Preface |
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xxvii | |
About the Authors |
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xxix | |
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Fundamentals of Environmental Law |
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Environmental Law as a System |
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1 | (3) |
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Defining the Subject Matter: What Is Environmental Law? |
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4 | (2) |
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How a Federal or State Environmental Law Is Adopted |
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5 | (1) |
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How Environmental Regulations Are Issued |
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5 | (1) |
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Laws that Establish Compliance Obligations |
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6 | (6) |
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6 | (1) |
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State Statutes and Regulations Implementing the Federal Statutes |
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7 | (1) |
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State Laws Independent of the Federal Requirements |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Environmental Law and Judicial Decisions |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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Common Law Environmental Requirements: Torts |
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12 | (13) |
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12 | (7) |
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19 | (2) |
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21 | (1) |
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Strict Liability and Dangerous Substances |
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22 | (3) |
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Laws that Enforce Permits, Prohibitions, and Penalties |
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25 | (4) |
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26 | (1) |
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Enforcement Provisions of the Federal and State Environmental Statutes |
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27 | (1) |
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General Purpose Criminal Laws |
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27 | (2) |
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Laws that Define the Environmental Law Framework |
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29 | (35) |
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The Organic Laws: Constitutions and Charters |
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30 | (4) |
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34 | (10) |
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Defining the Limits of Governmental Authority |
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44 | (13) |
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Administrative Law and Procedure |
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57 | (3) |
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60 | (4) |
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Joint and Several Liability, Indemnity, and Contribution |
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64 | (3) |
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Environmental Compliance Principles |
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67 | (1) |
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Importance of Knowledge of Environmental Law |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (3) |
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Enforcement and Liability |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (6) |
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75 | (1) |
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Statute-by-Statute Enforcement |
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76 | (1) |
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The Corporate Environmental Endangerment Initiative |
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77 | (1) |
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General Concepts of Enforcement and Liability |
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78 | (5) |
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78 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (1) |
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Civil Enforcement and Liability |
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83 | (16) |
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83 | (1) |
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Statute-Specific Principles of Liability and Defense |
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84 | (1) |
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Statutory Standard of Conduct |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (3) |
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Agreed-Upon Principles of Enforcement and Defense |
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88 | (2) |
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Agency Principles and Policies |
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90 | (7) |
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Progression of a Civil Enforcement Proceeding |
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97 | (2) |
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Private Civil Enforcement by Citizen Suits |
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99 | (3) |
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Criminal Enforcement and Liability |
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102 | (17) |
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Approaches and Defenses to Criminal Liability |
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103 | (9) |
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Agency Principles and Policies |
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112 | (2) |
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Progression of an Enforcement Proceeding |
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114 | (5) |
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Avoidance and Mitigation of Environmental Enforcement and Liability |
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119 | (8) |
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Corporate Systems for Environmental Assessment |
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120 | (2) |
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Corporate Systems for Environmental Management |
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122 | (2) |
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124 | (3) |
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New Trends in Enforcement and Liability |
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127 | (8) |
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SEC Compliance and Investor Relations |
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128 | (1) |
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Financial Accounting Standards |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (3) |
