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El. knyga: Environmental Hydrology

3.39/5 (22 ratings by Goodreads)
(South Dakota State University, Brookings, USA), (University of California, Los Angeles, USA), (Ohio State University, Columbus, USA), (Clifton, Virginia, USA)
  • Formatas: 695 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 17-Sep-2015
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9781040071861
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Environmental HydrologyDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 695 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 17-Sep-2015
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press Inc
  • ISBN-13: 9781040071861
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The late Professor Reds Wolman in his Foreword to the award-winning second edition said, "This is not your ordinary textbook. Environmental Hydrology is indeed a textbook, but five elements often found separately combine here in one text to make it different. It is eclectic, practical, in places a handbook, a guide to fieldwork, engagingly personal and occasionally opinionated. and, perhaps most engaging to me, in places the authors offer personal views as well as more strongly worded opinions. The former often relate to evaluation of alternative approaches, or formulations, of specific solutions to specific hydrologic problems."

The first and second editions were bestsellers and the third promises to educate people new to the field of hydrology and challenge professionals alike, with insightful solutions to classical problems as well as trendsetting approaches important to the evolving genre. The third edition enhances materials in the second edition and has expanded information on many topics, in particular, evapotranspiration, soil erosion, two-stage ditch design and applications, and stream processes.







Whats New in the Third Edition:

Presents new sections on rock structures in streams, hypoxia, harmful algal blooms, and agricultural practices to reduce nutrient discharges into water resources Enhances the format to aid the reader in finding tables, figures, and equations Contains more than 370 figures, 120 tables, 260 equations, 100 worked examples, 160 problems, and more than 1000 references Collectively, the authors have more than 130 years of international experience and the addition of John Lyon and Suzette Burckhard as co-authors expands the breadth of knowledge presented in this book. More than 60 scientists and engineers in Australia, Canada, Europe, and the United States provided assistance to round out the offerings and ensure applicability to hydrology worldwide.

Recenzijos

"Environmental Hydrology provides a helpful introduction to some of the key processes and issues surrounding contemporary hydrology, from the description of the main components of the hydrological cycle, to human impacts and the application of remote sensing and GIS. A dedicated chapter at the end of the book that contains practical exercises provides readers with the opportunity to test their understanding of the books content." Dr Simon Gosling, School of Geography, University of Nottingham, UK

"This is an updated edition (2nd ed., 2004; 1st ed., 1995) of a comprehensive introductory hydrology textbook. At over 600 pages, it covers a lot of territory. This is perhaps appropriate for a subject as broad as the water molecule, but the texts sheer size might be daunting to some. The presentation and mathematical explanations are clear, and there are quite a few worked examples and end-of-chapter problems which are logically posed. The volume takes a more broad-scale look at hydrological science than comparable works, such as S. L. Dingman's Physical Hydrology (3rd ed., 2014). Some derivations appear slightly more general than in Dingman's text, for example, in the presentation of the Penman-Monteith equation, but Ward (Ohio State) and coauthors then add pertinent material from diverse specialties. This is appropriate as hydrology can be seen as a major interdisciplinary factor linking many branches of earth and environmental science. Chapters on the fundamental physical processes behind the basic water balance equation are followed by relatively in-depth discussions of hydrological analysis as applied, for example, to specific ecosystems such as forests and high latitude regions. Next, the authors provide substantial material on such varied topics as sedimentation, human impacts, geographic information systems (GIS), and remote sensing as they are applied to hydrology." CHOICE, May 2016

"Unlike many other hydrology textbooks, the authors of Environmental Hydrology make an exceptional effort of emphasize water in soil, agricultural soil and land management, and even the use of soil surveys in several of the chapters while integrating classical hydrology concepts." Soil Science Society of America Journal, April 2016

"Environmental Hydrology is full of useful information presented in both written and visual formats. Even in black and white, photos and figures are helpful in conveying important points to the reader. The book is packed with examples and problems drawn from the authors professional experiences as practicing engineers and hydrologists. From an educators perspective, the book has a nice balance between examples and problems that are straight-forward in their solution and those that require the student to make assumptions and exercise sound professional judgment, as in many "real-world" cases where not all of the inputs are given or known." Groundwater, September-October 2016 "Environmental Hydrology provides a helpful introduction to some of the key processes and issues surrounding contemporary hydrology, from the description of the main components of the hydrological cycle, to human impacts and the application of remote sensing and GIS. A dedicated chapter at the end of the book that contains practical exercises provides readers with the opportunity to test their understanding of the books content." Dr Simon Gosling, School of Geography, University of Nottingham, UK

