| Preface |
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xvii | |
| Acknowledgements |
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xx | |
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Fundamentals and basic terminology |
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1 | (53) |
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1 | (2) |
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3 | (9) |
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Sound Source Modification |
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5 | (3) |
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Control of the Transmission Path |
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8 | (1) |
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Modification of the Receiver |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (2) |
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Facilities in the Design Stage |
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10 | (1) |
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Airborne Versus Structure-borne Noise |
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11 | (1) |
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Acoustic Field Variables and the Wave Equation |
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12 | (8) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (3) |
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18 | (1) |
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Acoustic Potential Function and the Wave Equation |
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19 | (1) |
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Plane and Spherical Waves |
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20 | (9) |
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20 | (4) |
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Spherical Wave Propagation |
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24 | (3) |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (5) |
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32 | (2) |
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Plane Wave and Far Field Intensity |
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34 | (1) |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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36 | (3) |
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39 | (5) |
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41 | (3) |
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Combining Sound Pressures |
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44 | (7) |
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Coherent and Incoherent Sounds |
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44 | (1) |
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Addition of Coherent Sound Pressures |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (2) |
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Addition of Incoherent Sounds (Logarithmic Addition) |
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47 | (2) |
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Subtraction of Sound Pressure Levels |
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49 | (1) |
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Combining Level Reductions |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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Specific Acoustic Impedance, Z |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (2) |
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54 | (38) |
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Brief Description of the Ear |
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54 | (10) |
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54 | (1) |
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55 | (1) |
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56 | (3) |
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Cochlear Duct or Partition |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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61 | (1) |
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Linear Array of Uncoupled Oscillators |
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62 | (2) |
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Mechanical Properties of the Central Partition |
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64 | (13) |
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Basilar Membrane Travelling Wave |
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64 | (4) |
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Energy Transport and Group Speed |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (1) |
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70 | (4) |
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74 | (1) |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (1) |
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Noise Induced Hearing Loss |
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77 | (1) |
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Subjective Response to Sound Pressure Level |
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78 | (14) |
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79 | (3) |
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82 | (1) |
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Comparative Loudness and the Phon |
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83 | (3) |
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Relative Loudness and the Sone |
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86 | (3) |
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89 | (3) |
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Instrumentation for noise measurement and analysis |
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92 | (31) |
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92 | (8) |
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93 | (2) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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Field Effects and Calibration |
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97 | (3) |
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100 | (2) |
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102 | (2) |
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Grades of Sound Level Meter |
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104 | (1) |
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Sound Level Meter Calibration |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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Noise Measurements Using Sound Level Meters |
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105 | (2) |
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105 | (1) |
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Sound Level Meter Amplifier Mishandling |
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105 | (1) |
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Microphone and Sound Level Meter Response Characteristics |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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Reflections From Nearby Surfaces |
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107 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (2) |
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110 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (2) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (7) |
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Sound Intensity by the p--u Method |
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115 | (1) |
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Sound Intensity by the p--p Method |
