Atnaujinkite slapukų nuostatas

Environmental Chemistry 10th edition [Kietas viršelis]

3.80/5 (42 ratings by Goodreads)
  • Formatas: Hardback, 752 pages, aukštis x plotis: 254x178 mm, weight: 1100 g, 350 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 16-Feb-2017
  • Leidėjas: Productivity Press
  • ISBN-10: 1498776930
  • ISBN-13: 9781498776936
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Environmental Chemistry 10th editionDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 752 pages, aukštis x plotis: 254x178 mm, weight: 1100 g, 350 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 16-Feb-2017
  • Leidėjas: Productivity Press
  • ISBN-10: 1498776930
  • ISBN-13: 9781498776936
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Kitos knygos iš šio išskirtinio pasiūlymo: Taylor & Francis siūlo daug technologijos knygų ISE (International Student Edition) kainomis
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781498776936.html
Raktažodžiai:
With clear explanations, real-world examples and updated questions and answers, the tenth edition of Environmental Chemistry emphasizes the concepts essential to the practice of environmental science, technology and chemistry while introducing the newest innovations in the field. The author follows the general format and organization popular in preceding editions, including an approach based upon the five environmental spheres and the relationship of environmental chemistry to the key concepts of sustainability, industrial ecology and green chemistry. This readily adaptable text has been revamped to emphasize important topics such as the world water crisis. It details global climate change to a greater degree than previous editions, underlining the importance of abundant renewable energy in minimizing human influences on climate.

Environmental Chemistry is designed for a wide range of graduate and undergraduate courses in environmental chemistry, environmental science and sustainability as well as serving as a general reference work for professionals in the environmental sciences and engineering.
Preface xxv
Acknowledgments xxix
Author xxxi
Chapter 1 Environmental Chemistry and the Five Spheres of the Environment 1(24)
1.1 Earth and the Earth System
1(1)
1.2 Biogeochemical Cycles in the Earth System
1(3)
1.2.1 Oxygen Cycle
3(1)
1.2.2 Nitrogen Cycle
3(1)
1.2.3 Sulfur Cycle
3(1)
1.2.4 Phosphorus Cycle
3(1)
1.3 Natural Capital of the Earth System
4(1)
1.4 What Is Environmental Chemistry?
5(1)
1.4.1 Environmental Chemistry and the Spheres of the Earth System
6(1)
1.5 Environmental Chemistry of Water and the Hydrosphere
6(2)
1.5.1 Water Pollution
7(1)
1.5.2 Water Treatment
8(1)
1.6 Environmental Chemistry of Air and the Atmosphere
8(3)
1.6.1 Atmospheric Chemistry
10(1)
1.6.2 Air Pollution
11(1)
1.7 Environmental Chemistry of the Geosphere
11(3)
1.7.1 The Geosphere and Natural Capital
13(1)
1.7.2 Soil
13(1)
1.7.3 Chemical Composition of Soil
14(1)
1.8 Environmental Chemistry of the Anthrosphere
14(3)
1.8.1 Chemistry and the Anthrosphere
15(1)
1.8.2 Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry in the Anthrosphere
16(1)
1.9 Environmental Chemistry of the Biosphere
17(4)
1.9.1 Biomaterials from the Biosphere
19(1)
1.9.2 Toxicological Chemistry and Biochemistry
20(1)
1.9.3 Exposure to Toxic Substances
21(1)
1.10 As We Enter the Anthropocene
21(1)
1.10.1 Environmental Priorities for the Sustainocene
22(1)
References
22(1)
Further Reading
23(1)
Questions and Problems
23(2)
Chapter 2 The Hydrosphere and Water Chemistry 25(38)
2.1 Water: An Essential Part of Earth's Natural Capital
25(2)
2.2 Sources and Uses of Water
27(2)
2.2.1 The Groundwater Crisis
28(1)
2.3 H2O: Simple Formula, Remarkable Molecule
29(2)
2.4 Life in Water
31(1)
2.5 Chemistry of Water
32(1)
2.6 Gases in Water
33(1)
2.6.1 Oxygen in Water
33(1)
2.7 Water Acidity and Carbon Dioxide in Water
34(4)
2.7.1 Carbon Dioxide in Water
35(3)
2.8 Alkalinity
38(3)
2.8.1 Contributors to Alkalinity at Different pH Values
39(1)
2.8.2 Dissolved Inorganic Carbon and Alkalinity
40(1)
2.8.3 Influence of Alkalinity on CO2 Solubility
40(1)
2.9 Calcium and Other Metals in Water
41(3)
2.9.1 Hydrated Metal Ions as Acids
41(1)
2.9.2 Calcium in Water
42(1)
2.9.3 Dissolved Carbon Dioxide and Calcium Carbonate Minerals
43(1)
2.10 Complexation and Chelation
44(3)
2.10.1 Occurrence and Importance of Chelating Agents in Water
46(1)
2.11 Bonding and Structure of Metal Complexes
47(1)
2.11.1 Selectivity and Specificity in Chelation
47(1)
2.12 Calculations of Species Concentrations
48(1)
2.13 Complexation by Deprotonated Ligands
49(1)
2.14 Complexation by Protonated Ligands
50(1)
2.15 Solubilization of Lead Ion from Solids by NTA
51(4)
2.15.1 Reaction of NTA with Metal Carbonate
53(1)
2.15.2 Effect of Calcium Ion on the Reaction of Chelating Agents with Slightly Soluble Salts
54(1)
2.16 Polyphosphates and Phosphonates in Water
55(2)
2.16.1 Polyphosphates
56(1)
2.16.2 Hydrolysis of Polyphosphates
56(1)
2.16.3 Complexation by Polyphosphates
57(1)
2.16.4 Phosphonates
57(1)
2.17 Complexation by Humic Substances
57(2)
2.18 Complexation and Redox Processes
59(1)
References
59(1)
Further Reading
59(1)
Questions and Problems
60(3)