"This is an updated edition (2nd ed., 2004; 1st ed., 1995) of a comprehensive introductory hydrology textbook. At over 600 pages, it covers a lot of territory. This is perhaps appropriate for a subject as broad as the water molecule, but the texts sheer size might be daunting to some. The presentation and mathematical explanations are clear, and there are quite a few worked examples and end-of-chapter problems which are logically posed. The volume takes a more broad-scale look at hydrological science than comparable works, such as S. L. Dingman's Physical Hydrology (3rd ed., 2014). Some derivations appear slightly more general than in Dingman's text, for example, in the presentation of the Penman-Monteith equation, but Ward (Ohio State) and coauthors then add pertinent material from diverse specialties. This is appropriate as hydrology can be seen as a major interdisciplinary factor linking many branches of earth and environmental science. Chapters on the fundamental physical processes behind the basic water balance equation are followed by relatively in-depth discussions of hydrological analysis as applied, for example, to specific ecosystems such as forests and high latitude regions. Next, the authors provide substantial material on such varied topics as sedimentation, human impacts, geographic information systems (GIS), and remote sensing as they are applied to hydrology." CHOICE, May 2016

"Unlike many other hydrology textbooks, the authors of Environmental Hydrology make an exceptional effort of emphasize water in soil, agricultural soil and land management, and even the use of soil surveys in several of the chapters while integrating classical hydrology concepts." Soil Science Society of America Journal, April 2016

"Environmental Hydrology is full of useful information presented in both written and visual formats. Even in black and white, photos and figures are helpful in conveying important points to the reader. The book is packed with examples and problems drawn from the authors professional experiences as practicing engineers and hydrologists. From an educators perspective, the book has a nice balance between examples and problems that are straight-forward in their solution and those that require the student to make assumptions and exercise sound professional judgment, as in many "real-world" cases where not all of the inputs are given or known." Groundwater, September-October 2016