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116 | (3) |
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Frequency Decomposition of the Intensity |
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119 | (1) |
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Direct Frequency Decomposition |
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119 | (1) |
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Indirect Frequency Decomposition |
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119 | (2) |
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121 | (2) |
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123 | (51) |
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123 | (5) |
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124 | (1) |
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A-weighted Equivalent Continuous Noise Level, LAeq |
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124 | (1) |
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A-weighted Sound Exposure |
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124 | (1) |
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A-weighted Sound Exposure Level, LAE or SEL |
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125 | (1) |
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Day--Night Average Sound Level, Ldn or DNL |
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126 | (1) |
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Community Noise Equivalent Level, Lden or CNEL |
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126 | (1) |
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Effective Perceived Noise Level, LPNE |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (1) |
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128 | (3) |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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131 | (13) |
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Requirements for Speech Recognition |
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132 | (1) |
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Quantifying Hearing Damage Risk |
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132 | (2) |
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International Standards Organization Formulation |
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134 | (3) |
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137 | (1) |
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Bies and Hansen Formulation |
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137 | (1) |
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Dresden Group Formulation |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (2) |
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Some Alternative Interpretations |
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141 | (3) |
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Hearing Damage Risk Criteria |
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144 | (4) |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (2) |
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Implementing A Hearing Conservation Program |
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148 | (2) |
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Speech Interference Criteria |
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150 | (2) |
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Broadband Background Noise |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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Psychological Effects of Noise |
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152 | (1) |
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Noise as a Cause of Stress |
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152 | (1) |
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Effect on Behaviour and Work Efficiency |
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152 | (1) |
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Ambient Noise Level Specification |
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152 | (13) |
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154 | (1) |
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154 | (2) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (2) |
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159 | (2) |
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161 | (2) |
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Comparison of Noise Weighting Curves with dB(A) Specifications |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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Environmental Noise Level Criteria |
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165 | (4) |
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166 | (2) |
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168 | (1) |
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Environmental Noise Surveys |
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169 | (5) |
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171 | (1) |
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Duration of the Measurement Survey |
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171 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (2) |
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Sound sources and outdoor sound propagation |
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174 | (71) |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (3) |
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175 | (3) |
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Fluid Mechanical Monopole Source |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (7) |
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Pulsating Doublet (Far-field Approximation) |
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179 | (3) |
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182 | (2) |
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Fluid Mechanical Dipole Source |
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184 | (1) |
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Quadrupole Source (Far-Field Approximation) |
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185 | (3) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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Fluid Mechanical Quadrupole Source |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (4) |
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188 | (3) |
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191 | (1) |
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Piston in an Infinite Baffle |
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192 | (8) |
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192 | (3) |
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195 | (2) |
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Radiation Load of the Near Field |
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197 | (3) |
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Incoherent Plane Radiator |
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200 | (4) |
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200 | (4) |
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Several Walls of a Building or Enclosure |
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204 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (3) |
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Simple Source Near a Reflecting Surface |
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205 | (1) |
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Observer Near a Reflecting Surface |
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206 | (1) |
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Observer and Source Both Close to a Reflecting Surface |
