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Energy and Entropy: A Dynamic Duo [Minkštas viršelis]

  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 330 pages, aukštis x plotis: 234x156 mm, weight: 476 g, 177 Line drawings, black and white; 3 Halftones, black and white; 180 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 27-Aug-2020
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 036734906X
  • ISBN-13: 9780367349066
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 330 pages, aukštis x plotis: 234x156 mm, weight: 476 g, 177 Line drawings, black and white; 3 Halftones, black and white; 180 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 27-Aug-2020
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 036734906X
  • ISBN-13: 9780367349066
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
"Energy is typically regarded as understandable despite its multiple forms of storage and transfer. Yet entropy is an enigma, in part because of the common view that it represents disorder. That view is flawed and hides entropy's connection with energy. However, macroscopic matter stores internal energy, and that matter's entropy is determined by how the energy is stored. Energy and entropy are intimately linked. Energy and Entropy: A Dynamic Duo illuminates connections between energy and entropy for students, teachers, and researchers. Conceptual understanding is emphasised where possible through examples, analogies, figures, and key points. Qualitative demonstration that entropy is linked to spatial and temporal energy spreading, with equilibrium corresponding to the most equitable distribution of energy, which corresponds to maximum entropy Analysis of energy and entropy of matter and photons, with examples ranging from rubber bands, cryogenic cooling, and incandescent lamps to Hawking radiation of black holes Unique coverage of numerical entropy, the 3rd law of thermodynamics, entropic force, dimensionless entropy, free energy, and fluctuations, from Maxwell's demon to Brownian ratchets, plus attempts to violate the second law of thermodynamics"--

Energy is typically regarded as understandable, despite its multiple forms of storage and transfer. Entropy, however, is an enigma, in part because of the common view that it represents disorder. That view is flawed and hides entropy’s connection with energy. In fact, macroscopic matter stores internal energy, and that matter’s entropy is determined by how the energy is stored. Energy and entropy are intimately linked.

Energy and Entropy: A Dynamic Duo illuminates connections between energy and entropy for students, teachers, and researchers. Conceptual understanding is emphasised where possible through examples, analogies, figures, and key points.

Features:

  • Qualitative demonstration that entropy is linked to spatial and temporal energy spreading, with equilibrium corresponding to the most equitable distribution of energy, which corresponds to maximum entropy
  • Analysis of energy and entropy of matter and photons, with examples ranging from rubber bands, cryogenic cooling, and incandescent lamps to Hawking radiation of black holes
    • Unique coverage of numerical entropy, the 3rd law of thermodynamics, entropic force, dimensionless entropy, free energy, and fluctuations, from Maxwell's demon to Brownian ratchets, plus attempts to violate the second law of thermodynamics
  • Recenzijos

    "In this book Leff (emer., California State Polytechnic Univ.) intertwines all aspects of energy and entropy through a plethora of subjects, from classical topics such as the Clausius inequality to the relatively new "nonequilibrium equality for free energy differences" as discussed by C. JarzynskiThe author is to be commended for engaging readers in considering the concept of energy and entropy using accessible mathematics. The strength of this book lies in the author's endeavor to create "Key Point" snippets throughout the book. These points are the cream of the crop, accentuating and demystifying important concepts, and empowering the reader to leave each chapter with essential takeaways. Though the book lacks problems and exercises at the end of each chapter, this does not diminish the value of a text that is sure to appear on the bookshelf of confirmed thermodynamicists, and will furnish a possible technical elective for upper-division students in engineering and physics. The volume can also serve as an excellent reference resource for graduate students in engineering and physics with research interests in materials science, biophysical systems, and magnetic nanoparticles in biotechnology, to name a few areas of applicability. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates. Graduate students, faculty, and professionals." R. N. Laoulache, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth in CHOICE November 2021 (Vol. 59 No. 3)

    "Not often does one have the chance to read a book that is the result of a lifetime of productive thought about an important subject, but such is the case with Harvey Leffs Energy and Entropy. One is astounded by the depth and breadth of this book. And, what is more, Professor Leff has a deft way of appealing to various kinds of readers: professionals who want to see the mathematics and those who desire a more conceptual understanding. If you have room on your bookshelf for only one volume on thermodynamics, (and I dont say this lightly) your choice should be Energy and Entropy."