Foreword: For the Student xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii
Authors xxv
Introduction xxix
Chapter 1 The Hydrologic Cycle, Water Resources, and Society
1(36)
1.1 The Water, Food, Industry, Population Growth Nexus
1(6)
1.2 The Hydrologic Cycle
7(2)
1.2.1 Precipitation
8(1)
1.2.2 Infiltration
8(1)
1.2.3 Evaporation, Transpiration, and Evapotranspiration
8(1)
1.2.4 Runoff, Overland Flow, and Interflow
9(1)
1.2.5 Percolation, Groundwater Recharge, and Groundwater
9(1)
1.3 Water Resources in the United States
9(5)
1.4 The Importance of Hydrology to Society
14(1)
1.5 Modeling the Hydrologic Cycle
14(1)
1.6 Hydrologic Data Analysis
15(18)
1.6.1 Experimental Error
15(1)
1.6.2 Plotting Data
16(2)
1.6.3 Statistics
18(1)
1.6.4 Probabilities and Distributions
19(1)
1.6.5 Normal Distribution
20(1)
1.6.6 Descriptive Statistics for Normal Distributions
20(3)
1.6.7 Standard Error
23(1)
1.6.8 Standardized Normal Deviate
23(1)
1.6.9 Student t Distribution
23(1)
1.6.10 Confidence Intervals
23(1)
1.6.11 Properties of Statistical Procedures
24(1)
1.6.12 Inferential Statistics and Hypothesis Testing
24(1)
1.6.13 Probability Values
25(1)
1.6.14 Statistical Errors
25(1)
1.6.15 Linear Regression
26(2)
1.6.16 The Use and Misuse of Regression Equations
28(2)
1.6.17 Data Transformations
30(1)
1.6.18 Multiple Regression Analysis
31(2)
1.7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Modeling Data
33(1)
1.8 Typical Model Architecture
33(4)
Problems
34(3)
Chapter 2 Precipitation
37(36)
2.1 Introduction
37(3)
2.1.1 Precipitation Data
40(1)
2.2 Causes of Precipitation
40(2)
2.2.1 Frontal Precipitation
41(1)
2.2.2 Convection
41(1)
2.2.3 Orographic
42(1)
2.3 Precipitation Events
42(5)
2.3.1 Geographical and Seasonal Variations
42(2)
2.3.2 Historic Time Trends
44(2)
2.3.3 Storm Area Patterns
46(1)
2.4 Measurement of Precipitation
47(4)
2.4.1 Measurement of Rainfall
47(3)
2.4.2 Measurement of Snowfall
50(1)
2.5 Storm Time Trends
51(1)
2.5.1 Time Sequence Patterns
51(1)
2.6 Average Precipitation over an Area
52(3)
2.6.1 Rainfall Distributions for Short Time Periods
54(1)
2.7 Rainfall Frequency Distributions
55(10)
2.7.1 St. Louis Frequency Relationship Transferred to the Contiguous United States
57(2)
2.7.2 Regional Frequency-Magnitude Relationships: Seattle, Santa Fe, Chicago, and New Orleans
59(3)
2.7.3 Brief History of Probability Relationships and Their Application
62(3)
2.8 Probability of an Event Occurring
65(2)
2.8.1 Seasonality of Storm Probability
65(1)
2.8.2 Probable Maximum Precipitation
66(1)
2.9 Rainfall Erosivity
67(1)
2.10 Climate Change and Uncertainty
68(5)
Problems
70(3)
Chapter 3 Infiltration and Soil Water Processes
73(38)
3.1 Introduction
73(1)
3.2 Soil Water Relationships
73(5)
3.3 Infiltration and Soil Water Retention
78(5)
3.4 Factors Affecting Water Movement into and through Soils
83(11)
3.4.1 Soil Properties
86(2)
3.4.2 Soil Condition
88(1)
3.4.2.1 Soil Structure and Compaction
88(1)
3.4.2.2 Organic Material
88(1)
3.4.2.3 Soil Fauna (Endopedofauna)
89(1)
3.4.2.4 Soil Profile Truncation
89(1)
3.4.2.5 Hydrophobicity (Water Repellancy)
89(1)
3.4.2.6 Antecedent Soil Moisture
90(1)
3.4.2.7 Surface Crusting and Surface Sealing
91(1)
3.4.2.8 Frozen Soil
92(2)
3.4.2.9 Time
94(1)
3.5 Soil Water Balance
94(2)
3.6 Estimating Infiltration Rates
96(3)
3.6.1 Horton Equation
96(1)
3.6.2 Green-Ampt Equation
96(1)
3.6.3 Physically Based Methods
96(3)
3.7 Perspective on Infiltration Methods
99(1)
3.8 Measurement of Soil Properties
99(12)
3.8.1 Particle Size Analysis
99(1)
3.8.2 Particle Density
100(1)
3.8.3 Bulk Density
100(2)
3.8.4 Soil Hydraulic Properties
102(1)
3.8.5 Soil Water Content
102(1)
3.8.6 Soil Suction and Soil Water Release/Retention Characteristics
103(2)
3.8.7 Infiltration
105(1)
3.8.8 Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity
106(1)
3.8.9 Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity
106(2)
Problems
108(3)
Chapter 4 Soil Moisture and Evapotranspiration
111(50)
4.1 Introduction
111(1)
4.2 Evaporation Process
111(3)
4.2.1 Fick's First Law of Diffusion
112(1)
4.2.2 Potential Evapotranspiration versus Actual Evapotranspiration