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207 | (1) |
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Reflection and Transmission at a Plane / Two Media Interface |
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208 | (9) |
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208 | (1) |
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Plane Wave Reflection and Transmission |
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209 | (4) |
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Spherical Wave Reflection at a Plane Interface |
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213 | (3) |
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216 | (1) |
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Sound Propagation Outdoors, General Concepts |
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217 | (28) |
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217 | (1) |
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Limits to Accuracy of Prediction |
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218 | (1) |
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Outdoor Sound Propagation Prediction Schemes |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Excess Attenuation Factor |
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221 | (4) |
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225 | (1) |
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Shielding by Barriers, Houses and Process Equipment/Industrial Buildings |
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225 | (2) |
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Attenuation Due to Forests and Dense Foliage |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Simple Method (Hard or Soft Ground) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (2) |
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Detailed, Accurate and Complex Method |
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232 | (1) |
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Image Inversion and Increased Attenuation at Large Distance |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (3) |
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Attenuation in the Shadow Zone (Negative Sonic Gradient) |
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237 | (1) |
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Excess Attenuation Calculated According to Tonin (1985) |
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238 | (1) |
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Excess Attenuation Calculated According to CONCAWE |
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239 | (5) |
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Excess Attenuation Calculated According to ISO 9613-2 (1996) |
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244 | (1) |
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Combined Excess Attenuation Model |
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244 | (1) |
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Sound power, its use and measurement |
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245 | (28) |
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245 | (1) |
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246 | (2) |
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Relation Between Sound Power and Sound Pressure |
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248 | (1) |
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Radiation Field of a Sound Source |
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249 | (3) |
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Free-field Simulation in an Anechoic Room |
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250 | (2) |
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Sound Field Produced in an Enclosure |
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252 | (1) |
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Determination of Sound Power Using Intensity Measurements |
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252 | (1) |
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Determination of Sound Power Using Conventional Pressure Measurements |
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253 | (16) |
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Measurement in Free or Semi-free Field |
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254 | (4) |
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Measurement in a Diffuse Field |
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258 | (2) |
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260 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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Semi-reverberant Field Measurements by Method One |
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261 | (2) |
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Semi-reverberant Field Measurements by Method Two |
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263 | (1) |
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Semi-reverberant Field Measurements by Method Three |
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263 | (2) |
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265 | (4) |
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Determination of Sound Power Using Surface Vibration Measurements |
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269 | (2) |
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Some Uses of Sound Power Information |
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271 | (2) |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (62) |
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273 | (3) |
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Wall-Interior Modal Coupling |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (5) |
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Bound Between Low-Frequency and High-Frequency Behaviour |
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281 | (3) |
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282 | (1) |
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Modal Damping and Bandwidth |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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High Frequencies, Statistical Analysis |
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284 | (5) |
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Effective Intensity in a Diffuse Field |
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285 | (2) |
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Energy Absorption at Boundaries |
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287 | (1) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (8) |
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290 | (1) |
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291 | (3) |
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294 | (2) |
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296 | (1) |
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Measurement of the Room Constant |
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297 | (2) |
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Reference Sound Source Method |
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297 | (1) |
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Reverberation Time Method |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (7) |
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Measurement of Absorption Coefficients |
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299 | (4) |
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Noise Reduction Index (NRI) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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Porous Liners with Perforated Panel Facings |