Chapter 3 Oxidation/Reduction in Aquatic Chemistry 63(22)
3.1 The Significance of Oxidation/Reduction in Aquatic Chemistry
63(2)
3.2 The Electron and Redox Reactions
65(2)
3.3 Electron Activity and pE
67(1)
3.4 The Nernst Equation
68(1)
3.5 Reaction Tendency: Whole Reaction from Half-Reactions
69(1)
3.6 The Nernst Equation and Chemical Equilibrium
70(1)
3.7 The Relationship of pE to Free Energy
71(1)
3.8 Reactions in Terms of One Electron-Mole
71(2)
3.9 The Limits of pE in Water
73(1)
3.10 pE Values in Natural Water Systems
74(1)
3.11 pE-pH Diagrams
75(3)
3.12 Humic Substances as Natural Reductants
78(1)
3.13 Photochemical Processes in Oxidation-Reduction
79(1)
3.14 Corrosion
79(1)
References
80(1)
Further Reading
81(1)
Questions and Problems
81(4)
Chapter 4 Phase Interactions in Aquatic Chemistry 85(22)
4.1 Chemical Interactions Involving Solids, Gases, and Water
85(1)
4.2 Importance and Formation of Sediments
85(2)
4.2.1 Formation of Sediments
86(1)
4.2.2 Organic and Carbonaceous Sedimentary Materials
87(1)
4.3 Solubilities
87(3)
4.3.1 Solubilities of Solids
88(1)
4.3.2 Solubilities of Gases
89(1)
4.4 Colloidal Particles in Water
90(3)
4.4.1 Colloids in Water and Contaminant Transport by Colloids
91(1)
4.4.2 Kinds of Colloidal Particles
91(1)
4.4.3 Colloid Stability
92(1)
4.5 The Colloidal Properties of Clays
93(1)
4.6 Aggregation of Colloidal Particles
94(1)
4.6.1 Flocculation of Colloids by Polyelectrolytes
94(1)
4.6.2 Flocculation of Bacteria by Polymeric Materials
95(1)
4.7 Surface Sorption by Solids
95(1)
4.8 Solute Exchange with Bottom Sediments
96(5)
4.8.1 Trace-Level Metals in Suspended Matter and Sediments
97(1)
4.8.2 Phosphorus Exchange with Bottom Sediments
98(1)
4.8.3 Organic Compounds on Sediments and Suspended Matter
98(2)
4.8.4 Bioavailability of Sediment Contaminants
100(1)
4.9 Interstitial Water
101(1)
4.10 Phase Interactions in Chemical Fate and Transport
101(2)
4.10.1 Rivers
101(1)
4.10.2 Lakes and Reservoirs
101(1)
4.10.3 Exchange with the Atmosphere
102(1)
4.10.4 Exchange with Sediments
102(1)
References
103(1)
Further Reading
103(1)
Questions and Problems
104(3)
Chapter 5 Aquatic Microbial Biochemistry 107(28)
5.1 Aquatic Biochemical Processes
107(1)
5.1.1 Microorganisms at Interfaces
107(1)
5.2 Algae
108(2)
5.3 Fungi
110(1)
5.4 Protozoa
110(1)
5.5 Bacteria
110(2)
5.5.1 Autotrophic and Heterotrophic Bacteria
111(1)
5.5.2 Oxic and Anoxic Bacteria
112(1)
5.6 The Prokaryotic Bacterial Cell
112(1)
5.7 Kinetics of Bacterial Growth
113(1)
5.8 Bacterial Metabolism
113(3)
5.8.1 Factors Affecting Bacterial Metabolism
114(2)
5.8.2 Microbial Oxidation and Reduction
116(1)
5.9 Microbial Transformations of Carbon
116(3)
5.9.1 Methane-Forming Bacteria
116(2)
5.9.2 Bacterial Utilization of Hydrocarbons
118(1)
5.9.3 Microbial Utilization of Carbon Monoxide
118(1)
5.10 Biodegradation of Organic Matter
119(2)
5.10.1 Oxidation
119(1)
5.10.2 Microbial Oxidation of Hydrocarbons
119(1)
5.10.3 Other Biochemical Processes in Biodegradation of Organics
120(1)
5.11 Microbial Transformations of Nitrogen
121(3)
5.11.1 Nitrogen Fixation
122(1)
5.11.2 Nitrification
123(1)
5.11.3 Nitrate Reduction
123(1)
5.11.4 Denitrification
124(1)
5.12 Microbial Transformations of Phosphorus and Sulfur
124(2)
5.12.1 Phosphorus Compounds
124(1)
5.12.2 Sulfur Compounds
125(1)
5.12.3 Oxidation of H2S and Reduction of Sulfate by Bacteria
125(1)
5.12.4 Microorganism-Mediated Degradation of Organic Sulfur Compounds
125(1)
5.13 Microbial Transformations of Halogens and Organohalides
126(1)
5.14 Microbial Transformations of Metals and Metalloids
127(3)
5.14.1 Acid Mine Waters
128(1)
5.14.2 Microbial Transitions of Selenium
129(1)
5.14.3 Microbial Corrosion
130(1)
References
130(1)
Further Reading
131(1)
Questions and Problems
131(4)
Chapter 6 Water Pollutants and Water Pollution 135(40)
6.1 Nature and Types of Water Pollutants
135(1)
6.1.1 Markers of Water Pollution
135(1)
6.2 Elemental Pollutants
135(2)
6.3 Heavy Metals
137(2)
6.3.1 Cadmium
137(1)
6.3.2 Lead
138(1)
6.3.3 Mercury
138(1)
6.4 Metalloids
139(1)
6.5 Organically Bound Metals and Metalloids
140(2)
6.5.1 Organotin Compounds
141(1)
6.6 Inorganic Species
142(1)
6.6.1 Cyanide
142(1)
6.6.2 Ammonia and Other Inorganic Pollutants
142(1)
6.6.3 Asbestos in Water
143(1)
6.7 Algal Nutrients and Eutrophication
143(1)
6.8 Acidity, Alkalinity, and Salinity
144(1)
6.9 Oxygen, Oxidants, and Reductants
145(1)
6.10 Organic Pollutants
146(4)
6.10.1 Bioaccumulation of Organic Pollutants
146(1)
6.10.2 Sewage
146(1)
6.10.3 Soaps, Detergents, and Detergent Builders
147(3)
6.10.3.1 Soaps
147(1)
6.10.3.2 Detergents
148(1)
6.10.3.3 Microbial Toxins
149(1)
6.11 Pesticides in Water
150(9)
6.11.1 Natural Product Insecticides, Pyrethrins, and Pyrethroids
152(1)
6.11.2 The Emergence of Neonicotinoid Insecticides
153(1)
6.11.3 DDT and Organochlorine Insecticides
154(1)
6.11.4 Organophosphate Insecticides
154(1)
6.11.5 Carbamates
155(1)
6.11.6 Fungicides
156(1)
6.11.7 Herbicides
156(1)
6.11.8 Bipyridylium Compounds
157(1)
6.11.9 Herbicidal Heterocyclic Nitrogen Compounds
157(1)
6.11.10 Chlorophenoxy Herbicides
158(1)
6.11.11 Miscellaneous Herbicides
158(1)
6.12 Organochlorine Compounds in Water
159(3)
6.12.1 By-Products of Pesticide Manufacture
159(1)