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Cyclical Environmental Law |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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Technology Brings Its Own Headaches |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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139 | (2) |
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Resource Conservation and Recovery Act |
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141 | (3) |
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Policy Goals and Objectives of RCRA |
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144 | (1) |
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Definition of Solid and Hazardous Waste |
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145 | (1) |
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Subtitle C: Hazardous Waste Management Program |
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146 | (41) |
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Identification of Hazardous Wastes |
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146 | (13) |
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Notification of Hazardous Waste Management Activities |
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159 | (1) |
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Generators of Hazardous Waste |
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160 | (5) |
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Transporters of Hazardous Wastes |
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165 | (2) |
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Treatment, Storage, and Disposal (TSD) Facilities |
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167 | (12) |
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179 | (4) |
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State Hazardous Waste Programs |
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183 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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Civil and Criminal Enforcement Actions |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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Enforcement and Compliance History Online |
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187 | (1) |
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State Solid Waste Programs under Subtitle D |
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187 | (1) |
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Federal Facility Compliance |
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188 | (5) |
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Waiver of Sovereign Immunity |
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189 | (1) |
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Federal Employee Protection and Exposure |
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189 | (1) |
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EPA Administrative Orders |
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190 | (1) |
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EPA Annual Inspections of Federal Facilities |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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Other Federal Responsibilities |
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193 | (1) |
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Research, Development, Demonstration, and Information |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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195 | (2) |
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Underground Storage Tanks |
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197 | (5) |
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Objectives of the UST Program |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (4) |
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Underground Storage Tank Systems |
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202 | (3) |
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205 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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Implementation and Enforcement |
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206 | (3) |
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206 | (1) |
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207 | (2) |
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Summary of Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements |
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209 | (3) |
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209 | (1) |
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Recordkeeping Requirements |
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210 | (2) |
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212 | (5) |
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Notification Requirements |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (4) |
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217 | (3) |
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Notification Requirements |
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217 | (1) |
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Upgrading of Existing UST Systems |
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218 | (1) |
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Enforcement of Upgrade Requirements |
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219 | (1) |
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General Operating Requirements |
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220 | (2) |
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Spill and Overfill Control |
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220 | (1) |
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Operation and Maintenance of Corrosion Protection Systems |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (2) |
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General Requirements and Schedule |
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223 | (1) |
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Methods of Release Detection of Tanks and Piping |
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223 | (1) |
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Specific Requirements for Petroleum USTs |
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224 | (1) |
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Specific Requirements for Hazardous Substance UST Systems |
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224 | (1) |
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Release Reporting, Investigation, and Response |
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225 | (9) |
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225 | (1) |
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Reporting of Suspected Releases |
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226 | (1) |
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Release Investigation and Confirmation |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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Initial Abatement Measures |
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228 | (1) |
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Initial Site Characterization |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Investigatins for Soil and Groundwater Cleanup |