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304 | (1) |
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Sound Absorption Coefficients of Materials in Combination |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (4) |
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306 | (2) |
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308 | (2) |
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310 | (17) |
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Flat Room with Specularly Reflecting Floor and Ceiling |
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312 | (2) |
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Flat Room with Diffusely Reflecting Floor and Ceiling |
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314 | (6) |
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Flat Room with Specularly and Diffusely Reflecting Boundaries |
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320 | (2) |
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Long Room with Specularly Reflecting Walls |
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322 | (2) |
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Long Room with Circular Cross-section and Diffusely Reflecting Wall |
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324 | (2) |
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Long Room with Rectangular Cross-Section |
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326 | (1) |
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Applications of Sound Absorption |
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327 | (1) |
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Relative Importance of the Reverberant Field |
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327 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (7) |
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328 | (2) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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Interaural Cross Correlation Coefficient, IACC |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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Total Sound Level or Loudness, G |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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333 | (1) |
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Estimation of Parameters for Occupied Concert Halls |
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333 | (1) |
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Optimum Volumes for Auditoria |
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334 | (1) |
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Partitions, enclosures and barriers |
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335 | (71) |
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335 | (71) |
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Sound Transmission Through Partitions |
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336 | (1) |
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336 | (5) |
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341 | (4) |
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345 | (2) |
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Panel Transmission Loss (or Sound Reduction Index) |
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347 | (9) |
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356 | (1) |
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Double Wall Transmission Loss |
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356 | (8) |
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364 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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Triple Wall Sound Transmission Loss |
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365 | (1) |
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Common Building Materials |
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366 | (1) |
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366 | (1) |
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Composite Transmission Loss |
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366 | (9) |
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375 | (1) |
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375 | (1) |
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375 | (3) |
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378 | (3) |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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Enclosure Vibration Isolation |
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384 | (1) |
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384 | (2) |
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386 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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387 | (1) |
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Diffraction at the Edge of a Thin Sheet |
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388 | (3) |
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391 | (3) |
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394 | (4) |
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398 | (1) |
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Effects of Wind and Temperature Gradients on Barrier Attenuation |
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398 | (2) |
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ISO 9613-2 Approach to Barrier Insertion Loss Calculations |
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400 | (2) |
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402 | (1) |
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403 | (1) |
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403 | (1) |
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Impermeable Jacket and Porous Blanket Lagging |
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404 | (2) |
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406 | (67) |
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406 | (1) |
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406 | (1) |
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Diffusers as Muffling Devices |
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407 | (1) |
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Classification of Muffling Devices |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (2) |
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411 | (9) |
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Impedance of an Orifice or a Short Narrow Duct |
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411 | (3) |
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414 | (3) |
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417 | (2) |
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419 | (1) |
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420 | (24) |
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Acoustical Analogs of Kirchhoff's Laws |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (4) |
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425 | (2) |
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427 | (4) |
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431 | (2) |
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433 | (5) |
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Pressure Drop Calculations for Reactive Muffling Devices |
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438 | (4) |
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442 | (2) |
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444 | (18) |
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Locally Reacting and Bulk Reacting Liners |