6.12.2 Polychlorinated Biphenyls
160(1)
6.12.3 1,2,3-Trichloropropane in Groundwater
161(1)
6.12.4 Naturally Occurring Chlorinated and Brominated Compounds
162(1)
6.13 Emerging Water Pollutants, Pharmaceuticals, and Household Wastes
162(4)
6.13.1 Bactericides and Antibiotics
163(1)
6.13.2 Estrogenic Substances in Wastewater Effluents
164(1)
6.13.3 Biorefractory Organic Pollutants
164(2)
6.14 Radionuclides in the Aquatic Environment
166(4)
References
170(1)
Further Reading
170(1)
Questions and Problems
171(4)
Chapter 7 World Water Crisis and Climate Change: Water Renovation and Recycling 175(36)
7.1 The Most Important Body of Water-You
175(1)
7.2 Water Treatment and Water Use
176(1)
7.3 Municipal Water Treatment
176(1)
7.3.1 Failures in Water Treatment
176(1)
7.4 Treatment of Water for Industrial and Commercial Use
177(1)
7.5 Wastewater Treatment
178(1)
7.5.1 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
178(1)
7.6 Advanced Water Treatment
178(1)
7.7 Aeration of Water
179(1)
7.8 Removal of Solids
179(3)
7.8.1 Dissolved Air Flotation
180(1)
7.8.2 Membrane Filtration Processes
181(1)
7.9 Removal of Calcium and Other Metals
182(4)
7.9.1 Removal of Iron and Manganese
185(1)
7.9.2 Removal of Heavy Metals from Water
185(1)
7.10 Removal of Biodegradable Organics from Water and Sewage Treatment
186(6)
7.10.1 Biodegradable Organics Removal from Wastewater
186(3)
7.10.2 Membrane Bioreactor
189(1)
7.10.3 Sludge Handling and Disposal
189(2)
7.10.4 Chemical Sludges
191(1)
7.10.5 Additional Purification of Water from Secondary Wastewater Treatment
191(1)
7.11 Removal of Dissolved Organics
192(1)
7.11.1 Removal of Herbicides
193(1)
7.12 Removal of Dissolved Inorganics
193(4)
7.12.1 Ion Exchange
194(1)
7.12.2 Reverse Osmosis
194(1)
7.12.3 Phosphorus Removal
195(1)
7.12.4 Nitrogen Removal
196(1)
7.13 Water Disinfection
197(3)
7.13.1 Chlorine Dioxide
197(1)
7.13.2 Green Ozone for Water Disinfection
198(1)
7.13.3 Ferrate and Percarbonate
199(1)
7.13.4 Disinfection with Ultraviolet Radiation and Photocatalytic Processes
199(1)
7.14 Natural Water Purification Processes
200(1)
7.14.1 Industrial Wastewater Treatment by Soil
200(1)
7.15 Green Water and Total Water Recycle
200(5)
7.16 Water Conservation
205(1)
7.17 Protecting Water Supplies from Attack
206(1)
References
207(1)
Further Reading
207(1)
Questions and Problems
208(3)
Chapter 8 The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry 211(34)
8.1 The Atmosphere and Atmospheric Chemistry
211(3)
8.1.1 Atmospheric Composition
212(1)
8.1.2 Oxides of Nitrogen and Sulfur
212(1)
8.1.3 Atmospheric Methane, Hydrocarbons, and Photochemical Smog
212(2)
8.1.4 Particulate Matter
214(1)
8.1.5 Primary and Secondary Pollutants
214(1)
8.2 How the Atmosphere Got That Way and Its Natural Capital
214(1)
8.2.1 Chemical and Biochemical Processes in Evolution of the Atmosphere
214(1)
8.2.2 Self-Purification of the Atmosphere
215(1)
8.3 Physical Characteristics of the Atmosphere
215(3)
8.3.1 Variation of Pressure and Density with Altitude
215(1)
8.3.2 Stratification of the Atmosphere
216(2)
8.4 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere
218(2)
8.4.1 Earth's Radiation Budget
219(1)
8.5 Atmospheric Mass Transfer, Meteorology, and Weather
220(5)
8.5.1 Atmospheric Water in Energy and Mass Transfer
221(1)
8.5.2 Air Masses
221(1)
8.5.3 Topographical Effects
222(1)
8.5.4 Movement of Air Masses
222(1)
8.5.5 Global Weather
223(1)
8.5.6 Weather Fronts and Storms
224(1)
8.6 Inversions and Air Pollution
225(1)
8.7 Global Climate and Microclimate
225(2)
8.7.1 Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Human Modifications of Climate
226(1)
8.7.2 Microclimate
226(1)
8.7.3 Effects of Urbanization on Microclimate
226(1)
8.8 Chemical and Photochemical Reactions in the Atmosphere
227(7)
8.8.1 Photochemical Processes
228(2)
8.8.2 Ions and Radicals in the Atmosphere
230(1)
8.8.3 Ions at Lower Altitudes in the Troposphere
231(1)
8.8.4 Free Radicals
231(1)
8.8.5 Hydroxyl and Hydroperoxyl Radicals in the Atmosphere
232(2)
8.9 Acid-Base Reactions in the Atmosphere
234(1)
8.10 Reactions of Atmospheric Oxygen
235(2)
8.10.1 Tropospheric Ozone in the Unpolluted Atmosphere
236(1)
8.11 Reactions of Atmospheric Nitrogen
237(1)
8.12 Atmospheric Water
237(1)
8.13 Influence of the Anthrosphere
238(1)
8.14 Chemical Fate and Transport in the Atmosphere
238(2)
References
240(1)
Further Reading
240(1)
Questions and Problems
241(4)
Chapter 9 Particles in the Atmosphere 245(22)
9.1 Particles in the Atmosphere
245(1)
9.2 Physical Behavior of Particles in the Atmosphere
246(2)
9.2.1 Size and Settling of Atmospheric Particles
247(1)
9.3 Physical Processes for Particle Formation
248(1)
9.4 Chemical Processes for Particle Formation
248(2)
9.4.1 Inorganic Particles
249(1)
9.4.2 Organic Particles
250(1)
9.5 The Composition of Inorganic Particles
250(3)
9.5.1 Fly Ash
252(1)
9.5.2 Asbestos
252(1)
9.6 Toxic Metals in the Atmosphere
253(1)
9.6.1 Atmospheric Mercury
253(1)
9.6.2 Atmospheric Lead
253(1)
9.6.3 Atmospheric Beryllium
253(1)
9.7 Radioactive Particles
254(1)
9.8 Organic Particles in the Atmosphere
254(3)
9.8.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
255(2)
9.8.2 Carbonaceous Particles from Diesel Engines
257(1)
