sources
172(2)
9.3.1 Solar Energy
172(1)
9.3.2 Wind Energy
172(1)
9.3.3 Hydropower
173(1)
9.3.4 Biomass Energy
173(1)
9.4 National Strategies to Promote Renewable Energy: Policy Framework with Their Objectives
174(2)
9.4.1 India's Electricity Act
174(1)
9.4.2 National Electricity Policy (NEP), 2005
175(1)
9.4.3 NAPCC-National Action Plan on Climate Change, 2008
175(1)
9.4.4 Copenhagen Accord
176(1)
9.4.5 India's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC)
176(1)
9.5 Financial Instruments to Promote Renewable Sources in India
176(3)
9.5.1 Coal Tax
176(2)
9.5.2 Subsidy Cuts on Fossil Fuels
178(1)
9.5.3 Renewable Energy Certificates (RECs)
178(1)
9.5.4 Perform, Achieve and Trade Scheme
178(1)
9.5.5 Other Government Policies, Their Budget and Status
179(1)
9.6 Conclusion
179(1)
References
180(2)
10 A Regime Complex and Technological Innovation in Energy System: A Brazilian Experience 182(9)
Pooja Sharma
10.1 Introduction
182(1)
10.2 Brazil: Its Changing Role in Global Governance
183(1)
10.3 Brazilian Energy: A Regime Complex
184(2)
10.3.1 Role of Brazil and Regime Complex for Climate Change
185(1)
10.4 Implications of Climate Regime on Brazilian Energy Regime
186(1)
10.5 A Shift in Energy Regime: Technological Innovations in Energy Sector
187(1)
10.6 Conclusion
188(1)
References
188(1)
Websites
189(1)
Appendix A
190(1)
11 Opportunities in the Living Lights: Special Reference to Bioluminescent Fungi 191(17)
Pramod Kumar Mahish
Nagendra Kumar Chandrawanshi
Shriram Kunjam
S.K. Jadhav
11.1 Introduction
191(1)
11.2 History of Bioluminescence
192(1)
11.3 Bioluminescence in Terrestrial Organisms
193(1)
11.4 Bioluminescence Molecules
194(2)
11.5 Bioluminescent Fungi
196(2)
11.5.1 Diversity
196(1)
11.5.2 Mechanism of Bioluminescence in Fungi
197(1)
11.5.3 Significance
198(1)
11.6 Opportunities in Fungal Bioluminescence
198(3)
11.6.1 Glowing Tree
198(1)
11.6.2 Bioassay of Toxicity
199(1)
11.6.3 In-Vivo Imaging
200(1)
11.6.4 Animal Model Study
201(1)
11.6.5 Bioactive Secondary Metabolites
201(1)
11.7 Conclusion
201(1)
References
202(6)
12 Production of Liquid Biofuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass 208(23)
Manoj Kumar Singh
Sumit Sahni
Anita Narang
12.1 Introduction
208(2)
12.2 Ethanol from Lignocellulosic Biomass
210(4)
12.2.1 Pretreatment of LCB
211(1)
12.2.2 Detoxification
212(1)
12.2.3 Hydrolysis
212(2)
12.2.3.1 Acid Hydrolysis
213(1)
12.2.3.2 Enzymatic Hydrolysis
213(1)
12.2.4 Fermentation
214(1)
12.2.5 Product Recovery
214(1)
12.3 Bio-gasoline from Lignocellulosic Biomass
214(3)
12.3.1 Hydrolysis to Monosaccharides
215(1)
12.3.2 Hydrogenation of Monosaccharides to Polyols
215(1)
12.3.3 Conversion of Polyols and Carbohydrates to C5/C6 Alkanes
216(1)
12.3.3.1 Monosaccharides
216(1)
12.3.3.2 Cellulose and Biomass
217(1)
12.4 Jet Fuels from Lignocellulosic Biomass
217(4)
12.4.1 Production of Jet Fuels from Sugars and Platform Molecules
217(2)
12.4.2 Production of Oil to Jet Fuels
219(1)
12.4.3 Production of Gas to Jet Fuels
220(1)
12.4.4 Production of Alcohol to Jet Fuels
221(1)
12.5 Conversion of Lignin to Hydrocarbons
221(2)
12.6 Conclusion
223(1)
References
224(7)
13 Sustainable Solution for Future Energy Challenges Through Microbes 231(19)
Sumit Sahni
Manoj Kumar Singh
Anita Narang
13.1 Introduction
231(1)
13.2 Importance of Energy and Energy Statistics
232(1)
13.3 Brief History of Biofuels
233(1)
13.4 Classification of Biofuels
234(11)
13.4.1 First Generation (1G)
234(2)
13.4.2 Second Generation (2G)
236(7)
13.4.2.1 Enzymatic Pretreatment Process
240(3)
13.4.2.2 2G Biodiesel
243(1)
13.4.3 Third Generation (3G)
243(2)
13.4.4 Fourth Generation (4G)