113(1)
4.2.3 Evaporation from Open Water
113(1)
4.2.4 Evaporation from Bare Soil
113(1)
4.3 Evapotranspiration from Soil and Plants
114(6)
4.3.1 Interception
114(1)
4.3.2 Transpiration
114(2)
4.3.3 Factors That Affect Transpiration Rates
116(1)
4.3.3.1 Type of Plant
116(2)
4.3.3.2 Wind
118(1)
4.3.3.3 Plant Available Water
118(1)
4.3.4 Transpiration Ratio and Consumptive Use
119(1)
4.3.5 Potential Evapotranspiration and Actual Evapotranspiration Concepts and Practices in Agriculture
119(1)
4.3.6 Reference Crop Evapotranspiration
120(1)
4.4 Measuring Evaporation or Evapotranspiration
120(4)
4.4.1 Evaporation Pan
121(1)
4.4.2 Etp Gages
122(1)
4.4.3 Soil Water Depletion
123(1)
4.4.4 Water Balance
123(1)
4.4.5 Lysimeters
123(1)
4.4.6 Energy Balance and Mass Transfer
124(1)
4.5 Weather Data Sources and Preparation
124(9)
4.5.1 Saturation Vapor Pressure
125(1)
4.5.2 Actual Vapor Pressure
126(1)
4.5.3 Vapor Pressure Deficit
126(3)
4.5.4 Mean Temperature
129(1)
4.5.5 Solar Radiation
130(2)
4.5.6 Extrapolating Wind Speed
132(1)
4.6 Estimating Evaporation and Evapotranspiration
133(18)
4.6.1 Evaporation from Open Water
133(1)
4.6.2 Estimating Evapotranspiration
134(1)
4.6.3 Blaney-Criddle Methods
135(7)
4.6.4 Jensen-Haise Alfalfa-Reference
142(1)
4.6.4.1 Radiation Method
142(3)
4.6.5 Thornthwaite Method
145(2)
4.6.6 Penman's Method
147(2)
4.6.7 Penman-Monteith Methods
149(2)
4.7 Advances in Estimating Crop Evapotranspiration
151(1)
4.8 Evapotranspiration and Soil Water Budgets in Space and Time
152(4)
4.8.1 Class A Pan
152(1)
4.8.2 Lake Evaporation
153(1)
4.8.3 Time Patterns and Variance
154(2)
4.8.4 Soil Water Budgets
156(1)
4.9 Using Evapotranspiration Data and Management Strategies
156(5)
Problems
158(3)
Chapter 5 Runoff and Drainage
161(62)
5.1 Introduction
161(3)
5.2 Factors Affecting Runoff Processes
164(4)
5.2.1 Horton Overland Flow Model
164(1)
5.2.2 Variable Source Area Concept or Hewlett Model
164(1)
5.2.3 Precipitation
165(3)
5.3 Watershed Factors That Affect Runoff
168(8)
5.3.1 Size and Topography
168(6)
5.3.2 Soil
174(1)
5.3.3 Shape and Orientation
174(1)
5.3.4 Geology
175(1)
5.3.5 Interflow and Baseflow
176(1)
5.4 Runoff Characteristics: The Hydrograph
176(3)
5.5 Predicting Volume of Stormflow and Total Runoff
179(5)
5.6 Prediction of Peak Runoff Rate
184(14)
5.6.1 Graphical Peak Discharge Method
184(3)
5.6.2 Rational Equation
187(6)
5.6.3 US Geological Survey Empirical Regression Models
193(5)
5.7 Stormwater Hydrographs
198(6)
5.7.1 Unit Hydrograph Methods
198(5)
5.7.2 Time-Area Method
203(1)
5.7.3 Kinematic Approach
204(1)
5.8 Assessment and Application of Flood Estimation Techniques
204(3)
5.9 Agricultural Land Drainage Modifications
207(4)
5.9.1 Surface Improvements
209(1)
5.9.2 Subsurface Improvements
210(1)
5.9.3 Perceptions
210(1)
5.10 Determining Subsurface Drainage Flows
211(4)
5.11 Flow Duration and Water Yield
215(1)
5.12 Planning for Low Flow Water Shortages
216(2)
5.13 Runoff Characteristics-Pollutograph
218(5)
Problems
219(4)
Chapter 6 Stream Processes
223(64)
6.1 Introduction
223(1)
6.2 Interaction of Streams with the Landscape
224(4)
6.2.1 The Influence of Temporal and Spatial Scales on Geomorphology
224(2)
6.2.2 Basic Terms and Geomorphic Work
226(1)
6.2.3 Channel Types (Summarized from USDA-NRCS 2007)
227(1)
6.3 Stream Orders
228(4)
6.4 Stream Biota
232(1)
6.5 Stream Characteristics
233(8)
6.5.1 Channel Profile
233(1)
6.5.2 Stream Channel Patterns
234(3)
6.5.3 Stream Dimensions
237(1)
6.5.4 Regional and Stream-Type Curves
238(3)
6.6 Stream Stability and Sediment Transport
241(6)
6.6.1 Source of Sediment
241(1)
6.6.2 Shear Stresses and Tractive Force
242(2)
6.6.3 Sediment Transport
244(2)
6.6.4 Bank Stability
246(1)
6.7 Meander Migration, Floodplains, and Streamways
247(3)
6.8 Stream Classification
250(12)
6.8.1 Mountain Stream Morphology Classes
250(1)
6.8.1.1 Cascade Channels
251(2)
6.8.1.2 Step-Pool Channels
253(1)
6.8.1.3 Plane-Bed Channels
253(1)
6.8.1.4 Pool-Riffle Channels
253(1)
6.8.1.5 Dune-Ripple Channels
253(1)
6.8.1.6 Colluvial Channels
253(1)
6.8.1.7 Bedrock Channels
253(1)
6.8.2 Alternative Mountain Stream Classification System