9.9 Effects of Particles
257(2)
9.9.1 The Asian Brown Cloud: Climate and Health Effects
258(1)
9.9.2 Partitioning of Semivolatile Organic Substances between Air and Particles
259(1)
9.10 Water as Particulate Matter
259(1)
9.11 Atmospheric Chemical Reactions Involving Particles
260(1)
9.12 Control of Particle Emissions
261(3)
9.12.1 Particle Removal by Sedimentation and Inertia
262(1)
9.12.2 Particle Filtration
262(1)
9.12.3 Scrubbers
263(1)
9.12.4 Electrostatic Removal
263(1)
References
264(1)
Further Reading
265(1)
Questions and Problems
265(2)
Chapter 10 Gaseous Inorganic Air Pollutants 267(24)
10.1 Inorganic Pollutant Gases
267(1)
10.2 Production and Control of Carbon Monoxide
267(1)
10.2.1 Control of Carbon Monoxide Emissions
268(1)
10.3 Fate of Atmospheric CO
268(1)
10.4 Sulfur Dioxide Sources and the Sulfur Cycle
268(2)
10.5 Sulfur Dioxide Reactions in the Atmosphere
270(5)
10.5.1 Effects of Atmospheric Sulfur Dioxide
272(1)
10.5.2 Sulfur Dioxide Removal
273(1)
10.5.3 Oxy-Fuel Combustion for Sulfur Dioxide and Carbon Dioxide Recovery
274(1)
10.6 Nitrogen Oxides in the Atmosphere
275(8)
10.6.1 Atmospheric Reactions of NO
277(2)
10.6.2 Harmful Effects of Nitrogen Oxides
279(2)
10.6.3 Control of Nitrogen Oxides
281(1)
10.6.4 Limiting Production of Nitrogen Oxides
281(1)
10.6.5 Removal of Nitrogen Oxides from Stack Gas
282(1)
10.7 Acid Rain
283(1)
10.8 Ammonia in the Atmosphere
283(1)
10.9 Fluorine, Chlorine, and Their Gaseous Compounds
283(3)
10.9.1 Chlorine and Hydrogen Chloride
284(1)
10.9.2 Hydrogen Chloride in the Atmosphere
285(1)
10.10 Reduced Sulfur Gases
286(2)
References
288(1)
Further Reading
288(1)
Questions and Problems
289(2)
Chapter 11 Organic Air Pollutants 291(26)
11.1 Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere
291(1)
11.1.1 Loss of Organic Substances from the Atmosphere
291(1)
11.1.2 Persistent Organic Pollutants
291(1)
11.1.3 Global Distillation and Fractionation of POPS
292(1)
11.2 Biogenic Organic Compounds
292(4)
11.2.1 Biogenic Methane
293(1)
11.2.2 Biogenic Hydrocarbons from Plants
293(2)
11.2.3 Removal of Atmospheric Organic Compounds by Plants
295(1)
11.3 Pollutant Hydrocarbons
296(4)
11.3.1 Aromatic Hydrocarbons
298(1)
11.3.2 Reactions of Atmospheric Aromatic Hydrocarbons
299(1)
11.4 Carbonyl Compounds
300(3)
11.5 Miscellaneous Oxygen-Containing Compounds
303(3)
11.5.1 Alcohols
303(1)
11.5.2 Phenols
304(1)
11.5.3 Ethers
304(1)
11.5.4 Oxides
305(1)
11.5.5 Carboxylic Acids
305(1)
11.6 Organonitrogen Compounds
306(2)
11.7 Organohalide Compounds
308(4)
11.7.1 CFCs and Halons
309(1)
11.7.2 Atmospheric Reactions of Hydrofluorocarbons and Hydrochlorofluorocarbons
310(1)
11.7.3 Perfluorocarbons
311(1)
11.7.4 Chlorinated Dibenzo-p-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans
311(1)
11.8 Organosulfur Compounds
312(1)
11.9 Organic Particulate Matter
313(1)
11.10 Hazardous Air Pollutant Organic Compounds
313(1)
References
314(1)
Further Reading
314(1)
Questions and Problems
315(2)
Chapter 12 Photochemical Smog 317(26)
12.1 Reduced Visibility When the Sun Shines
317(1)
12.2 Smog-Forming Emissions
318(5)
12.2.1 Control of Exhaust Hydrocarbons
319(3)
12.2.2 Automotive Emission Standards
322(1)
12.2.3 Polluting Green Plants
322(1)
12.3 Smog-Forming Reactions of Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere
323(3)
12.3.1 Photochemical Reactions of Methane
323(1)
12.3.2 Addition Reactions in the Atmosphere
324(2)
12.4 Overview of Smog Formation
326(1)
12.5 Mechanisms of Smog Formation
327(8)
12.5.1 Nitrate Radical
334(1)
12.5.2 Photolyzable Compounds in the Atmosphere
334(1)
12.6 Reactivity of Hydrocarbons
335(1)
12.7 Importance of HOx/VOC Ratios
335(1)
12.8 Inorganic Products from Smog
336(1)
12.9 Effects of Smog
337(2)
References
339(1)
Further Reading
340(1)
Questions and Problems
340(3)
Chapter 13 The Endangered Global Atmosphere 343(34)
13.1 Saving the Atmosphere to Save Ourselves
343(1)
13.1.1 Preservation of the Atmosphere's Natural Capital
343(1)
13.2 Earth's Evolving Atmosphere and Climate Change
344(1)
13.2.1 Changes in Climate
345(1)
13.3 Effects of the Anthrosphere on the Atmosphere and Climate
345(1)
13.4 The Greatest Threat to the Atmosphere and Earth System: Global Warming
346(4)
13.4.1 Methane and Other Greenhouse Gases
349(1)
13.4.2 Particles and Global Warming
350(1)
13.5 Consequences of Global Climate Change
350(4)
13.5.1 Increasing Temperature
350(1)
13.5.2 Passing the Tipping Points
351(1)
13.5.3 Loss of Ice Cover
352(1)
13.5.4 Glaciers and Water Supply
353(1)
13.5.5 Expansion of Subtropical Arid Regions and Drought
353(1)
13.5.6 Some Other Effects of Global Climate Change
353(1)
13.6 Green Science and Technology to Alleviate Global Warming
354(4)
13.6.1 Minimization
354(2)
13.6.2 Counteracting Measures
356(1)
13.6.3 Adaptation
357(1)
13.7 Acid Rain
358(3)
13.8 Stratospheric Ozone Destruction
361(4)
13.8.1 Shielding Effect of the Ozone Layer
361(1)
13.8.2 Ozone Layer Destruction
362(2)
13.8.3 Green Chemistry Solutions to Stratospheric Ozone Depletion
364(1)
13.9 Atmospheric Brown Clouds
365(2)
13.9.1 Yellow Dust
367(1)
13.10 Atmospheric Damage by Photochemical Smog
367(1)
13.11 The Urban Aerosol
368(2)
13.12 Nuclear Winter
370(2)
13.12.1 "Doomsday Visitors" from Space
371(1)
