| Preface |
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xv | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
| Author |
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xix | |
| Chapter 1 Introduction |
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1 | (10) |
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1 | (4) |
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5 | (2) |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
| Chapter 2 Energy, Work, and Power |
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11 | (10) |
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Work, Energy, and Power in the Scientific Context |
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12 | (5) |
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17 | (1) |
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Brief History of the Human Use of Energy |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
| Chapter 3 Human Energy |
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21 | (16) |
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Energy in Foods and Energy in Fuels |
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26 | (2) |
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Why Can't We Eat Coal and Drink Oil? |
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28 | (2) |
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Why Don't We Catch on Fire When We Eat? |
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30 | (4) |
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Where Does the Energy in Food Come From? |
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34 | (2) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
| Chapter 4 The Energy Balance |
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37 | (8) |
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44 | (1) |
| Chapter 5 Fire |
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45 | (12) |
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46 | (3) |
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49 | (6) |
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55 | (2) |
| Chapter 6 Firewood |
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57 | (18) |
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57 | (2) |
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Where Does the Energy in Wood Come From? |
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59 | (2) |
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Problems Associated with Wood Combustion |
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61 | (1) |
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Energy Crises Made of Wood |
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62 | (4) |
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Wood in the Industrialized World Today |
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66 | (3) |
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Wood in the Developing World |
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69 | (4) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (1) |
| Chapter 7 Combustion for Home Comfort |
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75 | (16) |
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Central Heating in History |
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75 | (2) |
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77 | (1) |
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Combustion: The Story So Far |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (5) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (3) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (3) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (1) |
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89 | (2) |
| Chapter 8 Waterwheels |
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91 | (20) |
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91 | (1) |
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92 | (2) |
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Spontaneous Change and the Energy Diagram |
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94 | (2) |
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Waterwheels in the Ancient World |
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96 | (5) |
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Waterwheels in the Medieval World |
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101 | (3) |
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Waterwheels in the Early Modern World |
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104 | (3) |
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Water "Power" as a Form of Solar Energy |
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107 | (1) |
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Water "Power" and the Environment |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (2) |
| Chapter 9 Wind Energy |
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111 | (14) |
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Where Does Wind Come From? |
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111 | (1) |
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Windmills in the Islamic World |
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112 | (2) |
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114 | (3) |
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117 | (3) |
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Wind Energy in the Early Modern Age |
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120 | (3) |
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123 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
| Chapter 10 Steam Engine |
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125 | (22) |
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125 | (1) |
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Otto von Guericke and the Force of the Atmosphere |
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126 | (2) |
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128 | (7) |
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James Watt and the Steam Engine |
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135 | (6) |
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Richard Trevithick: Steam on Wheels |
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141 | (3) |
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Steam: Energy for the Industrial Revolution |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
| Chapter 11 Heat and Thermal Efficiency |
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147 | (26) |
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147 | (1) |
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Temperature and Thermal Potential Energy |
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148 | (3) |
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Gas Laws and the Quest for Absolute Zero |
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151 | (3) |
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154 | (7) |
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Equivalence of Heat and Work |
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161 | (8) |
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Heat and How It Is Transferred |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (2) |
| Chapter 12 Introduction to Electricity |
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173 | (18) |
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"Prehistory" of Electricity |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (6) |
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Electric Fluid and Its Potential |
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179 | (1) |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (6) |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (2) |
| Chapter 13 How Electricity Is Generated |
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191 | (14) |
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191 | (1) |
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Alessandro Volta and the Early "Battery" |
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192 | (3) |
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195 | (2) |
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197 | (2) |
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Michael Faraday and the Invention of the Generator |
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199 | (4) |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
| Chapter 14 Impacts of Electricity on Society |
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205 | (18) |
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Breaking the Geographic Barrier |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (2) |
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And Then There Was Edison |
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209 | (4) |
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213 | (5) |
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218 | (3) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
| Chapter 15 Electricity from Falling Water |
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223 | (22) |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (6) |
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229 | (6) |
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235 | (7) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (2) |
| Chapter 16 Electricity from Steam |
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245 | (28) |
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Reciprocating Steam Engines in Electricity Generation |
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245 | (1) |
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Early History of the Steam Turbine |
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246 | (1) |
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247 | (2) |
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Digression: Steam-Turbine Applications in Ship Propulsion |
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249 | (1) |
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Robert Boyle and the Behavior of Gases |
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250 | (5) |
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255 | (2) |
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The Turbine/Generator Set |
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257 | (1) |
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How to Get Up a Head of Steam |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (3) |
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The Coal-Fired Electric Generating Plant |
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264 | (6) |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
| Chapter 17 Energy for Transportation |
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273 | (26) |
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273 | (3) |