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229 | (1) |
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Reporting and Cleanup of Spills and Overfills |
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230 | (1) |
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230 | (1) |
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Evolving Approach to Petroleum UST Cleanups |
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231 | (2) |
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USTfields Initiative and Recycling Abandoned Gas Stations (RAGS) |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (2) |
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234 | (1) |
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Permanent Closure/Change-in-Service |
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235 | (1) |
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Financial Responsibility Requirements |
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236 | (3) |
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Applicability and Compliance Dates |
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236 | (1) |
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Amount and Scope of Financial Responsibility Required |
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236 | (1) |
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Allowable Financial Responsibility Mechanisms |
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237 | (1) |
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Available State UST Cleanup Funds |
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238 | (1) |
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Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (1) |
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239 | (4) |
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243 | (1) |
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244 | (63) |
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244 | (16) |
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New Source Control Programs |
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260 | (18) |
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Specific Pollution Problems |
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278 | (18) |
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296 | (11) |
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307 | (6) |
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307 | (2) |
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309 | (1) |
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Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (2) |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (2) |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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Clean Water Act Goals and Policies |
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318 | (1) |
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319 | (1) |
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The Discharge Prohibition |
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320 | (6) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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Navigable Waters (``Waters of the United States'') |
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322 | (4) |
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326 | (27) |
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326 | (1) |
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What Discharges Require an NPDES Permit? |
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326 | (1) |
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327 | (1) |
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328 | (3) |
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331 | (1) |
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332 | (1) |
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332 | (15) |
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347 | (3) |
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Combined Sewer Overflows and Sanitary Sewer Overflows |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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351 | (2) |
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353 | (4) |
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353 | (1) |
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354 | (1) |
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National Categorical Standards |
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354 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (1) |
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Pretreatment Program Enforcement |
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356 | (1) |
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Nonpoint-Source Discharges |
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357 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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Coastal Zone Mangement Program |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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358 | (7) |
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Waters within the Scope of the Program |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (2) |
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361 | (2) |
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (1) |
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Potential Liabilities under the Section 404 Program |
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364 | (1) |
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Preventing, Reporting, and Responding to Spills |
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365 | (6) |
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365 | (4) |
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369 | (1) |
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Spill Response and Liability |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (12) |
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371 | (1) |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (4) |
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377 | (1) |
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377 | (1) |
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Civil Judicial Enforcement |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (2) |
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381 | (2) |
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383 | (2) |
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385 | (3) |
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388 | (2) |
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Title I: Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation |
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390 | (5) |
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390 | (5) |
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395 | (5) |
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395 | (1) |
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Removal Costs and Spill Response |
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396 | (2) |
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398 | (2) |
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400 | (1) |
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400 | (11) |
