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El. knyga: Environmental Forensics

Contributions by (Univer), Contributions by , Edited by (University of York, UK), Contributions by (IsoForensic Services), Contributions by (NewFields Environmental Forensics Practice LLC), Contributions by (Flinders University School of Biological Sciences), Contributions by (Environmental Canada), Contributions by (NILU, Norway), Edited by (University of Birmingham, UK), Contributions by
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Editors Hester (emeritus, chemistry, U. of York), Harrison (environmental health, U. of Birmingham), and 16 contributors provide a comprehensive collection of articles on the primary techniques and areas in which environmental forensics are being used. A blend of analytical and environmental chemistry, environmental forensics has become a growing field because of growing concerns regarding the health of the natural world, pollutants, and their sources. Some of the key topics included are: source identification issues, microbial techniques, metal contamination and methods of determining liability, molecular biological methods, hydrocarbon fingerprinting techniques, and the role of environmental forensics in groundwater contamination. The book also addresses specific pollutants and long-term pollutants in depth. It is distributed in the U.S. by Springer-Verlag. Annotation ©2009 Book News, Inc., Portland, OR (booknews.com)

'Environmental forensics' is a combination of analytical and environmental chemistry, which is useful in the court room context. It therefore involves field analytical studies and both data interpretation and modelling connected with the attribution of pollution events to their causes. Recent decades have seen a burgeoning of legislation designed to protect the environment and, as the costs of environmental damage and clean-up are considerable, not only are there prosecutions by regulatory agencies, but the courts are also used as a means of adjudication of civil damage claims relating to environmental causes or environmental degradation. As a result is the increasing number of prosecutions of companies who have breached regulations for environmental protection and in civil claims relating to harm caused by excessive pollutant releases to the environment. Such cases can become extremely protracted as expert witnesses provide their sometimes conflicting interpretations of environmental measurement data and their meaning. It is in this context that environmental forensics is developing as a specialism, leading to greater formalisation of investigative methods which should lead to more definitive findings and less scope for experts to disagree. Now a significant subject in its own right, at least one journal devoted to the field and a number of degree courses have sprung up. As a result of the topicality and rapid growth of the subject area, is the publication of this book - the 26th volume in the highly acclaimed Issues in Environmental Science and Technology Series. This volume contains authoritative articles by a number of the leading practitioners across the globe in the environmental forensics field and aims to cover some of the main techniques and areas to which environmental forensics are being applied. The content is comprehensive and describes a number of the key areas within environmental forensics - topics covered by the authors include: - Source identification issues - Microbial techniques - Metal contamination and methods of assigning liability - The use of isotopes to determine sources and their applications - Molecular biological methods - Hydrocarbon fingerprinting techniques - Oil chemistry and key compound identification - The emerging role of environmental forensics in groundwater pollution Additionally, the volume considers specific pollutants and long-lived pollutants of groundwater such as halocarbons which have presented particular problems and which are described in some depth, as well as the way in which chemical degradation processes can lead to compositional changes which provide valuable information. The book provides a comprehensive overview of many of the key areas of environmental forensics written by some of the leading experts in the field. It will be both of specialist use to those seeking expert insights into the field and its capabilities as well as of more general interest to those involved in both environmental analytical science and environmental law.

This exciting book gives an overview of environmental forensics and related topics with contributions from worldwide experts.

Recenzijos

"...this is a very useful book which gives an excellent position statement on the application of the techniques and of their limitations in environmental forensics. A required purchase, I am sure, for all institutional libraries where these sorts of activities take place. " * Chemistry World, Future Issue, Paul Kneller *