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Sailing Ships: Moving with the Wind |
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276 | (1) |
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277 | (7) |
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277 | (2) |
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279 | (3) |
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282 | (2) |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (3) |
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289 | (3) |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (2) |
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Energy Demands of Transportation |
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295 | (2) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
| Chapter 18 Petroleum and Its Products |
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299 | (16) |
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Fossil Fuels and the Global Carbon Cycle |
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299 | (2) |
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301 | (2) |
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303 | (3) |
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Petroleum and Its Age-Depth Classification |
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306 | (7) |
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Products from Petroleum: Introduction to Refining |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
| Chapter 19 Gasoline |
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315 | (14) |
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Otto-Cycle Engines and Their Performance |
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315 | (3) |
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318 | (1) |
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Producing Gasoline in the Refinery |
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319 | (8) |
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Straight-Run Gasoline from Distillation |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (2) |
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323 | (1) |
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324 | (2) |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (2) |
| Chapter 20 Impact of the Automobile |
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329 | (18) |
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329 | (3) |
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How Railroads Put People in Cars |
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332 | (2) |
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American Dominance in Automobile Manufacturing |
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334 | (3) |
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Effects of Growing Automobile Use |
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337 | (7) |
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Cars and Industrial Growth |
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337 | (1) |
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337 | (3) |
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340 | (1) |
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Transforming the Social Scene |
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341 | (3) |
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344 | (1) |
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345 | (2) |
| Chapter 21 Jet Engines and Jet Fuel |
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347 | (16) |
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Kerosene as a Refinery Product |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (11) |
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The Early History of the Jet Engine |
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348 | (5) |
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353 | (2) |
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Fan Jet or Turbofan Engines |
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355 | (2) |
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Turboprop and Turboshaft Engines |
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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Electricity from Jet Engines |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (2) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
| Chapter 22 Diesel Engines and Diesel Fuel |
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363 | (16) |
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363 | (2) |
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The Diesel Engine and How It Works |
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365 | (5) |
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365 | (1) |
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How the Diesel Engine Functions |
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365 | (5) |
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Commercial Applications of the Diesel Engine |
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370 | (5) |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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374 | (1) |
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Did He Jump or Was He Pushed? |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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377 | (2) |
| Chapter 23 Atomic Energy |
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379 | (28) |
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379 | (3) |
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Henri Becquerel's Experiment |
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382 | (5) |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (2) |
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Radioactivity Is a Nuclear Process |
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390 | (1) |
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390 | (4) |
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Transmutation of Elements |
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394 | (4) |
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The Discovery of Nuclear Fission |
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398 | (6) |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
| Chapter 24 Nuclear Power Plants |
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407 | (18) |
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Components of a Nuclear Reactor |
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407 | (5) |
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Processes in the Reactor's Core |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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First Applications of Nuclear Fission |
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414 | (1) |
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The Boiling Water Reactor |
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415 | (1) |
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Pressurized Water Reactor |
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416 | (2) |
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418 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (1) |
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Radiation from Nuclear Plants |
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420 | (1) |
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420 | (3) |
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423 | (2) |
| Chapter 25 The Nuclear Controversy |
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425 | (34) |
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Health Effects of Radiation |
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426 | (8) |
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430 | (2) |
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432 | (1) |
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Is There a Threshold Radiation Exposure? |
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433 | (1) |
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434 | (12) |
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435 | (2) |
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437 | (2) |
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439 | (6) |
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445 | (1) |
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446 | (5) |
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Nuclear Weapons Proliferation |
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451 | (1) |
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Is There a Future for Nuclear Energy? |
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452 | (4) |
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Westinghouse AP1000 Reactor |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (2) |
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455 | (1) |
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456 | (1) |
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456 | (3) |
| Chapter 26 Energy and the Environment |
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459 | (18) |
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Extraction of Fuels: Mines and Wells |
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459 | (7) |
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Refining and Beneficiation |
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466 | (2) |
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468 | (2) |
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Addressing the Environmental Challenge |
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470 | (4) |
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474 | (1) |
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474 | (3) |
| Chapter 27 Acid Rain |
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477 | (22) |
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477 | (1) |
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478 | (1) |
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SOx and NOx as Causes of Acid Rain |
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479 | (3) |
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Environmental Consequences of Acid Rain |
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482 | (10) |
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Effects on Buildings and Statues |
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483 | (1) |
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Acidification of Natural Waters |
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483 | (1) |
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Effects on Aquatic Ecosystems |
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484 | (4) |
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Remediation of Aquatic Systems |
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488 | (1) |