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403 | (3) |
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Application of NRDA Regulations |
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406 | (5) |
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411 | (2) |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (3) |
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Standard for Limiting OPA Liability |
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414 | (1) |
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Specific Liability Limits |
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414 | (1) |
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Adjustment of Liability Limits |
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415 | (1) |
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Recovery by a Foreign Claimant |
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416 | (1) |
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Recovery by a Responsible Party |
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416 | (1) |
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Contribution and Indemnification |
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416 | (1) |
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Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund |
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417 | (2) |
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417 | (1) |
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Preservation of State Funds |
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418 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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418 | (1) |
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419 | (3) |
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Designation of the Source and Advertisement |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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422 | (4) |
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Calculation of Financial Responsibility Amounts |
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422 | (1) |
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Methods of Demonstrating Financial Responsibility |
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423 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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Financial Responsibility Regulations for Vessels |
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423 | (2) |
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Financial Responsibility for Facilities |
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425 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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Litigation and Jurisdiction |
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426 | (1) |
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427 | (1) |
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427 | (1) |
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Relationship to Other Laws |
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427 | (4) |
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Preservation of State Oil Spill Liability Law |
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427 | (1) |
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Preservation of Federal Laws |
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428 | (1) |
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Federal Preemption under the Locke Case |
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428 | (3) |
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Title II: Conforming Amendments |
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431 | (1) |
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Title III: International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal |
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431 | (1) |
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Title IV: Prevention and Removal |
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432 | (1) |
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432 | (8) |
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Licensing Requirements and Drug and Alcohol Testing |
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432 | (1) |
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Foreign Tank Vessel Manning Standards |
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433 | (1) |
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434 | (1) |
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Marine Casualty Reporting |
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434 | (1) |
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Pilotage and Tug Escort Requirements |
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434 | (1) |
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Studies and Regulations (Sections 4107-4113) |
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435 | (1) |
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Double-Hull Requirements for Tank Vessels |
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436 | (4) |
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440 | (11) |
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Federal Removal Authority |
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440 | (2) |
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State and Local Removal Authority |
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442 | (1) |
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442 | (1) |
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National Planning and Response System |
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443 | (1) |
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Vessel and Facility Response Plans |
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444 | (7) |
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451 | (5) |
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451 | (3) |
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454 | (2) |
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Title VII: Research and Development Program |
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456 | (1) |
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457 | (2) |
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459 | (2) |
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461 | (1) |
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461 | (2) |
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463 | (3) |
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The Basic Scheme of Regulation |
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466 | (13) |
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471 | (1) |
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472 | (1) |
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Disinfectants and Disinfection Byproducts Rule |
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472 | (1) |
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Surface Water Treatment Rule |
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473 | (1) |
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Ground Water Disinfection Rule |
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474 | (1) |
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Filter Backwash Recycling Rule |
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475 | (1) |