    Don S. Lemons, Professor of Physic Emeritus, Bethel College, North Newton, Kansas

    "Harvey Leff has used his lifelong interest and expertise in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics to write a delightful monograph on the relation between energy and entropy. The author explains the relation with thoughtful explanations including detailed examples, many of which are glossed over in most thermodynamics texts. Although most of the text is intended to expand on traditional material, more advanced topics such as the Jarznski equality are also discussed. The text should be of particular interest to students who are puzzled by the many subtleties of thermodynamics and by instructors who wish to offer a deeper understanding of the subject."

    Harvey Goud, Clark University

    "In this volume Harvey Leff has made a unique contribution by illustrating many connections between entropy and energy in a wide range of contexts, both theoretical and practical. The book begins with what is essentially a review of the laws of thermodynamics, with energy featured in connection with the first law and entropy in connection with the second. Although Leff includes the historical underpinnings of thermodynamics going back to the 19th century, he also addresses more contemporary topics such as black hole entropy, Landauers principle, the entropy of information and computation, and recent efforts to find violations of the second law. The book contains numerous simple but effective illustrations and graphs. A pedagogical feature that many readers will find effective is the use of key points that give a brief synopsis of the preceding section of text. I found that the key points often provide a bridge from one section to the next. This book is highly recommended as a learning tool for professionals and graduate students who seek a more comprehensive and wide-ranging treatment of entropy in its many forms and applications."

    Andrew Rex, University of Puget Sound

    "Energy and Entropy: A Dynamic Duo offers many insights to many different audiences. But Leff rightly identifies "teachers of physics, chemistry, and engineering" first on his list of prospective readers. Perhaps no other group of scientists has a greater need for a conscience than those of us who teach thermodynamics Unlike many other books on the subject, Energy and Entropy does not give its reader the impression that thermodynamics is a fully resolved product of the 19th century. Leff demonstrates that significant discoveries have been made since the contributions of Boltzmann and Gibbs. He provides an accessible introduction to the Jarzynski equality. He also traces the many discoveries that were motivated by Maxwell's demon, illustrating how statistical mechanics led to later developments in information theory Leff is careful throughout his book to emphasize that energy and entropy are equal partners. He also refrains from treating these quantities as abstract concepts. The presentation rarely strays from a plausible experiment. Even the discussion of information theory is rooted in measurable physical quantities.

    My overall impression of this book can be characterized by the title of an article that Leff contributed to The Physics Teacher. The title of the article is Thermodynamics Is Easy-I've Learned It Many Times. When reading a good book on the subject, I agree. Thermodynamics can seem easy, particularly when the book is written by a scientist whose previous work has helped to clarify fundamental issues. But as I continue to grapple with the subject, I know that I will continue to find more subtle points in need of explanation. And when those future moments inevitably arrive, Energy and Entropy will be among the books to which I'll turn in order to find my conscience."

    Eric Johnson, Chair of the Department of Chemistry at Mount St. Joseph University, in American Journal of Physics Vol 89, No 7 (2021). "In this book Leff (emer., California State Polytechnic Univ.) intertwines all aspects of energy and entropy through a plethora of subjects, from classical topics such as the Clausius inequality to the relatively new "nonequilibrium equality for free energy differences" as discussed by C. JarzynskiThe author is to be commended for engaging readers in considering the concept of energy and entropy using accessible mathematics. The strength of this book lies in the author's endeavor to create "Key Point" snippets throughout the book. These points are the cream of the crop, accentuating and demystifying important concepts, and empowering the reader to leave each chapter with essential takeaways. Though the book lacks problems and exercises at the end of each chapter, this does not diminish the value of a text that is sure to appear on the bookshelf of confirmed thermodynamicists, and will furnish a possible technical elective for upper-division students in engineering and physics. The volume can also serve as an excellent reference resource for graduate students in engineering and physics with research interests in materials science, biophysical systems, and magnetic nanoparticles in biotechnology, to name a few areas of applicability. Summing Up: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates. Graduate students, faculty, and professionals." R. N. Laoulache, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth in CHOICE November 2021 (Vol. 59 No. 3)

    "Not often does one have the chance to read a book that is the result of a lifetime of productive thought about an important subject, but such is the case with Harvey Leffs Energy and Entropy. One is astounded by the depth and breadth of this book. And, what is more, Professor Leff has a deft way of appealing to various kinds of readers: professionals who want to see the mathematics and those who desire a more conceptual understanding. If you have room on your bookshelf for only one volume on thermodynamics, (and I dont say this lightly) your choice should be Energy and Entropy."