13.13 What Is to Be Done?
372(2)
References
374(1)
Further Reading
374(1)
Questions and Problems
375(2)
Chapter 14 The Geosphere and Geochemistry 377(32)
14.1 The Geosphere
377(2)
14.1.1 The Fragile Solid Earth and Its Relationship with the Other Environmental Spheres
377(2)
14.2 Physical Form of the Geosphere
379(2)
14.2.1 Plate Tectonics and Continental Drift
379(1)
14.2.2 Structural Geology
380(1)
14.3 The Nature of Solids in the Geosphere
381(2)
14.3.1 Structure and Properties of Minerals
381(1)
14.3.2 Kinds of Minerals
381(1)
14.3.3 Igneous, Sedimentary, and Metamorphic Rock in the Rock Cycle
382(1)
14.3.4 Rock Cycle
383(1)
14.4 Geochemistry and Weathering of Rock in the Geosphere
383(4)
14.4.1 Physical Aspects of Weathering
384(1)
14.4.2 Chemical Weathering
384(2)
14.4.3 Biological Aspects of Weathering
386(1)
14.5 Clays: Especially Important Weathering Products and Secondary Minerals
387(2)
14.6 Sediments
389(1)
14.7 Groundwater in the Geosphere
390(3)
14.7.1 Water Wells
391(1)
14.7.2 Water Wells and the Arsenic Problem
392(1)
14.8 The Geosphere as a Source of Natural Capital
393(1)
14.9 Environmental Phenomena of the Geosphere
393(2)
14.9.1 Natural Hazards
394(1)
14.9.2 Anthropogenic Hazards
394(1)
14.10 Volcanoes
395(1)
14.11 Earthquakes
396(1)
14.12 Surface Earth Movement
397(2)
14.13 Effects of Human Activities
399(2)
14.13.1 Extraction of Geospheric Resources: Surface Mining
400(1)
14.13.2 Environmental Effects of Mining and Mineral Extraction
400(1)
14.14 Air Pollution and the Geosphere
401(1)
14.15 Water Pollution and the Geosphere
402(1)
14.16 The Geosphere as a Waste Repository
403(1)
References
404(1)
Further Reading
404(1)
Questions and Problems
405(4)
Chapter 15 Soil: Earth's Lifeline 409(42)
15.1 Have You Thanked a Clod Today?
409(2)
15.1.1 What Is Soil?
409(1)
15.1.2 Agriculture and Soil
409(2)
15.2 Structure of Soil
411(1)
15.3 Composition of Soil
412(4)
15.3.1 Water in Soil
412(2)
15.3.2 The Soil Solution
414(1)
15.3.3 Air in Soil
414(1)
15.3.4 Inorganic Solids in Soil
414(1)
15.3.5 Soil Organic Matter
415(1)
15.4 Acid-Base and Ion-Exchange Reactions in Soil
416(4)
15.4.1 Acid-Base Reactions of Soil
417(1)
15.4.2 Adjustment of Soil Acidity
418(1)
15.4.3 Ion-Exchange Equilibria in Soil
418(2)
15.5 Macronutrients in Soil
420(1)
15.5.1 Sulfur in Soil and as a Macronutrient
420(1)
15.6 Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Potassium in Soil
420(4)
15.6.1 Nitrogen
421(2)
15.6.2 Phosphorus
423(1)
15.6.3 Potassium
423(1)
15.7 Micronutrients in Soil
424(1)
15.8 Fertilizers
425(2)
15.8.1 Fertilizer Pollution
427(1)
15.9 Pesticides and Their Residues in Soil
427(2)
15.9.1 Soil Fumigants
428(1)
15.10 Wastes and Pollutants and Their Degradation on Soil
429(3)
15.10.1 Soil Pollutants from Livestock Production
431(1)
15.10.2 Biodegradation and the Rhizosphere
431(1)
15.11 Soil Loss and Degradation
432(1)
15.11.1 Soil Sustainability and Water Resources
433(1)
15.12 Saving the Land
433(4)
15.12.1 Agroforestry
434(1)
15.12.2 Soil Restoration
435(1)
15.12.3 Poduculture in Soil Restoration
435(2)
15.13 Green Chemistry and Sustainable Agriculture
437(2)
15.14 Genetics and Agriculture
439(6)
15.14.1 Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering in Agriculture
440(1)
15.14.2 The Major Transgenic Crops and Their Characteristics
441(1)
15.14.3 Crops versus Pests
442(1)
15.14.4 Future Crops
443(2)
15.15 Agriculture and Health
445(1)
15.15.1 Food Contamination
445(1)
15.16 Protecting the Food Supply from Attack
445(1)
References
446(1)
Further Reading
447(1)
Questions and Problems
448(3)
Chapter 16 The Anthrosphere: Industrial Ecology and Green Chemistry 451(32)
16.1 Changing the Bad Old Ways
451(1)
16.2 Green Chemistry
452(2)
16.3 Reduction of Risk: Hazard and Exposure
454(2)
16.3.1 The Risks of Not Taking Risks
455(1)
16.4 Waste Prevention and Green Chemistry
456(1)
16.5 Green Chemistry and Synthetic Chemistry
456(2)
16.5.1 Yield and Atom Economy
457(1)
16.6 Feedstocks
458(2)
16.6.1 Biological Feedstocks
459(1)
16.7 Reagents
460(1)
16.8 Stoichiometric and Catalytic Reagents
461(1)
16.9 Media and Solvents
462(2)
16.9.1 Water, the Greenest Solvent
463(1)
16.9.2 Dense Phase Carbon Dioxide as a Solvent
463(1)
16.9.3 Gas-Expanded Solvents
464(1)
16.10 Enhancing Reactions
464(2)
16.11 Industrial Ecology
466(1)
16.12 The Five Major Components of an Industrial Ecosystem
467(1)
16.13 Industrial Metabolism
468(1)
16.14 The Kalundborg Industrial Ecosystem
469(1)
16.15 Attributes of Successful Industrial Ecosystems
470(1)
16.15.1 Diversity
471(1)
16.16 Environmental Impacts in Industrial Ecology
471(1)
16.17 Life Cycles: Expanding and Closing the Materials Loop
472(2)
16.17.1 Product Stewardship
473(1)
16.17.2 Embedded Utility
473(1)
16.18 Design for Environment
474(2)
16.18.1 Products, Processes, and Facilities
475(1)
16.18.2 Key Factors in Design for Environment
476(1)
16.18.3 Hazardous Materials in Design for Environment
476(1)
16.19 Inherent Safety
476(2)
16.19.1 Increased Safety with Smaller Size
477(1)
16.20 Industrial Ecology and Ecological Engineering
478(1)
References
478(1)
Further Reading
479(1)
Questions and Problems
480(3)
Chapter 17 Resources and Sustainable Materials 483(18)