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475 | (2) |
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477 | (1) |
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477 | (1) |
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478 | (1) |
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Periodic Review of NPDWRs |
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479 | (1) |
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479 | (7) |
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Public Notice Requirements |
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479 | (1) |
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480 | (1) |
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480 | (3) |
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483 | (1) |
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483 | (1) |
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484 | (1) |
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485 | (1) |
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Alternatives to Strict Compliance |
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486 | (3) |
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486 | (1) |
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486 | (1) |
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487 | (1) |
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488 | (1) |
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489 | (1) |
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Information Collection Rule |
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489 | (2) |
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Consumer Confidence Reports |
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491 | (1) |
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492 | (1) |
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493 | (8) |
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494 | (1) |
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495 | (1) |
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495 | (1) |
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Underground Water Protection |
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496 | (2) |
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498 | (1) |
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498 | (1) |
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499 | (1) |
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Monitoring of Unregulated Contaminants |
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499 | (1) |
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500 | (1) |
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Volatile Organic Compounds |
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501 | (1) |
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501 | (1) |
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502 | (1) |
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Source Water Quality Assessment |
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502 | (1) |
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503 | (1) |
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504 | (1) |
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505 | (1) |
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506 | (1) |
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507 | (2) |
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Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act |
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509 | (3) |
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CERCLA's History and Objectives |
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509 | (2) |
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Overview of CERCLA's Provisions |
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511 | (1) |
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511 | (1) |
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512 | (1) |
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512 | (6) |
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Hazardous Substance and Pollutant or Contaminant |
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512 | (3) |
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Release or Threat of Release |
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515 | (1) |
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516 | (1) |
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517 | (1) |
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517 | (1) |
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National Contingency Plan |
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518 | (1) |
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CERCLA's Remedial Provisions |
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518 | (11) |
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518 | (1) |
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Categories of Response Actions |
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519 | (1) |
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Steps in the Remedial Process |
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520 | (9) |
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CERCLA's Liability Provisions |
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529 | (39) |
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529 | (1) |
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CERCLA's Operative Concepts |
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530 | (5) |
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535 | (1) |
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Identifying Responsible Parties |
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536 | (1) |
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Response Cost Recovery Actions |
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537 | (14) |
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CERCLA Section 106 Abatement Actions |
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551 | (1) |
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CERCLA Section 106 Administrative Orders |
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552 | (4) |
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556 | (5) |
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561 | (1) |
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Natural Resources Damages |
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562 | (4) |
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566 | (2) |
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568 | (7) |
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568 | (1) |
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569 | (1) |
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Consent Decrees and Consent Orders |
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570 | (1) |
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571 | (4) |
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Release Reporting Requirements |
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575 | (2) |
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577 | (1) |
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578 | (2) |
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580 | (3) |
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National Environmental Policy Act |
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583 | (1) |