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Destruction of Terrestrial Plants |
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488 | (2) |
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490 | (2) |
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492 | (1) |
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Dealing with SOx and NOx Emissions |
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493 | (4) |
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493 | (2) |
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495 | (2) |
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497 | (1) |
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497 | (2) |
| Chapter 28 Vehicle Emissions and Emissionless Vehicles |
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499 | (16) |
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499 | (3) |
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502 | (1) |
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503 | (2) |
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505 | (1) |
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LEVs, Hybrids, and Electric Cars |
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506 | (6) |
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512 | (3) |
| Chapter 29 Global Climate Change |
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515 | (36) |
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Our Planet Is a Greenhouse |
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515 | (8) |
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An Enhanced Greenhouse Effect: Evidence for Global Change |
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523 | (6) |
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Roles for Other Greenhouse Gases |
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527 | (2) |
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529 | (4) |
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Potential Consequences of an Enhanced Greenhouse Effect |
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533 | (8) |
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Increasing Average Global Temperatures |
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533 | (2) |
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535 | (2) |
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Shift of Prime Agricultural Regions |
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537 | (1) |
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538 | (1) |
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539 | (1) |
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The Possible Release of More Greenhouse Gases on a Warmer Earth |
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540 | (1) |
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Increased Plant Growth as a Benefit |
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540 | (1) |
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The Role of the Global Carbon Cycle |
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541 | (2) |
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Possible Policy Options for Dealing with Global Warming |
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543 | (5) |
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548 | (1) |
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548 | (3) |
| Chapter 30 Fossil Energy: Reserves, Resources, and Geopolitics |
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551 | (28) |
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Energy Reserves and Resources |
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551 | (3) |
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554 | (1) |
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555 | (3) |
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558 | (2) |
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Increasing the Petroleum Reserve |
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560 | (2) |
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Lessening Dependence on Petroleum |
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562 | (1) |
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563 | (3) |
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The Race between Discovery and Production |
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566 | (1) |
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What Does "Running Out" Really Mean? |
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567 | (2) |
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569 | (3) |
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572 | (2) |
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574 | (2) |
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576 | (1) |
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576 | (3) |
| Chapter 31 Renewable Energy from Biomass |
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579 | (36) |
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580 | (3) |
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583 | (1) |
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584 | (3) |
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Possible Disadvantages of Biomass |
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587 | (2) |
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589 | (6) |
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Uses of Wood as an Energy Source |
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590 | (2) |
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Problems with the Use of Wood |
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592 | (1) |
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593 | (2) |
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595 | (4) |
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Alcohols as Liquid Fuels for Vehicles |
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595 | (1) |
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596 | (1) |
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597 | (1) |
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Disadvantages of Methanol |
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598 | (1) |
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599 | (5) |
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600 | (1) |
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601 | (1) |
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601 | (2) |
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Ethanol in the United States and Brazil |
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603 | (1) |
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604 | (4) |
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608 | (1) |
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Methane from Biological Sources |
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609 | (2) |
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611 | (2) |
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613 | (1) |
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613 | (2) |
| Chapter 32 Electricity from Wind |
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615 | (20) |
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615 | (1) |
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Wind Energy in the Recent Past |
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616 | (3) |
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619 | (5) |
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Wind as a Modern Energy Source |
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624 | (1) |
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Prime Locations for Wind Energy Development |
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624 | (2) |
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Electricity from Wind: The Current Scene |
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626 | (1) |
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Advantages of Wind for Electricity Generation |
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627 | (1) |
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Potential Disadvantages of Wind as an Energy Source |
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628 | (3) |
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Comparison of Wind Energy with Other Sources of Electricity |
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631 | (1) |
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632 | (1) |
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633 | (2) |
| Chapter 33 Energy from the Sun |
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635 | (26) |
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Energy from the Sun to Earth |
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636 | (2) |
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Passive Solar Heating of Buildings |
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638 | (3) |
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Active Collection of Solar Energy for Heat and Hot Water |
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641 | (5) |
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Indirect Conversion of Solar Energy to Electricity |
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646 | (4) |
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Photovoltaics: Direct Conversion of Solar Energy to Electricity |
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650 | (8) |
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Advantages and Disadvantages of Solar as an Energy Source |
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658 | (1) |
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659 | (2) |
| Chapter 34 Nuclear Fusion: Bringing the Sun to Earth |
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661 | (18) |
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Where the Sun Gets Its Energy |
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661 | (5) |
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Harnessing the Energy of Nuclear Fusion |
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666 | (8) |
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666 | (1) |
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667 | (2) |
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669 | (3) |
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672 | (2) |
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Comparing Fusion and Fission as Sources of Nuclear Energy |
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674 | (1) |
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Promise and the Frustration of Fusion Energy |
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675 | (2) |
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677 | (1) |
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677 | (2) |
| Glossary of Symbols, Abbreviations, and Acronyms |
|
679 | (6) |
| Index |
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685 | |