    Don S. Lemons, Professor of Physic Emeritus, Bethel College, North Newton, Kansas

    "Harvey Leff has used his lifelong interest and expertise in thermodynamics and statistical mechanics to write a delightful monograph on the relation between energy and entropy. The author explains the relation with thoughtful explanations including detailed examples, many of which are glossed over in most thermodynamics texts. Although most of the text is intended to expand on traditional material, more advanced topics such as the Jarznski equality are also discussed. The text should be of particular interest to students who are puzzled by the many subtleties of thermodynamics and by instructors who wish to offer a deeper understanding of the subject."

    Harvey Goud, Clark University

    "In this volume Harvey Leff has made a unique contribution by illustrating many connections between entropy and energy in a wide range of contexts, both theoretical and practical. The book begins with what is essentially a review of the laws of thermodynamics, with energy featured in connection with the first law and entropy in connection with the second. Although Leff includes the historical underpinnings of thermodynamics going back to the 19th century, he also addresses more contemporary topics such as black hole entropy, Landauers principle, the entropy of information and computation, and recent efforts to find violations of the second law. The book contains numerous simple but effective illustrations and graphs. A pedagogical feature that many readers will find effective is the use of key points that give a brief synopsis of the preceding section of text. I found that the key points often provide a bridge from one section to the next. This book is highly recommended as a learning tool for professionals and graduate students who seek a more comprehensive and wide-ranging treatment of entropy in its many forms and applications."

    Andrew Rex, University of Puget Sound

    "Energy and Entropy: A Dynamic Duo offers many insights to many different audiences. But Leff rightly identifies "teachers of physics, chemistry, and engineering" first on his list of prospective readers. Perhaps no other group of scientists has a greater need for a conscience than those of us who teach thermodynamics Unlike many other books on the subject, Energy and Entropy does not give its reader the impression that thermodynamics is a fully resolved product of the 19th century. Leff demonstrates that significant discoveries have been made since the contributions of Boltzmann and Gibbs. He provides an accessible introduction to the Jarzynski equality. He also traces the many discoveries that were motivated by Maxwell's demon, illustrating how statistical mechanics led to later developments in information theory Leff is careful throughout his book to emphasize that energy and entropy are equal partners. He also refrains from treating these quantities as abstract concepts. The presentation rarely strays from a plausible experiment. Even the discussion of information theory is rooted in measurable physical quantities.

    My overall impression of this book can be characterized by the title of an article that Leff contributed to The Physics Teacher. The title of the article is Thermodynamics Is Easy-I've Learned It Many Times. When reading a good book on the subject, I agree. Thermodynamics can seem easy, particularly when the book is written by a scientist whose previous work has helped to clarify fundamental issues. But as I continue to grapple with the subject, I know that I will continue to find more subtle points in need of explanation. And when those future moments inevitably arrive, Energy and Entropy will be among the books to which I'll turn in order to find my conscience."

    Eric Johnson, Chair of the Department of Chemistry at Mount St. Joseph University, in American Journal of Physics Vol 89, No 7 (2021).