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584 | (3) |
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585 | (1) |
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585 | (1) |
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Council on Environmental Quality |
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586 | (1) |
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Requirements for Federal Agencies |
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|
587 | (8) |
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588 | (3) |
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Relationship to Other Federal Laws |
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|
591 | (2) |
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|
593 | (2) |
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Strategic Approaches to NEPA Compliance |
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595 | (7) |
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Non-Major Actions (Categorical Exclusions) |
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595 | (1) |
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596 | (1) |
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597 | (2) |
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Integrating Long-Range Planning and NEPA |
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599 | (1) |
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600 | (1) |
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|
600 | (2) |
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602 | (12) |
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|
602 | (1) |
|
Scoping and Early Coordination |
|
|
602 | (1) |
|
Use of the EA and Applicant's Information |
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
|
604 | (1) |
|
|
605 | (3) |
|
Commenting and Public Involvement |
|
|
608 | (2) |
|
|
610 | (1) |
|
Proposals for Legislation |
|
|
611 | (1) |
|
|
612 | (2) |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
NEPA's Extraterritorial Application |
|
|
614 | (1) |
|
|
615 | (2) |
|
|
617 | (1) |
|
|
618 | (3) |
|
CEQ Study of NEPA's Effectiveness |
|
|
621 | (2) |
|
|
623 | (2) |
|
|
625 | (1) |
|
|
625 | (5) |
|
|
626 | (2) |
|
Coordination Plan Required |
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
Purpose and Need Statement |
|
|
628 | (1) |
|
Environmental Review Process |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
Statute of Limitations on Challenges |
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
Delegation of Categorical Exclusions |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
|
630 | (1) |
|
|
631 | (2) |
|
Toxic Substances Control Act |
|
|
|
|
633 | (1) |
|
Activities Subject to TSCA |
|
|
634 | (3) |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
|
637 | (6) |
|
Initial Compilation of the Inventory |
|
|
638 | (2) |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
Maintaining and Updating the Inventory Database |
|
|
640 | (2) |
|
|
642 | (1) |
|
|
643 | (10) |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
Exclusions from PMN Requirements |
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
Exemptions from PMN Requirements |
|
|
645 | (6) |
|
|
651 | (2) |
|
Preparing the PMN and Seeing It through EPA |
|
|
653 | (3) |
|
Manufacturer's PMN Selection Strategy |
|
|
654 | (1) |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
Avoiding Unnecessary Regulation under TUSCA § 5 |
|
|
655 | (1) |
|
EPA's Review of the PMN and Use of Checklists |
|
|
656 | (1) |
|
Regulation of New Chemicals and Uses |
|
|
656 | (8) |
|
EPA Regulation under TSCA § 5(e) |
|
|
656 | (3) |
|
EPA Regulation under TSCA § 5(f) |
|
|
659 | (1) |
|
Significant New Use Rules |
|
|
660 | (4) |
|
|
664 | (5) |
|
1986 Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology Products |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
Guidance Documents on PMN Submissions for Biotechnology Products |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
The EPA Biotechnology PMN Review Process |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
EPA's Biotechnology Policy: The Final Rule |
|
|
666 | (3) |
|
|
669 | (9) |
|
Selection of Chemicals for Testing |
|
|
669 | (1) |
|
|
670 | (2) |
|
Tests and Studies under TSCA § 4 |
|
|
672 | (2) |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
|
675 | (1) |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
TSCA § 4(f) Findings of Significant Risk |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
Reporting and Retention of Information |
|
|
678 | (6) |
|
|
678 | (2) |
|
TSCA § 8(c): Records of Significant Adverse Reactions |
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
TSCA § 8(d): Health and Safety Studies |
|
|
680 | (2) |
|
TSCA § 8(e): Substantial Risk Information |
|
|
682 | (2) |
|
Existing Chemical Regulation |
|
|
684 | (6) |
|
Procedures and Standards for TSCA § 6 Regulation |
|
|
684 | (1) |
|
Chemical-Specific Regulations |
|
|
685 | (5) |
|
Relationship between TSCA and Other Laws |
|
|
690 | (2) |
|
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
TSCA's Relationship to Other Federal Laws |
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
TSCA Preemption of State and Local Laws |
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
TSCA Inspections and Enforcement |
|
|
692 | (13) |
|
|
693 | (2) |
|
|
695 | (7) |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
|
704 | (1) |
|
Citizen Actions and Petitions |
|
|
705 | (1) |
|
Importation and Exportation |
|
|
705 | (6) |
|
Import Regulation: TSCA § 13 |
|
|
706 | (2) |
|
Export Regulation: TSCA § 12 |
|
|
708 | (3) |
|
|
711 | (2) |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
|
713 | (2) |
|
|
|
Background to the Federal Regulation of Pesticides |
|
|
715 | (3) |
|
|
716 | (1) |
|
Early Efforts at Pesticide Regulations |
|
|
716 | (2) |
|
Pesticide Regulation Transferred to the Environmental Protection Agency |
|
|
718 | (1) |
|
Overview of FIFRA and Amendments |
|
|
718 | (3) |
|
Background to FIFRA and the 1972 FEPCA |
|
|
719 | (1) |
|
Subsequent FIFRA Amendments: An Overview |
|
|
720 | (1) |
|
|
721 | (10) |
|
Definition of Pesticides, Pests, and Devices |
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
Pesticide Registration Procedures |
|
|
722 | (2) |
|
|
724 | (1) |
|
Streamlining of Reregistration |
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
Registration of ``Me-Too'' Pesticides |
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
Categorical Pesticide Review |
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
Modifications and Transfers of Registrations |
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
|
727 | (2) |
|
``Featherbedding'' or ``Me-Too'' Registrants |
|
|
729 | (2) |
|
Essentiality in Registration |
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
Control over Pesticide Usage |
|
|
731 | (4) |
|
Statutory Basis for Control over Pesticide Usage through Certification |
|
|
732 | (1) |
|
Self-Certification of Private Applicators |
|
|
733 | (1) |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
Two-House Congressional Veto over EPA Regulations |
|
|
734 | (1) |
|
Removal of Pesticides from the Market |
|
|
735 | (10) |
|
|
735 | (1) |
|
|
736 | (3) |
|
Misbranding and Stop-Sale Orders |
|
|
739 | (1) |
|
International Effect of EPA Cancellations |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
|
740 | (1) |
|
Compensation for Canceled Pesticides |
|
|
741 | (1) |