254(1)
6.8.3 Rosgen Stream Classification Method
254(2)
6.8.3.1 Rosgen Type A Stream
256(1)
6.8.3.2 Rosgen Type B Stream
257(1)
6.8.3.3 Rosgen Type C Stream
257(1)
6.8.3.4 Rosgen Type D Stream
257(1)
6.8.3.5 Rosgen Type E Stream
257(1)
6.8.3.6 Rosgen Type F Stream
257(1)
6.8.3.7 Rosgen Type G Stream
257(1)
6.8.4 Using Stream Classification Methods
258(4)
6.9 Channel Evolution
262(3)
6.9.1 Disturbance
262(2)
6.9.2 Evolution Models
264(1)
6.10 What to Measure and Why the Measurement Should Be Made
265(9)
6.10.1 Site Selection and Reconnaissance at a Watershed Scale
266(1)
6.10.2 Drainage Area Determination
267(1)
6.10.3 Discharge and Sediment Data
267(1)
6.10.4 Channel Properties
268(1)
6.10.5 Elusive Nature of Bankfull (Effective Discharge) Dimensions
269(3)
6.10.6 Bed Material Characterization
272(2)
6.11 Some Other Important Factors
274(4)
6.11.1 Bed Armoring
274(1)
6.11.2 Maintenance of Pool-Riffle Sequences
275(1)
6.11.3 Losing (Influent) and Gaining (Effluent) Streams
276(2)
6.12 Stream Restoration
278(9)
6.12.1 Introduction
278(1)
6.12.2 A Perspective on Stream Restoration Approaches (by Andy Ward)
279(4)
6.12.3 Stream Restoration Resources and Guidelines
283(2)
Problems
285(2)
Chapter 7 Uniform Open Channel Flow
287(28)
7.1 Introduction
287(1)
7.2 Flow Velocity and Discharge
288(8)
7.2.1 Manning's Equation
288(6)
7.2.2 Approximation and Estimation Errors
294(1)
7.2.3 The Darcy-Weisbach Equation
294(2)
7.3 Grassed Waterways
296(1)
7.4 Compound Channels
297(3)
7.5 Two-Stage Agricultural Ditches and Canals
300(3)
7.6 Other Compound Channel Applications
303(1)
7.7 Modifying, Managing, and Enhancing Constructed Channel
304(11)
7.7.1 Stream Power Changes Due to Channel Modification
304(4)
7.7.2 Roughness Changes Associated with Channel Modifications
308(2)
7.7.3 Channel Management Options
310(3)
Problems
313(2)
Chapter 8 Hydraulic Control Structures
315(52)
8.1 Introduction
315(1)
8.2 Specific Energy an Critical Discharge
316(3)
8.3 Riffles, Pools, and Runs (Based on Newbury et al., 2011, with permission from the American Geophysical Union)
319(5)
8.4 Weirs, Flumes, and Culverts
324(6)
8.5 Backwater Analysis
330(3)
8.6 Rock Structures
333(14)
8.6.1 NRCS Stream Barbs (Based on Fripp et al. 2012)
334(1)
8.6.1.1 Design Guidelines
334(4)
8.6.1.2 Depth of Bed Key
338(1)
8.6.2 Bendway Weirs
338(2)
8.6.2.1 Design Guidelines
340(2)
8.6.3 Rosgen Vanes and Weirs (Based on Rosgen 2006)
342(3)
8.6.4 Performance of Rock Structures
345(1)
8.6.5 Scour Pool Depth
346(1)
8.7 Sizing Rock
347(7)
8.8 Routing flows through Channels and Rivers
354(3)
8.9 Routing flow through Reservoirs
357(10)
8.9.1 Determination of Stage-Storage Relationships
358(1)
8.9.2 Detention or Residence Time
359(2)
8.9.3 Spillways
361(5)
Problems
366(1)
Chapter 9 Soil Conservation and Sediment Budgets
367(50)
9.1 Introduction
367(1)
9.2 Factors Affecting Erosion by Water
368(1)
9.2.1 Climate
368(1)
9.2.2 Soil
368(1)
9.2.3 Vegetation
368(1)
9.2.4 Topography
369(1)
9.3 Types of Erosion
369(2)
9.3.1 Interrill Erosion
369(1)
9.3.2 Rill Erosion
370(1)
9.3.3 Gully Erosion
370(1)
9.3.4 Stream Channel Erosion
371(1)
9.4 Estimating Soil Loss and Soil Loss Tolerance
371(1)
9.5 Universal Soil Loss Equation
372(14)
9.5.1 Rainfall Erosivity R
372(2)
9.5.2 Soil Erodibility K
374(2)
9.5.3 Topographic Factor LS
376(1)
9.5.4 Cover Management Factor C
377(3)
9.5.5 Estimating Seasonal C Factors for Agricultural Crops
380(3)
9.5.6 Erosion Control Practice P
383(1)
9.5.6.1 Contouring
383(1)
9.5.6.2 Strip Cropping
384(1)
9.5.6.3 Terracing
385(1)
9.6 Nonagricultural Applications of the USLE
386(1)
9.7 Downstream Sediment Yields
387(1)
9.8 Single-Event Sediment Yields
388(1)
9.9 Sediment Budget Concepts
389(20)
9.9.1 Introduction
389(1)
9.9.2 Sediment Delivery from Slopes
389(1)
9.9.3 Sediment in Streams
390(3)
9.9.4 Southern Piedmont
393(2)
9.9.5 Hydraulic Mining in California
395(2)
9.9.6 Driftless Area of the Upper Midwest
397(2)
9.9.6.1 Tributaries
399(4)
9.9.6.2 Upper Main Valley
403(3)
9.9.6.3 Lower Main Valley
406(1)
9.9.7 Urban Streams
407(2)
9.10 Sediment Storage in Large Reservoirs
409(8)
9.10.1 Estimating Sediment Storage in Management Ponds