245(1)
13.5 Conclusions
245(1)
References
246(4)
14 Fungal Microbial Fuel Cells, an Opportunity for Energy Sources: Current Perspective and Future Challenges 250(24)
Sudakshina Tiwari
Deepali Koreti
Anjali Kosre
Pramod Kumar Mahish
S.K. Jadhav
Nagendra Kumar Chandrawanshi
14.1 Introduction
250(1)
14.2 General Introduction of Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)
251(2)
14.2.1 FCs
252(1)
14.2.2 Electrode of MFCs
252(1)
14.2.3 Proton Exchange Membrane
252(1)
14.2.4 Microorganisms and Their Electron Transfer Mechanism
253(1)
14.3 Factor Affecting the MFCs' Performance
253(2)
14.3.1 Configuration of Reactor
253(1)
14.3.1.1 Single-Chamber MFCs
253(1)
14.3.1.2 Dual-Chamber MFCs
253(1)
14.3.2 Buffer
254(1)
14.3.3 Substrate
254(1)
14.3.4 Electrolyte Resistance
255(1)
14.4 Fungal Microbial Fuel Cells
255(2)
14.4.1 Saccharomyces cerevisiae
256(1)
14.4.2 Candida melibiosica
257(1)
14.4.3 Hansenula anomala
257(1)
14.5 Other Fungi Used as a Biocatalyst in Microbial Fuel Cells
257(1)
14.6 Batteries Design with the Use of Fungal Electrode
258(3)
14.6.1 Batteries Design
258(1)
14.6.2 Structure and Composition of Lithium-Based Batteries
259(1)
14.6.3 Lithium-Sulphur (Li-S) Batteries
259(1)
14.6.4 Lithium-Ion Batteries
260(1)
14.6.5 Lithium-Air Batteries
260(1)
14.6.6 Role of Fungi in Batteries Design
260(1)
14.7 Application of MFCs
261(4)
14.7.1 Bioelectricity Production
262(1)
14.7.2 Biohydrogen Production
263(1)
14.7.3 Biosensor
263(1)
14.7.4 Wastewater Treatment
264(1)
14.7.5 Bioremediation
264(1)
14.7.6 Dye Decolorization
264(1)
14.8 Challenges and Future Prospective
265(1)
14.9 Conclusion
266(1)
Acknowledgements
266(1)
References
266(8)
15 Current Perspective of Sustainable Utilization of Agro Waste and Biotransformation of Energy in Mushroom 274
Anjali Kosre
Deepali Koreti
Pramod Kumar Mahish
Nagendra Kumar Chandrawanshi
15.1 Introduction
274(2)
15.2 Sustainable utilization of Agro waste Through Mushroom Cultivation Technology
276(2)
15.3 Lignocellulosic Biomass
278(2)
15.3.1 Characteristics of Lignocellulosic Biomass
279(1)
15.3.2 Cellulose
279(1)
15.3.3 Hemicelluloses
279(1)
15.3.4 Lignin
280(1)
15.4 Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS)
280(4)
15.4.1 Biotechnological Importance of Lignocellulosic Biomass
281(1)
15.4.2 Applications of Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS)
282(2)
15.4.2.1 Fertilizers
282(1)
15.4.2.2 Wastewater Treatment
283(1)
15.4.2.3 Enzyme Recovery
283(1)
15.4.2.4 Energy
283(1)
15.5 Biotransformation of the Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS) Into Energy
284(9)
15.5.1 Biohydrogen Production from SMS
285(2)
15.5.2 Biogas Production from Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS)
287(1)
15.5.3 Bioethanol from Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS)
288(1)
15.5.4 Biobutanol from Spent Mushroom Substrate (SMS)
289(1)
15.5.5 Bio-Coke
290(1)
15.5.6 Electricity Generation Using Mushroom Technology
291(1)
15.5.7 Solar Steam Generation Device
292(1)
15.6 Challenges
293(1)
15.7 Conclusion
293(1)
References
294
Index 30
About the Editors

Dr Pardeep Singh is Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental Studies, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.

Dr Suruchi Singh is Assistant Professor in the Department of Botany, Sunbeam College For Women, MGKVP University, Bhagwanpur, Varanasi, India.

Dr Gaurav Kumar is Assistant Professor in the Department of Environmental Studies, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.

Dr Pooja Baweja is Assistant Professor in the Department of Botany, Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India.