|
|
742 | (1) |
|
Requirements of Consultation by EPA with the USDA |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
Economic Impact on Agriculture Statement |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
Scientific Advisory Committees |
|
|
744 | (1) |
|
Administrative and Judicial Review |
|
|
745 | (4) |
|
Scope of the Administrator's Flexibility |
|
|
745 | (2) |
|
Standing for Registration, Appeals, and Subpoenas |
|
|
747 | (1) |
|
|
748 | (1) |
|
The Role of Public Hearings |
|
|
749 | (1) |
|
Role of States and Localities |
|
|
749 | (4) |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
|
750 | (1) |
|
Federal Preemption and State Authority |
|
|
751 | (2) |
|
|
753 | (5) |
|
|
754 | (1) |
|
Labels in Theory and Practice |
|
|
755 | (2) |
|
|
757 | (1) |
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
|
758 | (2) |
|
|
760 | (2) |
|
|
760 | (1) |
|
Hogtic the EPA: 1975 Amendments to FIFRA |
|
|
760 | (1) |
|
Data Compensation Changed: 1978 Amendments to FIFRA |
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
Two-House Veto: 1980 Amendments to FIFRA |
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
FIFRA Lite: 1988, Amendments to FIFRA |
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
Minor Pesticide Uses: 1990 Amendments to FIFRA |
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
Bye-Bye Delaney: 1996 Amendments to FIFRA |
|
|
761 | (1) |
|
Fees and Timetables: 2003 PRIA Amendments to FIFRA |
|
|
762 | (1) |
|
Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 |
|
|
762 | (4) |
|
Regulatory Dilemma under the Delaney Clause |
|
|
762 | (1) |
|
|
762 | (2) |
|
|
764 | (1) |
|
|
764 | (1) |
|
|
764 | (1) |
|
|
765 | (1) |
|
Pesticide Regulation under Other Federal Statutes |
|
|
766 | (6) |
|
|
766 | (2) |
|
Clean Air Act of 1970 and Its Progeny |
|
|
768 | (1) |
|
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 |
|
|
768 | (2) |
|
Solid Waste Disposal Acts |
|
|
770 | (1) |
|
Occupational Safety and Health Act |
|
|
770 | (1) |
|
Federal Hazardous Substances Act |
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
Federal Pesticide Monitoring Programs |
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
National Environmental Policy Act |
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
|
772 | (4) |
|
The Promise and Fear of Biotechnology |
|
|
773 | (1) |
|
The Initial Controversy ove Regulating Biotechnology |
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
``Frankenfood'' Enforcement |
|
|
775 | (1) |
|
|
776 | (1) |
|
|
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
Federal Pollution Prevention Strategy |
|
|
778 | (16) |
|
|
778 | (1) |
|
EPA's Pollution Prevention Strategy |
|
|
779 | (1) |
|
EPA's Pollution Prevention Programs in the 1990s |
|
|
779 | (12) |
|
EPA's Pollution Prevention Programs after 2000 |
|
|
791 | (3) |
|
State Pollution Prevention Programs |
|
|
794 | (3) |
|
Mandatory Waste Reduction Programs |
|
|
795 | (1) |
|
Multimedia Permit Programs and Other Regulatory Innovations |
|
|
796 | (1) |
|
Voluntary Technical Assistance Programs |
|
|
797 | (1) |
|
|
797 | (1) |
|
|
798 | (3) |
|
Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act |
|
|
|
|
801 | (2) |
|
Emergency Planning and Notification |
|
|
803 | (13) |
|
State Commissions, Planning Districts, and Local Committees (Section 301) |
|
|
803 | (1) |
|
Substances and Facilities Covered and Notification (Section 302) |
|
|
804 | (2) |
|
Comprehensive Emergency Response Plans (Section 303) |
|
|
806 | (2) |
|
Emergency Notification in the Event of a Release (Section 304) |
|
|
808 | (7) |
|
Emergency Training and Review of Emergency Systems (Section 305) |
|
|
815 | (1) |
|
|
816 | (22) |
|
Material Safety Data Sheet Reporting Requirements (Section 311) |
|
|
816 | (3) |
|
Hazardous Chemical Inventory Form Reporting Requirements (Section 312) |
|
|
819 | (4) |
|
Toxic Chemical Release Reporting Requirements (Section 313) |
|
|
823 | (14) |
|
Common EPCRA Compliance Errors |
|
|
837 | (1) |
|
Relationship to Other Laws (Section 321) |
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 |
|
|
838 | (1) |
|
Trade Secrets (Sections 322 and 323) |
|
|
839 | (1) |
|
Public Access to Information (Section 324) |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
Enforcement (Section 325) |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
Emergency Planning Violations |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
Emergency Notification Violations |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
Section 311 Reporting Violations |
|
|
840 | (1) |
|
Section 312 and 313 Reporting Violations |
|
|
841 | (1) |
|
Section 322 and 323 Trade-Secret Violations |
|
|
841 | (1) |
|
Civil Actions (Section 326) |
|
|
841 | (4) |
|
|
841 | (3) |
|
State or Local Government Suits |
|
|
844 | (1) |
|
|
844 | (1) |
|
Federal Acquisition and Community Right to Know |
|
|
845 | (1) |
|
Internet Development and TRI Reporting |
|
|
846 | (1) |
|
|
846 | (3) |
|
Occupational Safety and Health Act |
|
|
|
|
849 | (2) |
|
Comparison of OSHA and EPA |
|
|
850 | (1) |
|
|
850 | (1) |
|
|
851 | (4) |
|
|
852 | (1) |
|
|
853 | (1) |
|
|
854 | (1) |
|
Telecommuting and Home Workplaces |
|
|
854 | (1) |
|
|
855 | (4) |
|
Areas Covered by the OSHA Standards |
|
|
855 | (2) |
|
|
857 | (1) |
|
Overview of Health Standards |
|
|
857 | (1) |
|
Overview of Safety Standards |
|
|
858 | (1) |
|
|
859 | (8) |
|
Consensus Standards: Section 6(a) |
|
|
859 | (1) |
|
Standards Completion and Deletion Processes |
|
|
860 | (1) |
|
Permanent Standards: Section 6(b) |
|
|
861 | (2) |
|
Emergency Temporary Standards |
|
|
863 | (1) |
|
General Duty Clause, 5(a)(1) |
|
|
863 | (1) |
|
Feasibility and the Balancing Debate |
|
|
864 | (3) |
|
|
867 | (1) |
|
|
868 | (1) |
|
|
868 | (1) |
|
Compliance and Inspections |
|
|
868 | (8) |
|
|
869 | (1) |
|
|
869 | (1) |
|
Training and Competence of Inspectors |
|
|
870 | (1) |
|
Citations, Fines, and Penalties |
|
|
870 | (2) |
|
OSHA Citation and Penalty Patterns |
|
|
872 | (2) |
|
Communicating and Enforcing Company Rules |
|
|
874 | (1) |
|
Warrantless Inspections: The Barlow Case |
|
|
875 | (1) |
|
|
876 | (3) |
|
|
876 | (1) |
|
Monitoring and Medical Records |
|
|
877 | (1) |
|
|
877 | (1) |
|
|
878 | (1) |
|
|
878 | (1) |
|
Refusal to Work and Whistle-Blowing |
|
|
879 | (2) |
|
|
879 | (1) |
|
Protection of Whistle-Blowing |
|
|
879 | (2) |
|
Federal and State Employees |
|
|
881 | (1) |
|
|
881 | (1) |
|
|
882 | (1) |
|
|
882 | (2) |
|
|
882 | (1) |
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
|
886 | (2) |
|
|
887 | (1) |
|
Limitations of the Commission |
|
|
887 | (1) |
|
|
888 | (1) |
|
|
888 | (1) |
|
|
889 | (1) |
|
Hazard Communication Regulation |
|
|
889 | (6) |
|
Reason for the Regulation |
|
|
889 | (1) |
|
|
890 | (1) |
|
|
891 | (1) |
|
|
892 | (1) |
|
Federal Preemption Controversy |
|
|
893 | (2) |
|
|
895 | (2) |
|
|
895 | (1) |
|
|
896 | (1) |
|
|
896 | (1) |
|
|
897 | (2) |
|
Environmental Management Systems and Environmental Law |
|
|
|
|
899 | (2) |
|
Legal Relevance of Environmental Management Systems |
|
|
901 | (11) |
|
|
902 | (1) |
|
EMS, Enforcement Discretion, and Penalty Mitigation |
|
|
902 | (3) |
|
EMS and Regulatory Initiatives |
|
|
905 | (3) |
|
|
908 | (2) |
|
International Considerations |
|
|
910 | (2) |
|
Environmental Management Systems |
|
|
912 | (18) |
|
Review of Selected Provisions of an Effective EMS from a Legal Perspective |
|
|
914 | (16) |
|
|
930 | (1) |
|
|
930 | (3) |
Index |
|
933 | |