412(3)
Problems
415(2)
Chapter 10 Hydrology of Forests, Wetlands, and Cold Climates
417(38)
10.1 Introduction
417(1)
10.2 How Are Forests Different?
418(2)
10.3 Forest Climates: Rain and Snow
420(2)
10.3.1 Characteristics of Snow
420(2)
10.4 Interception: Rain, Snow, and Fog
422(2)
10.4.1 Rain Interception
422(2)
10.4.2 Snow Interception
424(1)
10.4.3 Fog Drip
424(1)
10.5 Energy Balance in Forests
424(2)
10.6 Evapotranspiration
426(1)
10.7 Snowmelt
427(3)
10.7.1 Snowmelt Modeling over a Watershed
428(1)
10.7.2 Snow Cover Distribution
429(1)
10.7.3 Critical Temperature for Rain-Snow Transition
429(1)
10.8 Infiltration
430(1)
10.9 Subsurface Flow (Interflow)
431(1)
10.10 Surface Runoff
432(1)
10.11 Streamflow and Watershed Hydrology
433(5)
10.12 Erosion: Sediment Budget
438(4)
10.12.1 Sheet-and-Rill Erosion
438(1)
10.12.2 Gully Erosion
438(1)
10.12.3 Channel Erosion
439(1)
10.12.4 Mass Wasting
440(2)
10.13 Deforestation, Fires, and Silviculture
442(1)
10.4 Commercial Logging
442(2)
10.13.1 Deforestation Associated with Agriculture
442(1)
10.13.2 Deforestation Associated with Silviculture
443(1)
10.13.3 Impacts of Deforestation
443(1)
10.13.4 Wildfires
444(1)
10.14 Rangelands and Grazing
444(4)
10.14.1 Introduction
444(1)
10.14.2 Upland Slopes
444(2)
10.14.3 Stream Channels
446(2)
10.15 Wetlands
448(7)
10.15.1 Definitions and Importance
448(1)
10.15.2 Identification of Wetlands
449(1)
10.15.3 Wetlands as Water Treatment Systems
450(1)
10.15.4 Hydraulics and Treatment Characteristics
451(1)
10.15.5 Using Constructed Wetlands to Treat Livestock Wastewater
452(1)
Problems
453(2)
Chapter 11 Hydrogeology
455(22)
11.1 Introduction
455(1)
11.2 Characterization of Groundwater Flow
455(8)
11.3 Groundwater Flow Patterns and Stream Interaction
463(4)
11.4 Flow to Wells
467(3)
11.5 Capture Zones of Wells
470(3)
11.6 Fracture Flow
473(1)
11.6.1 Fracture Flow in Rock
473(1)
11.6.2 Fracture Flow in Unconsolidated Materials
474(1)
11.7 Groundwater Vulnerability
474(3)
Problems
474(3)
Chapter 12 Human Impacts on Water Resources: Prevention and Treatment Strategies
477(62)
12.1 Introduction
477(1)
12.2 Human Impacts on Stream Health
478(2)
12.2.1 Biological Assessment Methods
478(2)
12.3 Flood Forecasting and Management
480(4)
12.3.1 Flood Forecasts
480(2)
12.3.2 Flood Zones
482(1)
12.3.3 Flood Management
483(1)
12.4 Urban Impacts
484(3)
12.5 Conundrum of Understanding Discharge Frequency
487(5)
12.6 Reducing Runoff From Urban Areas
492(4)
12.7 Detention and Retention Ponds
496(9)
12.7.1 Using Detention/Retention Ponds to Improve Water Quality
497(1)
12.7.2 Sizing Detention Ponds to Improve Water Quality
498(4)
12.7.3 Detention Ponds for Channel Stability
502(3)
12.8 Agricultural Impacts on Water Quality
505(9)
12.8.1 Freshwater Systems
506(1)
12.8.2 Salt Water and Brackish Systems: The Baltic Sea
507(5)
12.8.3 Salt Water Systems: Gulf of Mexico
512(2)
12.9 Agricultural Water Quality Best Management Practices
514(18)
12.9.1 Soil Amendments, Fertilizers, and Soil Conditioners
515(3)
12.9.2 Phosphorus Index
518(1)
12.9.3 Tillage Practices
519(3)
12.9.4 Cover Crops
522(1)
12.9.5 Precision Agricultural and Variable-Rate Technology Applications
523(1)
12.9.6 Subsurface Drainage Water Quality Best Management Practices
524(2)
12.9.7 Filter Strips and Riparian Buffers
526(3)
12.9.8 Two-Stage Ditches, Low-Head Weirs, and Vegetated Ditches
529(3)
12.10 Landfills
532(7)
12.10.1 Introduction
532(1)
12.10.2 Landfill Processes
533(1)
12.10.3 Surface Water Management in Landfills
533(1)
12.10.4 Leachate Management in Landfills
534(1)
12.10.4.1 Leachate Collection and Storage
535(1)
12.10.4.2 Leachate Treatment
535(1)
12.10.4.3 Leachate Recirculation
535(1)
12.10.5 Landfill Water Balance
535(1)
12.10.6 Hydrology and Landfills
536(1)
Problems
537(2)
Chapter 13 Fundamentals of Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems for Hydrologic Applications
539(24)
13.1 Introduction
539(5)
13.1.1 What Are Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems?
539(1)
13.1.2 Mapping Science and Engineering Technologies
539(1)
13.1.3 Geographic Information Systems
539(1)
