Preface |
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xi | |
Acknowledgements |
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xv | |
Abbreviation List |
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xvii | |
1 Introduction |
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1 | (34) |
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1.1 Evolution of Power System and Demand of Energy Storage |
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1 | (5) |
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1.2 Energy Storage Technologies and Their Applications in Power Systems |
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6 | (17) |
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1.2.1 Energy Storage Technologies |
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6 | (8) |
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1.2.2 Technical and Economic Analyses of Different Energy Storage Technologies |
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14 | (2) |
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1.2.3 Applications of Energy Storage in Power Systems |
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16 | (7) |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (2) |
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1.4.1 Topics Not Included in This Book |
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24 | (2) |
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1.4.2 Required Basic Knowledge |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (9) |
2 Modeling of Energy Storage Systems for Power System Operation and Planning |
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35 | (22) |
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35 | (1) |
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2.2 Pumped Hydroelectric Storage System |
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36 | (3) |
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2.2.1 Operation of a Pumped Hydroelectric Storage System |
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36 | (1) |
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2.2.2 Steady-State Model of a Pumped Hydroelectric Storage System |
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37 | (2) |
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2.3 Battery Energy Storage System |
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39 | (4) |
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2.3.1 Operation of a Battery Energy Storage System |
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39 | (2) |
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2.3.2 Steady-State Model of a Battery Energy Storage System |
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41 | (2) |
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2.4 Compressed Air Energy Storage System |
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43 | (5) |
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2.4.1 Operation of a Compressed Air Energy Storage System |
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43 | (3) |
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2.4.2 Steady-State Model of a Compressed Air Energy Storage System |
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46 | (2) |
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2.5 Simplified Steady-State Model of a Generic Energy Storage System |
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48 | (5) |
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2.5.1 Transformation of a Pumped Hydroelectric Storage System Model |
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50 | (1) |
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2.5.2 Transformation of a Compressed Air Energy Storage System Model |
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50 | (1) |
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2.5.3 Steady-State Model of a Generic Energy Storage System |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (1) |
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54 | (3) |
3 Day-Ahead Schedule and Bid for a Renewable Energy Generation and Energy Storage System Union |
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57 | (24) |
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57 | (1) |
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3.2 Basic Model for Day-Ahead Schedule of a REG-ESS Union |
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58 | (1) |
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3.3 Stochastic Optimization for Day-Ahead Coordination |
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59 | (9) |
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3.3.1 Scenario-Based Optimization Model |
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59 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Chance-Constrained Optimization Model |
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60 | (3) |
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3.3.3 Case Studies on a Union of Wind Farm and Pumped Hydroelectric Storage Plant |
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63 | (5) |
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3.4 Integrated Bidding Strategies for a REG-ESS Union |
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68 | (9) |
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3.4.1 Day-Ahead Bidding Strategy |
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68 | (4) |
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72 | (3) |
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3.4.3 Illustrative Example |
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75 | (2) |
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3.5 Conclusion and Discussion |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (3) |
4 Refined Bidding and Operating Strategy for a Renewable Energy Generation and Energy Storage System Union |
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81 | (36) |
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81 | (1) |
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4.2 Real-Time Operation with Linear Decision Rules |
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82 | (4) |
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4.3 Optimal Offering Strategy with Linear Decision Rules |
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86 | (7) |
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87 | (2) |
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89 | (2) |
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4.3.3 Complete Optimization Formulation |
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91 | (1) |
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91 | (2) |
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4.4 Electricity Market Time Frame and Rules with Intraday Market |
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93 | (3) |
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4.4.1 Day-Ahead Bidding Rules |
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94 | (1) |
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4.4.2 Intraday Bidding Rules |
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95 | (1) |
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4.4.3 Real-Time Operation |
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95 | (1) |
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4.5 Rolling Optimization Framework and Mathematical Formulations Considering Intraday Markets |
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96 | (16) |
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4.5.1 Data Flow among Different Sections |
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96 | (2) |
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4.5.2 Initial Residue Energy of Different Optimizations |
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98 | (1) |
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4.5.3 Optimization Model for Each Market |
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98 | (6) |
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4.5.4 Handling Wind Power Forecast Error |
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104 | (2) |
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106 | (6) |
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4.6 Conclusion and Discussion |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (4) |
5 Unit Commitment with Energy Storage System |
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117 | (20) |
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117 | (1) |
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5.2 Energy Storage System Model for SCUC |
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118 | (2) |
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5.3 Deterministic SCUC with Energy Storage System |
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120 | (10) |
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120 | (1) |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (8) |
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5.4 Stochastic and Robust SCUC with Energy Storage System and Wind Power |
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130 | (4) |
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5.4.1 Scenario-Based Stochastic SCUC |
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130 | (2) |
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132 | (2) |