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445 | (1) |
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446 | (2) |
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448 | (7) |
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455 | (1) |
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Higher Order Mode Propagation |
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456 | (4) |
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Cross-sectional Discontinuities |
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460 | (2) |
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Pressure Drop Calculations for Dissipative Mufflers |
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462 | (1) |
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462 | (1) |
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463 | (1) |
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Effect of Duct End Reflections |
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463 | (1) |
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463 | (3) |
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Break-out Sound Transmission |
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463 | (3) |
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Break-in Sound Transmission |
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466 | (1) |
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466 | (2) |
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468 | (1) |
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Directivity of Exhaust Ducts |
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469 | (4) |
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473 | (37) |
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473 | (2) |
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475 | (15) |
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Single-degree-of-freedom Systems |
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476 | (6) |
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482 | (2) |
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Two-stage Vibration Isolation |
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484 | (2) |
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Practical Isolator Considerations |
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|
486 | (2) |
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Lack of Stiffness of Equipment Mounted on Isolators |
|
|
488 | (1) |
|
Lack of Stiffness of Foundations |
|
|
488 | (2) |
|
Superimposed Loads on Isolators |
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
|
490 | (4) |
|
|
|
490 | (1) |
|
|
|
491 | (2) |
|
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
|
493 | (1) |
|
|
|
494 | (3) |
|
|
|
497 | (7) |
|
|
|
497 | (3) |
|
Sources of Measurement Error |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Sources of Error in the Measurement of Transients |
|
|
500 | (1) |
|
Accelerometer Calibration |
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
|
|
501 | (1) |
|
Piezo-resistive Accelerometers |
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Damping of Vibrating Surfaces |
|
|
504 | (3) |
|
When Damping is Effective and Ineffective |
|
|
504 | (2) |
|
|
|
506 | (1) |
|
|
|
507 | (3) |
|
Sound power and sound pressure level estimation procedures |
|
|
510 | (60) |
|
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
|
|
511 | (4) |
|
|
|
515 | (4) |
|
|
|
515 | (1) |
|
Large Compressors (Noise Levels Within the Inlet and Exit Piping) |
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
Centrifugal Compressors (Interior Noise Levels) |
|
|
516 | (1) |
|
Rotary or Axial Compressors (Interior Noise Levels) |
|
|
516 | (2) |
|
Reciprocating compressors (interior noise) |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
Large Compressors (Exterior Noise Levels) |
|
|
518 | (1) |
|
Compressors for Refrigeration Units |
|
|
519 | (1) |
|
|
|
519 | (4) |
|
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
|
|
524 | (5) |
|
General Estimation Procedures |
|
|
524 | (4) |
|
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
General Jet Noise Control |
|
|
528 | (1) |
|
|
|
529 | (16) |
|
Internal Sound Power Generation |
|
|
530 | (6) |
|
Internal Sound Pressure Level |
|
|
536 | (3) |
|
External Sound Pressure Level |
|
|
539 | (4) |
|
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
Control Valve Noise Reduction |
|
|
543 | (1) |
|
Control Valves for Liquids |
|
|
543 | (2) |
|
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
|
|
545 | (1) |
|
|
|
546 | (1) |
|
|
|
547 | (1) |
|
Diesel and Gas-Driven Engines |
|
|
548 | (3) |
|
|
|
549 | (1) |
|
|
|
549 | (2) |
|
|
|
551 | (1) |
|
|
|
551 | (2) |
|
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
Small Electric Motors (Below 300 kW) |
|
|
553 | (1) |
|
Large Electric Motors (Above 300 kW) |
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
|
|
554 | (1) |
|
|
|
554 | (2) |
|
|
|
556 | (1) |
|
|
|
557 | (13) |
|
|
|
557 | (1) |
|
|
|
557 | (4) |
|
United States FWHA Traffic Noise Model (TNM) |
|
|
561 | (1) |
|
|
|
562 | (1) |
|
|
|
563 | (5) |
|
|
|
568 | (2) |
|
|
|
570 | (26) |
|
|
|
570 | (3) |
|
Active Control of Sound Propagation in Ducts |
|
|
573 | (9) |
|
Active Control of Plane Wave Propagation |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
Active Control of Higher Order Mode Propagation |
|
|
573 | (1) |
|
Periodic Feedforward Controller |
|
|
574 | (2) |
|
Random Noise Feedforward Controller |
|
|
576 | (3) |
|
|
|
579 | (1) |
|
|
|
580 | (2) |
|
|
|
582 | (1) |
|
Active Control of Sound Radiation From Vibrating Structures |
|
|
582 | (4) |
|
Physical Control Mechanisms |
|
|
583 | (2) |
|
Control Actuators and Error Sensors |
|
|
585 | (1) |
|
Sound Transmission Into Enclosed Spaces |
|
|
586 | (5) |
|
Active Vibration Isolation |
|
|
591 | (1) |
|
Electronic Controller Design |
|
|
592 | (4) |
|
Survey of analytical techniques for the estimation of sound power levels |
|
|
596 | (6) |
|
|
|
596 | (1) |
|
|
|
597 | (3) |
|
|
|
598 | (1) |
|
|
|
599 | (1) |
|
Simple Acoustic Modelling |
|
|
600 | (1) |
|
|
|
600 | (2) |
|
APPENDIX A Wave equation derivation |
|
|
602 | (7) |
|
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
A.4 Wave Equation (Linearized) |
|
|
605 | (4) |
|
APPENDIX B Properties of materials |
|
|
609 | (2) |
|
APPENDIX C Acoustical properties of porous materials |
|
|
611 | (17) |
|
C.1 Flow Resistance and Resistivity |
|
|
611 | (2) |
|
C.2 Sound Propagation in Porous Media |
|
|
613 | (2) |
|
C.3 Sound Reduction Due to Propagation Through a Porous Material |
|
|
615 | (1) |
|
C.4 Measurement and Calculation of Absorption Coefficients |
|
|
616 | (12) |
|
C.4.1 Porous Materials with a Backing Cavity |
|
|
624 | (1) |
|
C.4.2 Porous Liner Covered with a Limp Impervious Layer |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
C.4.3 Porous Liner Covered with a Perforated Sheet |
|
|
626 | (1) |
|
C.4.4 Porous Liner Covered with a Limp Impervious Layer and a Perforated Sheet |
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
APPENDIX D Frequency analysis |
|
|
628 | (17) |
|
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
D.2 Digital Fourier Analysis |
|
|
629 | (12) |
|
|
|
634 | (3) |
|
D.2.2 Sampling Frequency and Aliasing |
|
|
637 | (2) |
|
D.2.3 Uncertainty Principle |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
D.2.4 Real-time Frequency |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
D.2.5 Weighting Functions |
|
|
639 | (2) |
|
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
|
|
641 | (4) |
|
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
D.3.3 Frequency Response (or Transfer) Function |
|
|
643 | (2) |
| References |
|
645 | (17) |
| List of acoustical standards |
|
662 | (20) |
| Glossary of symbols |
|
682 | (27) |
| Index |
|
709 | |