17.1 Where to Get the Stuff We Need?
483(1)
17.2 Extraction of Materials from the Geosphere
484(1)
17.3 Environmental Effects of Mining and Mineral Extraction
485(1)
17.4 Sustainable Utilization of Geospheric Mineral Resources
485(2)
17.4.1 Metals
486(1)
17.5 Metal Resources and Industrial Ecology
487(4)
17.5.1 Aluminum
487(1)
17.5.2 Chromium
488(1)
17.5.3 Copper
489(1)
17.5.4 Cobalt
489(1)
17.5.5 Lead
489(1)
17.5.6 Lithium
489(1)
17.5.7 Zinc
490(1)
17.5.8 Rare Earths
491(1)
17.6 Nonmetal Mineral Resources
491(1)
17.7 Phosphates
492(1)
17.8 Sulfur
493(1)
17.8.1 Gypsum
494(1)
17.9 Wood: An Abundant Renewable Resource
494(1)
17.10 Extending Resources with Industrial Ecology
495(2)
17.10.1 Metals
495(1)
17.10.2 Plastics and Rubber
496(1)
17.10.3 Lubricating Oil
497(1)
References
497(1)
Further Reading
497(1)
Questions and Problems
498(3)
Chapter 18 Sustainable Energy: The Key to Everything 501(50)
18.1 The Energy Problem
501(1)
18.2 Nature of Energy
502(1)
18.3 Sustainable Energy: Away from the Sun and Back Again
502(3)
18.3.1 The Brief Era of Fossil Fuels
503(1)
18.3.2 Back to the Sun
504(1)
18.4 Sources of Energy Used in the Anthrosphere: Present and Future
505(2)
18.5 Energy Devices and Conversions
507(4)
18.5.1 Fuel Cells
510(1)
18.6 Energy Conservation and Renewable Energy Sources
511(3)
18.6.1 Renewable Energy
513(1)
18.7 Petroleum Hydrocarbons and Natural Gas Liquids
514(2)
18.7.1 Heavy Oil
514(1)
18.7.2 Shale Oil
515(1)
18.7.3 Natural Gas Liquids
516(1)
18.8 Natural Gas
516(1)
18.9 Coal
517(1)
18.9.1 Coal Conversion
517(1)
18.10 Carbon Sequestration for Fossil Fuel Utilization
518(2)
18.11 The Great Plains Synfuels Plant: Industrial Ecology in Practice to Produce Energy and Chemicals
520(1)
18.12 Nuclear Energy
521(4)
18.12.1 Thorium-Fueled Reactors
524(1)
18.12.2 Nuclear Fusion
524(1)
18.13 Geothermal Energy
525(1)
18.14 The Sun: An Ideal, Renewable Energy Source
526(3)
18.14.1 Solar Photovoltaic Energy Systems
526(3)
18.14.2 Artificial Photosynthesis for Capturing Solar Energy
529(1)
18.15 Energy from Earth's Two Great Fluids in Motion
529(3)
18.15.1 The Success of Wind Power
529(2)
18.15.2 Energy from Moving Water
531(1)
18.15.3 Energy from Moving Water without Dams
531(1)
18.16 Biomass Energy: An Overview of Biofuels and Their Resources
532(12)
18.16.1 Processing of Biofuel to More Compact Forms
534(1)
18.16.2 Decarbonization with Biomass Utilization
535(1)
18.16.3 Conversion of Biomass to Other Fuels
536(1)
18.16.4 Ethanol Fuel
536(1)
18.16.5 Biodiesel Fuel
537(1)
18.16.6 Fuel from Algae
537(2)
18.16.7 The Potential of Lignocellulose Fuels
539(1)
18.16.8 Chemical Conversion of Biomass to Synthetic Fuels
540(1)
18.16.9 Biogas
541(1)
18.16.10 Biorefineries and Utilizing Biomass for Energy
542(1)
18.16.11 A System of Industrial Ecology for Methane Production from Renewable Sources
542(2)
18.17 Hydrogen as a Means to Store and Utilize Energy
544(1)
18.18 Combined Power Cycles
545(1)
References
545(1)
Further Reading
546(1)
Questions and Problems
547(4)
Chapter 19 The Nature, Sources, and Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes 551(30)
19.1 Introduction
551(2)
19.1.1 History of Hazardous Substances
551(1)
19.1.2 Legislation
552(1)
19.2 Classification of Hazardous Substances and Wastes
553(2)
19.2.1 Characteristics and Listed Wastes
553(1)
19.2.2 Hazardous Wastes
554(1)
19.2.3 Hazardous Wastes and Air and Water Pollution Control
555(1)
19.3 Sources of Wastes
555(2)
19.3.1 Types of Hazardous Wastes
556(1)
19.3.2 Hazardous Waste Generators
556(1)
19.4 Flammable and Combustible Substances
557(3)
19.4.1 Combustion of Finely Divided Particles
558(1)
19.4.2 Oxidizers
558(1)
19.4.3 Spontaneous Ignition
559(1)
19.4.4 Toxic Products of Combustion
559(1)
19.5 Reactive Substances
560(2)
19.5.1 Chemical Structure and Reactivity
560(2)
19.6 Corrosive Substances
562(1)
19.6.1 Sulfuric Acid
562(1)
19.7 Toxic Substances
563(1)
19.7.1 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
563(1)
19.8 Physical Forms and Segregation of Wastes
563(1)
19.9 Environmental Chemistry of Hazardous Wastes
564(1)
19.10 Physical and Chemical Properties of Hazardous Wastes
565(1)
19.11 Transport, Effects, and Fates of Hazardous Wastes
566(1)
19.11.1 Physical Properties of Wastes
566(1)
19.11.2 Chemical Factors
566(1)
19.11.3 Effects of Hazardous Wastes
566(1)
19.11.4 Fates of Hazardous Wastes
567(1)
19.12 Hazardous Wastes and the Anthrosphere
567(1)
19.13 Hazardous Wastes in the Geosphere
568(2)
19.14 Hazardous Wastes in the Hydrosphere
570(2)
19.15 Hazardous Wastes in the Atmosphere
572(1)
19.16 Hazardous Wastes in the Biosphere
573(2)
19.16.1 Microbial Metabolism in Waste Degradation
574(1)
19.16.2 Ecotoxicology of Hazardous Wastes