    Preface xv
    Acknowledgments xix
    Chapter 1 Energy is Universal
    1(34)
    1.1 Mysterious Invisible Energy
    1(5)
    1.1.1 Internal energy
    2(3)
    1.1.2 Brownian motion
    5(1)
    1.2 Caloric: A Seductive Idea
    6(4)
    1.3 Energy Transfers: Work, Heat, Mass
    10(7)
    1.4 Imagined Systems With E = Constant
    17(2)
    1.4.1 Rigid bodies
    17(1)
    1.4.2 Frictionless surfaces
    18(1)
    1.5 Dilute Gas Model: Ideal Gas
    19(2)
    1.6 Energy Definitions, Units
    21(4)
    1.7 Energy Transformation Examples
    25(10)
    Chapter 2 Energy is Not Enough
    35(28)
    2.1 The Work-Energy Theorem
    35(4)
    2.1.1 Conservation of energy
    35(1)
    2.1.2 Inadequacy of work-energy theorem
    36(3)
    2.2 Heat Defined In Terms Of Work
    39(1)
    2.3 Energy Is Not Sufficient
    40(1)
    2.4 Dissipation, Energy Spreading, Equity
    41(8)
    2.4.1 Energy exchanges & equity
    41(3)
    2.4.2 Carnot cycle & reversibility
    44(5)
    2.5 An Overview Of Temperature
    49(5)
    2.5.1 International temperature scale
    49(3)
    2.5.2 What is temperature?
    52(2)
    2.6 Connecting Energy K Entropy
    54(9)
    2.6.1 Clausius's main contributions
    54(2)
    2.6.2 Clausius entropy & entropy increase
    56(1)
    2.6.3 Systems not in equilibrium
    57(1)
    2.6.4 Disgregation
    58(1)
    2.6.5 Entropy as missing information
    59(2)
    2.6.6 Confusion about entropy
    61(2)
    Chapter 3 Entropy: Energy's Needed Partner
    63(32)
    3.1 Composite Systems
    63(3)
    3.2 Entropy & Probability
    66(5)
    3.2.1 Why probabilities?
    66(2)
    3.2.2 Boltzmann, probability & entropy
    68(3)
    3.3 Entropy Vs. Energy Graphs
    71(5)
    3.3.1 Concavity
    71(3)
    3.3.2 Reflections on the entropy vs. energy curve
    74(1)
    3.3.3 Equity revisited
    75(1)
    3.4 Boltzmann Reservoir & Probability
    76(4)
    3.4.1 Boltzmann reservoir
    76(1)
    3.4.2 Boltzmann factor
    77(2)
    3.4.3 Statistical mechanics
    79(1)
    3.5 Helmholtz Free Energy
    80(15)
    3.5.1 Understanding free energy
    80(3)
    3.5.2 Available energy and exergy
    83(4)
    3.5.3 Available energy with finite reservoirs
    87(2)
    3.5.4 Entropic force
    89(6)
    Chapter 4 Gases, Solids, Polymers
    95(58)
    4.1 Ideal Gas Sackur-Tetrode Entropy
    96(7)
    4.1.1 Quantum ideal gases
    98(5)
    4.2 Nonideal Gases & The Virial Expansion
    103(9)
    4.2.1 Liquid-vapour phase transition
    104(2)
    4.2.2 Clausius--Clapeyron equation
    106(1)
    4.2.3 Van der Waals gas
    107(4)
    4.2.4 Virial expansion
    111(1)
    4.3 Mixing Entropy Function
    112(8)
    4.3.1 Mixing or expansion?
    112(3)
    4.3.2 Mixing entropy function
    115(2)
    4.3.3 Gibbs paradox & information
    117(1)
    4.3.4 The role of information
    118(2)
    4.4 Models Of Solids
    120(6)
    4.4.1 Einstein model
    120(4)
    4.4.2 Debye solid
    124(2)
    4.5 Paramagnets & Ferromagnets
    126(12)
    4.5.1 Ideal paramagnet
    126(3)
    4.5.2 Negative temperature
    129(3)
    4.5.3 Ferromagnets
    132(6)
    4.6 Rubber Bands
    138(3)
    4.6.1 Rubber band experiment
    138(2)
    4.6.2 Model of a rubber band
    140(1)
    4.7 Nuclear Binding Energy, Fission, Fusion
    141(2)
    4.8 Jarzynski Free Energy Equality
    143(10)
    4.8.1 Examples of the Jarzynski equality
    149(4)
    Chapter 5 Radiation & Photons
    153(26)
    5.1 Em Radiation & Temperature
    153(2)
    5.2 Blackbody Radiation
    155(1)
    5.3 The Photon Gas
    156(7)
    5.3.1 What is a photon gas?
    156(3)
    5.3.2 Photon gas equations & graphs
    159(2)
    5.3.3 Photon gas processes
    161(2)
    5.4 Kirchhoff's & Planck's Laws
    163(16)
    5.4.1 Incandescent lamps
    167(4)
    5.4.2 Cosmic microwave background radiation
    171(1)
    5.4.3 Hawking radiation from black holes
    172(4)
    5.4.4 What you see is not always what you get
    176(3)
    Chapter 6 Numerical Entropy
    179(16)
    6.1 Numerical Entropy
    179(4)
    6.2 Entropy Of Elements & Compounds
    183(1)
    6.3 Third Law Of Thermodynamics
    184(5)
    6.3.1 Nuances of entropy
    184(1)
    6.3.2 Three statements of the third law
    185(2)
    6.3.3 Metastable states and residual entropy