13.1.4 Remote Sensing
540(1)
13.1.5 Image Interpretation
540(2)
13.1.6 Photogrammetry and LiDAR
542(2)
13.1.7 Surveying
544(1)
13.2 Products
544(3)
13.2.1 Images and Photographs
544(1)
13.2.2 Historical Maps
544(1)
13.2.3 Digital Images
545(2)
13.3 Parts of the Spectrum and Radiation Characteristics
547(7)
13.3.1 Visible, Infrared, and Thermal Infrared
548(2)
13.3.2 Radar
550(1)
13.3.3 Radiation
550(1)
13.3.4 Lambert's Law
550(1)
13.3.5 Projected Source Area
551(1)
13.3.6 Isotropic Source
551(1)
13.3.7 Solid Angle
551(1)
13.3.8 Radiance
552(1)
13.3.9 Spectral Relative Units
553(1)
13.4 Data Types and Databases
554(2)
13.4.1 Data Types
554(1)
13.4.2 Raster
554(1)
13.4.3 Vector
554(1)
13.4.4 Attribute Layers
554(1)
13.4.5 Databases
555(1)
13.4.6 Historical Aerial Photo Databases
555(1)
13.4.7 Digital Elevation Model
555(1)
13.4.8 Digital Terrain Model, Digital Line Graph, and Other Data
555(1)
13.4.9 Continental Land Cover Datasets
556(1)
13.5 Remote Sensing Characteristics of Water
556(1)
13.6 Applications
557(6)
13.6.1 General Characteristics of Applications
557(1)
13.6.2 Planning
557(1)
13.6.3 Site Selection Determinations
557(1)
13.6.4 Management
557(1)
13.6.5 Best Management Practices
558(1)
13.6.6 Water Resource Applications
558(1)
13.6.7 Quantity
558(1)
13.6.8 Quality and Nonpoint Sources
559(1)
13.6.9 Erosion and Disaster Studies
559(1)
13.6.10 Hazardous Waste
560(1)
13.6.11 Wetlands
560(1)
13.6.12 Evapotranspiration
560(1)
13.6.13 System of Systems
561(1)
13.6.14 Hyperspectral Studies
561(2)
Chapter 14 Practical Exercises on Conducting and Reporting Hydrologic Studies
563(28)
14.1 Introduction
563(1)
14.2 Conducting a Hydrologic Study
563(2)
14.2.1 Define the Question
563(1)
14.2.2 Conduct a Preliminary Investigation
564(1)
14.2.3 Undertaking Detailed Planning
564(1)
14.2.4 Conducting the Detailed Study
565(1)
14.3 Reporting a Hydrologic Study
565(1)
14.4 Report Contents
566(2)
14.5 General Guidelines for Preparing Exercise Reports
568(1)
14.6 Exercise 14.1: Precipitation
568(2)
14.6.1 Introduction
568(1)
14.6.2 Part I. Time Trends
568(1)
14.6.3 Part II. Frequency and Magnitude
569(1)
14.6.4 Part III. Spatial Distribution
570(1)
14.7 Exercise 14.2: Evaporation
570(2)
14.7.1 Part I. Annual Lake Evaporation (Surrogate for Potential Evapotranspiration)
570(1)
14.7.2 Part II. Daily and Monthly Lake Evaporation
571(1)
14.7.3 Part III. Estimating Actual Evapotranspiration Rates
571(1)
14.8 Exercise 14.3: Runoff
572(6)
14.8.1 Introduction
572(6)
14.9 Exercise 14.4: Flow Duration
578(2)
14.9.1 Introduction
578(2)
14.10 Exercise 14.5: Storm Runoff, Totals, and Peaks
580(1)
14.11 Exercise 14.6: Erosion and Elementary Sediment Routing
581(1)
14.12 Exercise 14.7: Streamflow Measurement in the Field
582(1)
14.12.1 Part I. Gaging Streamflow by Instrument
582(1)
14.12.2 Part II. Gaging Streamflow by the Float Method
583(1)
14.12.3 Part III. Stream Gaging Exercise
583(1)
14.13 Exercise 14.8: Watershed or Drainage Basin Morphology
583(4)
14.13.1 Introduction
583(4)
14.14 Exercise 14.9: Practical Use of Soil Surveys for Environmental Management
587(4)
14.14.1 Introduction
587(1)
14.14.2 Practical Use of Soils Maps for Management
587(4)
Appendix A Unit Conversion Factors 591(2)
Appendix B Glossary 593(14)
Appendix C Precipitation Frequency-Magnitude Information for the United States 607(4)
Appendix D Hydrologic Soil Group and Erodibility Factors for the Most Common Soils in Each State 611(8)
Appendix E Sources of Data and Images 619(4)
References 623(30)
Index 653
Andy D. Ward, Ph.D, is a professor in the Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University and has been a member of the faculty since 1986. In 1971, he obtained a B.Sc. in civil engineering from Imperial College, London, England. In 1977 and 1981, Dr. Ward obtained an M.S. and Ph.D. respectively in agricultural engineering from the University of Kentucky. He has authored more than 100 manuscripts and co-authored a paper that received the 1994 Autometric Award from the American Society of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing for the best interpretation of remote sensing data.