574(1)
19.17 Hazardous Substances in Terrorism
575(2)
19.17.1 Detection of Hazardous Substances
576(1)
19.17.2 Removing Hazardous Agents
577(1)
References
577(1)
Further Reading
577(1)
Questions and Problems
578(3)
Chapter 20 Industrial Ecology for Waste Minimization, Utilization, and Treatment 581(32)
20.1 Introduction
581(1)
20.2 Waste Reduction and Minimization
581(2)
20.3 Recycling
583(3)
20.3.1 Examples of Recycling
583(1)
20.3.2 Waste Oil Utilization and Recovery
584(1)
20.3.3 Waste Oil Fuel
585(1)
20.3.4 Waste Solvent Recovery and Recycle
585(1)
20.3.5 Recovery of Water from Wastewater
585(1)
20.4 Physical Methods of Waste Treatment
586(4)
20.4.1 Methods of Physical Treatment
587(1)
20.4.2 Phase Separations
587(1)
20.4.3 Phase Transition
588(1)
20.4.4 Phase Transfer
588(1)
20.4.5 Molecular Separation
589(1)
20.5 Chemical Treatment: An Overview
590(5)
20.5.1 Acid/Base Neutralization
590(1)
20.5.2 Chemical Precipitation
590(1)
20.5.3 Coprecipitation of Metals
591(1)
20.5.4 Oxidation/Reduction
591(1)
20.5.5 Electrolysis
592(1)
20.5.6 Hydrolysis
593(1)
20.5.7 Chemical Extraction and Leaching
594(1)
20.5.8 Ion Exchange
594(1)
20.6 Green Waste Treatment by Photolysis and Sonolysis
595(1)
20.7 Thermal Treatment Methods
596(3)
20.7.1 Incineration Systems
596(2)
20.7.2 Wet Air Oxidation
598(1)
20.7.3 UV-Enhanced Wet Oxidation
598(1)
20.7.4 Destruction of Hazardous Wastes in Cement Manufacture
598(1)
20.8 Biodegradation of Wastes
599(1)
20.9 Phytoremediation
600(1)
20.10 Land Treatment and Composting
601(1)
20.10.1 Land Treatment
601(1)
20.10.2 Composting
601(1)
20.11 Preparation of Wastes for Disposal
602(2)
20.12 Ultimate Disposal of Wastes
604(2)
20.12.1 Disposal Aboveground
604(1)
20.12.2 Landfill
604(1)
20.12.3 Surface Impoundment of Liquids
605(1)
20.12.4 Deep-Well Disposal of Liquids
605(1)
20.13 Leachate and Gas Emissions
606(1)
20.14 In Situ Treatment
606(2)
20.14.1 In Situ Thermal Processes
608(1)
References
608(1)
Further Reading
609(1)
Questions and Problems
610(3)
Chapter 21 The Biosphere: Environmental Biochemistry 613(24)
21.1 Life and the Biosphere
613(1)
21.1.1 The Biosphere in Stabilizing the Earth System: The Gaia Hypothesis
614(1)
21.2 Metabolism and Control in Organisms
614(2)
21.2.1 Enzymes in Metabolism
614(1)
21.2.2 Nutrients
615(1)
21.2.3 Control in Organisms
616(1)
21.3 Reproduction and Inherited Traits
616(1)
21.4 Stability and Equilibrium of the Biosphere
617(1)
21.5 Biochemistry
617(1)
21.5.1 Biomolecules
618(1)
21.6 Biochemistry and the Cell
618(2)
21.6.1 Major Cell Features
619(1)
21.7 Proteins
620(3)
21.7.1 Protein Structure
622(1)
21.7.2 Denaturation of Proteins
623(1)
21.8 Carbohydrates
623(2)
21.9 Lipids
625(2)
21.10 Enzymes
627(2)
21.11 Nucleic Acids
629(2)
21.11.1 Nucleic Acids in Protein Synthesis
631(1)
21.11.2 Modified DNA
631(1)
21.12 Recombinant DNA and Genetic Engineering
631(1)
21.13 Metabolic Processes
632(1)
21.13.1 Energy-Yielding Processes
632(1)
21.14 Metabolism of Xenobiotic Compounds
633(1)
21.14.1 Phase I and Phase II Reactions
633(1)
References
634(1)
Further Reading
634(1)
Questions and Problems
635(2)
Chapter 22 Toxicological Chemistry 637(22)
22.1 Introduction to Toxicology and Toxicological Chemistry
637(2)
22.1.1 Toxicology
637(2)
22.1.2 Synergism, Potentiation, and Antagonism
639(1)
22.2 Dose-Response Relationships
639(1)
22.3 Relative Toxicities
640(2)
22.3.1 Nonlethal Effects
640(2)
22.4 Reversibility and Sensitivity
642(1)
22.4.1 Hypersensitivity and Hyposensitivity
642(1)
22.5 Xenobiotic and Endogenous Substances
642(1)
22.6 Toxicological Chemistry
643(2)
22.6.1 Toxicants in the Body
643(1)
22.6.2 Phase I Reactions
644(1)
22.6.3 Phase II Reactions
644(1)
22.7 Kinetic Phase and Dynamic Phase
645(3)
22.7.1 Kinetic Phase
645(1)
22.7.2 Dynamic Phase
645(2)
22.7.3 Primary Reaction in the Dynamic Phase
647(1)
22.7.4 Biochemical Effects in the Dynamic Phase
647(1)
22.7.5 Responses to Toxicants
647(1)
22.8 Teratogenesis, Mutagenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Effects on the Immune and Reproductive Systems
648(6)
22.8.1 Teratogenesis
648(1)
22.8.2 Mutagenesis
648(1)
22.8.3 Biochemistry of Mutagenesis
648(2)
22.8.4 Carcinogenesis
650(1)
22.8.5 Biochemistry of Carcinogenesis
650(1)
22.8.6 Alkylating Agents in Carcinogenesis
651(1)
22.8.7 Testing for Carcinogens
652(1)
22.8.8 Bruce Ames Test
653(1)
22.8.9 Immune System Response
653(1)
22.8.10 Endocrine Disruption
653(1)
22.9 Health Hazards
654(1)
22.9.1 Assessment of Potential Exposure
654(1)
22.9.2 Epidemiological Evidence
655(1)
22.9.3 Estimation of Health Effects Risks
655(1)
22.9.4 Risk Assessment
655(1)
References
655(1)
Further Reading
656(1)
Questions and Problems
657(2)