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5.5 Conclusion and Discussion |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (3) |
6 Optimal Power Row with Energy Storage System |
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137 | (20) |
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137 | (1) |
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6.2 Optimal Power Flow Formulation with Energy Storage System |
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138 | (3) |
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6.2.1 Multi-Period OPF and Rolling Optimization |
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138 | (1) |
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6.2.2 Energy Storage Model for the OPF Problem |
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138 | (2) |
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140 | (1) |
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6.3 Interior Point Method to Solve the Multi-Period OPF Problem |
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141 | (3) |
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6.3.1 Optimal Condition for the Interior Point Method |
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141 | (2) |
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6.3.2 Procedure of the Primal-Dual IPM to Solve the OPF Problem |
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143 | (1) |
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6.3.3 Discussion on Singularities Caused by Constraints of Energy Storage System |
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144 | (1) |
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6.4 Semidefinite Programming for the OPF Problem |
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144 | (4) |
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6.4.1 Convex Relaxation of the OPF Problem |
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145 | (1) |
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6.4.2 Lagrange Relaxation and Dual Problem |
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146 | (2) |
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6.4.3 Optimal Solution of the OPF Problem |
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148 | (1) |
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6.5 Simulation and Comparison |
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148 | (5) |
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6.5.1 With a Single Energy Storage System |
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148 | (4) |
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6.5.2 With Multiple Energy Storage Systems |
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152 | (1) |
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6.6 Conclusion and Discussion |
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153 | (1) |
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154 | (3) |
7 Power System Secondary Frequency Control with Fast Response Energy Storage System |
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157 | (28) |
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157 | (1) |
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7.2 Simulation of SFC with the Participation of Energy Storage System |
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158 | (5) |
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7.2.1 Overview of SFC for a Single-Area System |
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158 | (2) |
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7.2.2 Modeling of CG and ESS as Regulation Resources |
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160 | (1) |
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7.2.3 Calculation of System Frequency Deviation |
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160 | (2) |
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7.2.4 Estimation and Allocation of Regulation Power |
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162 | (1) |
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7.3 Capacity Requirement for Secondary Frequency Control with Energy Storage System |
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163 | (8) |
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7.3.1 Procedure to Quantify Regulation Capacity Requirements |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (7) |
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7.4 Control Strategies of Secondary Frequency Control with Energy Storage System |
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171 | (7) |
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7.4.1 CG First Power Allocation Strategy |
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171 | (2) |
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7.4.2 Two Other Strategies |
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173 | (1) |
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7.4.3 Frequency Control Performance and Cost Comparisons |
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174 | (4) |
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7.5 Extending to Multi-area Power System |
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178 | (2) |
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7.6 Conclusion and Discussion |
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180 | (2) |
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182 | (3) |
8 Integration of Large-Scale Energy Storage System into the Transmission Network |
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185 | (18) |
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185 | (1) |
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8.2 Costs and Benefits of Investing ESS in a Transmission Network |
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186 | (2) |
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8.3 Transmission Expansion Planning Considering Energy Storage System and Active Power Loss |
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188 | (7) |
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8.3.1 Objective Function and Constraints |
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188 | (2) |
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8.3.2 Linearization of Line Losses |
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190 | (1) |
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8.3.3 Sizing of Energy Storage Systems |
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191 | (1) |
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8.3.4 Complete Mathematical Formulation |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (1) |
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8.4 Transmission Expansion Planning Considering Daily Operation of ESS |
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195 | (6) |
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8.4.1 Different Approaches to Consider Optimal Daily Operation |
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196 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Formulation of Scenario-Based Optimization |
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197 | (4) |
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8.5 Conclusion and Discussion |
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201 | (1) |
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201 | (2) |
9 Optimal Planning of the Distributed Energy Storage System |
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203 | (18) |
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203 | (1) |
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9.2 Benefits from Investing in DESS |
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204 | (1) |
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9.3 Mathematical Model for Planning Distributed Energy Storage Systems |
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204 | (5) |
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9.3.1 Planning Objectives |
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204 | (1) |
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9.3.2 Dealing with Load Variations and Uncertain DG Outputs |
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205 | (1) |
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9.3.3 Complete Mathematical Model with Operational and Security Constraints |
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205 | (4) |
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9.4 Solution Methods for the Optimal Distributed Energy Storage System Planning Problem |
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209 | (6) |
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9.4.1 Second-Order Cone Programming Method |
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209 | (1) |
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9.4.2 Two-Stage Optimization Method |
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210 | (1) |
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9.4.3 Solution Algorithm Based on Generalized Benders Decomposition |
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211 | (4) |
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9.5 Distribution Network Expansion Planning with Distributed Energy Storage System |
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215 | (2) |
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9.6 Conclusion and Discussion |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (3) |
Index |
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221 | |