    187(1)
    6.3.4 Comparison of the third and other laws of thermodynamics
    188(1)
    6.3.5 The third law and model systems
    189(1)
    6.4 Entropy Units, Dimensionless Entropy
    189(6)
    6.4.1 Entropy's weird dimensions
    190(1)
    6.4.2 Dimensionless entropy
    190(1)
    6.4.3 Numerics
    191(2)
    6.4.4 Physical interpretation of tempergy
    193(2)
    Chapter 7 Language & Philosophy of Thermodynamics
    195(18)
    7.1 The Language Of Work & Heat
    195(9)
    7.1.1 Thing vs. process
    195(2)
    7.1.2 Analogy: Bank transactions & W, Q, E
    197(1)
    7.1.3 More about defining heating energy
    198(2)
    7.1.4 Isothermal, reversible volume changes
    200(1)
    7.1.5 Work and heat for friction processes
    201(3)
    7.2 Links Between Thermodynamics Laws
    204(3)
    7.2.1 Thermal equilibrium & zeroth law
    204(1)
    7.2.2 Heating & direction of energy flow
    205(1)
    7.2.3 Linkage between first and second laws
    206(1)
    7.3 The Language Of Entropy
    207(6)
    7.3.1 More about metaphors
    207(6)
    Chapter 8 Working, Heating, Cooling
    213(38)
    8.1 The Value Of Cycles
    214(3)
    8.1.1 What is a cycle?
    214(1)
    8.1.2 How Clausius used cycles
    214(2)
    8.1.3 Implications of cycles for entropy
    216(1)
    8.1.4 PV & TS diagrams
    216(1)
    8.2 Examples Of Cycles
    217(12)
    8.2.1 Reversible Carnot cycles
    217(2)
    8.2.2 Efficiency measures
    219(2)
    8.2.3 Reversible & irreversible Otto cycles
    221(3)
    8.2.4 Reversible & irreversible Stirling cycles
    224(3)
    8.2.5 Irreversible Carnot engine
    227(2)
    8.3 Irreversibility & 2Nd Law Efficiency
    229(2)
    8.4 Combined-Cycle Heat Engines
    231(3)
    8.5 Lord Kelvin's Heat Pump
    234(3)
    8.6 Cooling & Cryogenics
    237(14)
    8.6.1 Cooling techniques
    237(2)
    8.6.2 Joule-Thomson process
    239(3)
    8.6.3 Liquid helium-4
    242(3)
    8.6.4 Helium-3
    245(3)
    8.6.5 Adiabatic demagnetisation
    248(3)
    Chapter 9 Sanctity of the 2nd Law of Thermodynamics
    251(42)
    9.1 Maxwell's Demon
    252(13)
    9.1.1 Statistical nature of the 2nd law
    252(2)
    9.1.2 The Szilard engine
    254(3)
    9.1.3 Measurement, memory, erasure
    257(7)
    9.1.4 Maxwell's demon, efficiency, power
    264(1)
    9.2 Thermodynamics & Computation
    265(1)
    9.3 More About Fluctuations
    266(5)
    9.3.1 Smoluchowski's trapdoor
    266(3)
    9.3.2 Feynman ratchet and pawl
    269(2)
    9.4 Brownian Ratchets
    271(7)
    9.4.1 Fluctuation phenomena
    271(2)
    9.4.2 Asymmetry & flashing Brownian ratchet
    273(4)
    9.4.3 Other Brownian ratchets
    277(1)
    9.4.4 Brownian ratchets & the 2nd law
    277(1)
    9.5 Attempts To Violate The 2Nd Law
    278(15)
    9.5.1 Perpetual motion machines
    278(3)
    9.5.2 Challenges to the 2nd law
    281(1)
    9.5.3 Thermal electrons in a magnetic field
    281(4)
    9.5.4 Thermal electrons in a capacitor
    285(1)
    9.5.5 Theory of air column in gravitational field
    286(3)
    9.5.6 Spontaneous pressure differences
    289(4)
    Chapter 10 Reflections & Extensions
    293(6)
    10.1 Reflections
    293(2)
    10.2 Extensions
    295(4)
    10.2.1 Lieb-Yngvason formulation of thermodynamics
    295(1)
    10.2.2 Quantum mechanics and the second law
    296(3)
    Chapter 11 Appendices: Mathematical Identities
    299(2)
    11.1 Derivatives & Gibbs-Duhem Equation
    299(2)
    Subject Index 301(6)
    Author Index 307
    Harvey S. Leff is Professor Emeritus of Physics at California State Polytechnic University in Pomona, California and Visiting Scholar at Reed College in Portland, Oregon. He has published widely in thermal physics, writing primarily for physics and chemistry teachers and students. With Andrew Rex, Leff co-edited Maxwell's Demon 2: Entropy, Classical and Quantum Information, Computing. He served as President of the American Association of Physics Teachers, and is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and the American Association of Physics Teachers, and a Consulting Editor for the American Journal of Physics. When not doing physics, Leff plays drums in two bands, The Leff Trio and Jazz Up, and he is the former drummer in The Out-Laws of Physics.