Chapter 23 Toxicological Chemistry of Chemical Substances 659(30)
23.1 Introduction
659(1)
23.1.1 ATSDR Toxicological Profiles
659(1)
23.2 Toxic Elements and Elemental Forms
659(3)
23.2.1 Ozone
659(1)
23.2.2 White Phosphorus
659(2)
23.2.3 Elemental Halogens
661(1)
23.2.4 Heavy Metals
662(1)
23.3 Toxic Inorganic Compounds
662(6)
23.3.1 Cyanide
662(1)
23.3.2 Carbon Monoxide
663(1)
23.3.3 Nitrogen Oxides
663(1)
23.3.4 Hydrogen Halides
663(1)
23.3.5 Hydrogen Fluoride
664(1)
23.3.6 Hydrogen Chloride
664(1)
23.3.7 Interhalogen Compounds and Halogen Oxides
664(1)
23.3.8 Inorganic Compounds of Silicon
664(1)
23.3.9 Asbestos
665(1)
23.3.10 Inorganic Phosphorus Compounds
665(1)
23.3.11 Inorganic Compounds of Sulfur
665(1)
23.3.12 Perchlorate
666(1)
23.3.13 Organometallic Compounds
667(1)
23.3.14 Organolead Compounds
667(1)
23.3.15 Organotin Compounds
667(1)
23.3.16 Carbonyls
667(1)
23.3.17 Reaction Products of Organometallic Compounds
667(1)
23.4 Toxicology of Organic Compounds
668(15)
23.4.1 Alkane Hydrocarbons
668(1)
23.4.2 Alkene and Alkyne Hydrocarbons
668(1)
23.4.3 Benzene and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
668(1)
23.4.4 Toluene
669(1)
23.4.5 Naphthalene
670(1)
23.4.6 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
670(1)
23.4.7 Oxygen-Containing Organic Compounds
670(4)
23.4.7.1 Oxides
670(1)
23.4.7.2 Alcohols
671(1)
23.4.7.3 Phenols
671(1)
23.4.7.4 Aldehydes and Ketones
671(2)
23.4.7.5 Carboxylic Acids
673(1)
23.4.7.6 Ethers
673(1)
23.4.7.7 Acid Anhydrides
673(1)
23.4.7.8 Esters
673(1)
23.4.8 Organonitrogen Compounds
674(3)
23.4.8.1 Aliphatic Amines
674(1)
23.4.8.2 Carbocyclic Aromatic Amines
674(1)
23.4.8.3 Pyridine
675(1)
23.4.8.4 Melamine
675(1)
23.4.8.5 Acrylamide: Toxic Potato Chips?
675(1)
23.4.8.6 Nitriles
675(1)
23.4.8.7 Nitro Compounds
676(1)
23.4.8.8 Nitrosamines
676(1)
23.4.8.9 Isocyanates and Methyl Isocyanate
676(1)
23.4.8.10 Organonitrogen Pesticides
676(1)
23.4.9 Organohalide Compounds
677(2)
23.4.9.1 Alkyl Halides
677(1)
23.4.9.2 Alkenyl Halides
678(1)
23.4.9.3 Aryl Halides
678(1)
23.4.10 Organohalide Pesticides
679(1)
23.4.10.1 TCDD
679(1)
23.4.10.2 Chlorinated Phenols
680(1)
23.4.11 Organosulfur Compounds
680(1)
23.4.11.1 Sulfur Mustards
680(1)
23.4.12 Organophosphorus Compounds
681(13)
23.4.12.1 Organophosphate Esters
681(1)
23.4.12.2 Phosphorothionate and Phosphorodithioate Ester Insecticides
682(1)
23.4.12.3 Organophosphorus Military Poisons
682(1)
23.5 Toxic Natural Products
683(1)
References
683(1)
Further Reading
684(1)
Questions and Problems
685(4)
Chapter 24 Chemical Analysis in Environmental and Toxicological Chemistry 689(26)
24.1 Analytical Chemistry
689(1)
24.2 The Chemical Analysis Process
689(1)
24.3 Major Categories of Chemical Analysis
690(1)
24.4 Error and Treatment of Data
691(1)
24.5 Gravimetric and Volumetric Analyses
692(2)
24.6 Spectrophotometric Methods of Analysis
694(3)
24.6.1 Absorption Spectrophotometry
694(1)
24.6.2 Atomic Absorption and Emission Analyses
695(1)
24.6.3 Atomic Emission Techniques
696(1)
24.7 Electrochemical Methods of Analysis
697(1)
24.8 Chromatography
698(2)
24.8.1 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
699(1)
24.8.2 Ion Chromatography
700(1)
24.9 Methods for Water Analysis
700(1)
24.10 Mass Spectrometry
700(1)
24.11 Automated Analyses
701(1)
24.12 Immunoassay Screening
701(1)
24.13 Total Organic Carbon in Water
702(1)
24.14 Measurement of Radioactivity in Water
703(1)
24.15 Analysis of Wastes and Solids
703(1)
24.15.1 Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure
704(1)
24.16 Atmospheric Monitoring
704(4)
24.16.1 Methods for Sampling and Analyzing Atmospheric Pollutants
705(1)
24.16.2 Atmospheric Carbon Monoxide by Infrared Absorption
706(1)
24.16.3 Determination of Hydrocarbons and Organics in the Atmosphere
707(1)
24.16.4 Direct Spectrophotometric Analysis of Gaseous Air Pollutants
707(1)
24.17 Analysis of Biological Materials and Xenobiotics
708(1)
24.17.1 Indicators of Exposure to Xenobiotics
708(1)
24.17.2 Immunological Methods of Xenobiotics Analysis
709(1)
References
709(1)
Further Reading
710(1)
Questions and Problems
711(4)
Index 715
Stanley Manahan is Professor Emeritus of the University of Missouri Department of Chemistry where his career was devoted to teaching and research in environmental chemistry and related areas of sustainability and waste treatment. He has presented lectures on these topics as an American Chemical Society Tour Speaker and in a number of foreign countries including Mexico, Venezuela, Austria, France, and Japan. His book, Environmental Chemistry, now entering its 10th edition, was the first published on that topic and has been in print in various editions since 1972.