Stanley W. Trimble

, Ph.D, is professor emeritus in the Department of Geography at UCLA and has been a member of the faculty since 1975. In 1963, he received a B.S. in chemistry from the University of North Alabama. He earned his M.A. (1970) and Ph.D. (1973) in geography at the University of Georgia. Dr .Trimble was a research hydrologist with the US Geological Survey from 1973-84, and a visiting professor at the Universities of Chicago (1978, 1981, 1990), Vienna (1994, 1999), Oxford (1995), London (University College, 1985), and Durham (1998). He has published more than 100 research publications.Suzette R. Burckhard, PhD, PE is a professor in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department in the Jerome J. Lohr College of Engineering at South Dakota State University (SDSU), Brookings. She has been on the faculty since 1997. Dr. Burckhard earned a BS in engineering physics and civil engineering from SDSU. She also attended Kansas State University, earning an MS in physics, an MS in chemical engineering, and a PhD in civil engineering while there. She has over 100 presentations and publications including coauthoring the 3rd place ESRI Award for Best Scientific Paper in Geographic Information Systems in 2008.

John G. Lyon has conducted scientific and engineering research and administrative functions throughout his career. He is formerly the senior physical scientist in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agencys Office of Research and Development (ORD) and Office of the Science Advisor in Washington, DC, where he co-led work on the Group on Earth Observations and the USGEO subcommittee of the Committee on Environment and Natural Resources, and research on geospatial issues. Lyon was director of ORDs Environmental Sciences Division for approximately eight years. He was educated at Reed College in Portland, Oregon, and the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor.
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