Environmental Forensics and the Importance of Source Identification
Stephen M. Mudge
1 Introduction
1
2 The Legislative Framework for Environmental Forensics
1
2.1 National Legislation
1
2.2 Regional Legislation
4
2.3 US Legislation
5
3 Source Identification
6
3.1 Illegal Discharges
8
3.2 Fugitive Emissions or Discharge
9
3.3 Deliberate 'Fly-tipping'
9
3.4 Historical Discharges
9
3.5 Altered Environmental Processes
9
4 Tools for Source Apportionment
10
4.1 Chemical Approaches
10
4.2 Biological Approaches
12
5 Summary
14
References
14
Microbial Techniques for Environmental Forensics
Andrew S. Ball, Jules N. Pretty and Rakhi Mahmud
1 Introduction
17
2 Traditional Microbial Forensics
17
2.1 Community-level Physiological Profiling
18
2.2 Phospholipid Fatty Acid Profiling
19
3 Emerging Microbial Analyses
19
3.1 Microbial Analysis and Environmental Forensics
19
3.2 The Basis of Molecular Microbial Forensic Techniques
20
3.3 Ribosomes
21
3.4 Ribosomal RNA and Taxonomy
22
3.5 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
22
4 PCR-based DNA Fingerprinting Techniques
25
4.1 Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis and Its Derivatives
25
4.2 Single-stranded Conformation Polymorphism Analysis (SSCP)
28
4.3 Terminal Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (TRFLP)
29
5 Limitations of PCR-based Methodologies
31
6 Forensic Interpretation of Profiles
31
7 Conclusions
33
References
33
Spatial Considerations of Stable Isotope Analyses in Environmental Forensics
James R. Ehleringer, Thure E. Cerling, Jason B. West, David W. Podlesak, Lesley A. Chesson and Gabriel J. Bowen
1 A Background in Stable Isotopes
38
1.1 Stable Isotopes – a Primer
38
1.2 Isotope Ratio Composition is Presented in Delta Notation
38
1.3 Gas Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometer
39
2 The Stable Isotopes of Water
40
2.1 The Meteoric Water Line
40
2.2 Isotopes of Water on a Spatial Scale
40
3 Spatial Forensic Applications Based on H and 0 Isotopes
42
3.1 Cotton as an Example of Plant Sourcing
42
3.2 Wine as an Example of Food Sourcing
44
3.3 Keratin as an Example of Animal Sourcing
44
4 Opportunities to Examine C and N Isotopes on a Spatial Basis
47
4.1 The Imprint of Photosynthetic Pathways
47
4.2 Cocaine Origins are Reflected in C and N Isotopes
49
References
50
Diagnostic Compounds for Fingerprinting Petroleum in the Environment
Scott A. Stout and Zhendi Wang
1 Introduction
54
1.1 Petroleum Genesis, Refining, Weathering and Mixing
55
1.2 The Philosophy of Chemical Fingerprinting
57
2 Diagnostic Compounds
60
2.1 Trimethylpentanes
60
2.2 Gasoline Additives
61
2.3 Diamondoids
65
2.4 Acyclic Alkanes
65
2.5 Sesquiterpanes
69
2.6 n-Alkylcyclohexanes
70
2.7 Diterpenoids
73
2.8 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
73
2.9 Triterpenoids
79
2.10 Steroids
91
3 Conclusions
96
References
97
Perchlorate – Is Nature the Main Manufacturer?
Ioana G. Petrisor and James T. Wells
1 Introduction
105
1.1 Changing Perspectives
105
1.2 The Perchlorate Legacy – Emergence of a Long-used Contaminant
106
1.3 Keys to Forensic Investigations
107
2 Environmental Forensic Investigation of Perchlorate
108
2.1 Perchlorate – Unique Chemical
108
2.2 Sources of Perchlorate
110
2.3 Tracking Perchlorate in the Environment
119
3 Conclusions
127
References
127
Tracking Chlorinated Solvents in the Environment
Ioana G. Petrisor and James T. Wells
1 Introduction – The Environmental Legacy
130
2 The State of Knowledge
132
3 Sources and Uses
132
4 Traits and Environmental Behavior
133
5 Significance of Environmental Forensics for Site Remediation
137
6 Forensic Techniques for Tracking the Source and Age of Chlorinated Solvents
137
6.1 Chemical Fingerprinting
138
6.2 Isotopic Fingerprinting
148
6.3 Dendroecology
150
7 Conclusions and Perspectives
151
References
151
Groundwater Pollution: The Emerging Role of Environmental Forensics
Stanley Feenstra and Michael O. Rivett
1 Introduction
153
2 The Fundamental Questions
154
3 Subsurface Forensic Methods
156
3.1 Site History
156
3.2 Site Testing
157
3.3 Historical Knowledge of Subsurface Contamination
162
4 Examples of Some Important and Challenging Specific Questions
162
4.1 What Was the Chemical Material That Was Released?
162
4.2 Does the Groundwater Plume Track Back to the Releases or Source Zones?
166
4.3 Can the Contaminants be Traced Back to the Source Zone?
167
5 Concluding Discussion
170
References
171
Subject Index 173
Ronald E Hester is at the University of York, UK Roy M Harrison OBE is at the University of Birmingham, UK
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