| Preface |
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xxv | |
| About the Authors |
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xxvii | |
| Chapter 1 Fundamentals of Environmental Law |
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1 | (76) |
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Environmental Law as a System |
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1 | (3) |
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Defining the Subject Matter: What Is Environmental Law? |
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4 | (2) |
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How a Federal or State Environmental Law Is Adopted |
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5 | (1) |
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How Environmental Regulations Are Issued |
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5 | (1) |
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Laws That Establish Compliance Obligations |
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6 | (6) |
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6 | (1) |
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State Statutes and Regulations Implementing the Federal Statutes |
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6 | (1) |
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State Laws Independent of the Federal Requirements |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Environmental Law and Judicial Decisions |
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10 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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Common Law Environmental Requirements: Torts |
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12 | (12) |
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12 | (6) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (2) |
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Strict Liability and Dangerous Substances |
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21 | (3) |
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Laws That Enforce Permits, Prohibitions, and Penalties |
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24 | (4) |
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24 | (1) |
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Enforcement Provisions of the Federal and State Environmental Statutes |
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25 | (1) |
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General Purpose Criminal Laws |
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26 | (2) |
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Laws That Define the Environmental Law Framework |
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28 | (35) |
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The Organic Laws: Constitutions and Charters |
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28 | (5) |
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33 | (11) |
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Defining the Limits of Governmental Authority |
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44 | (13) |
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Administrative Law and Procedure |
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57 | (2) |
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59 | (4) |
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Joint and Several Liability, Indemnity, and Contribution |
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63 | (2) |
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Environmental Compliance Principles |
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65 | (1) |
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Importance of Knowledge of Environmental Law |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (10) |
| Chapter 2 Enforcement and Liability |
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77 | (76) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (5) |
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81 | (1) |
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Statute-by-Statute Enforcement |
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82 | (1) |
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General Concepts of Enforcement and Liability |
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82 | (5) |
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83 | (1) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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Civil Enforcement and Liability |
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87 | (14) |
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87 | (1) |
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Statute-Specific Principles of Liability and Defense |
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88 | (1) |
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Statutory Standard of Conduct |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (2) |
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Agreed-Upon Principles of Enforcement and Defense |
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91 | (2) |
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Agency Principles and Policies |
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93 | (6) |
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Progression of a Civil Enforcement Proceeding |
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99 | (2) |
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Private Civil Enforcement by Citizen Suits |
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101 | (2) |
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Criminal Enforcement and Liability |
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103 | (14) |
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Approaches and Defenses to Criminal Liability |
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104 | (7) |
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Agency Principles and Policies |
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111 | (2) |
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Progression of an Enforcement Proceeding |
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113 | (4) |
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Avoidance and Mitigation of Environmental Enforcement and Liability |
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117 | (8) |
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Corporate Systems for Environmental Assessment |
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117 | (3) |
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Corporate Systems for Environmental Management |
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120 | (1) |
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121 | (4) |
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New Trends in Enforcement and Liability |
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125 | (8) |
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SEC Compliance and Investor Relations |
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125 | (2) |
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Financial Accounting Standards |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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EPA's Next Generation Enforcement |
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130 | (1) |
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Methane Enforcement Initiative |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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Utilizing Federal Enforcement to Increase Compliance |
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132 | (1) |
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133 | (3) |
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Cyclical Environmental Law |
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133 | (1) |
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134 | (1) |
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Technology Brings Its Own Headaches |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (16) |
| Chapter 3 Resource Conservation and Recovery Act |
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153 | (48) |
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Introduction and Overview |
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153 | (2) |
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Defining Solid and Hazardous Wastes |
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155 | (5) |
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Definition of Solid Waste |
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156 | (3) |
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Definition of Hazardous Waste |
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159 | (1) |
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Subtitle C: Hazardous Waste Management Program |
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160 | (27) |
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Identification of Hazardous Wastes |
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160 | (10) |
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Notification of Hazardous Waste Management Activities |
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170 | (1) |
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Generators of Hazardous Waste |
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170 | (3) |
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Transporters of Hazardous Wastes |
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173 | (2) |
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Treatment, Storage, and Disposal (TSD) Facilities |
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175 | (5) |
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The Land Disposal Restrictions Program |
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180 | (2) |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (2) |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (3) |
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State Hazardous Waste Programs |
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187 | (1) |
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Hazardous Waste Inspections |
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187 | (1) |
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Civil and Criminal Enforcement Actions |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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State Solid Waste Programs under Subtitle D |
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190 | (1) |
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The Federal Facility Compliance Act |
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191 | (1) |
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Waiver of Sovereign Immunity |
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191 | (1) |
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EPA Administrative Orders |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (1) |
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192 | (9) |
| Chapter 4 Underground Storage Tanks |
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201 | (50) |
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201 | (5) |
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Objectives of the UST Program |
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203 | (3) |
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206 | (4) |
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Underground Storage Tank Systems |
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206 | (3) |
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209 | (1) |
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209 | (1) |
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Implementation and Enforcement |
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210 | (2) |
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210 | (1) |
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210 | (2) |
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Summary of Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements |
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212 | (3) |
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212 | (1) |
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Recordkeeping Requirements |
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213 | (2) |
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215 | (3) |
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Notification Requirements |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (2) |
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218 | (3) |
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Notification Requirements |
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218 | (1) |
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Upgrading of Existing UST Systems |
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219 | (1) |
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Enforcement of Upgrade Requirements |
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220 | (1) |
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General Operating Requirements |
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221 | (1) |
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Spill and Overfill Control |
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221 | (1) |
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Operation of Corrosion Protection Systems |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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Equipment Testing and Inspection |
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222 | (1) |
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Site Inspections Under the Energy Policy Act |
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223 | (1792) |
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2015 | |
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223 | (1) |
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223 | (2) |
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General Release Detection Requirements |
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223 | (1) |
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Methods of Release Detection for Tanks and Piping |
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224 | (1) |
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Specific Requirements for Petroleum USTs |
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224 | (1) |
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Specific Requirements for Hazardous Substance UST Systems |
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224 | (1) |
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Release Reporting, Investigation, and Response |
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225 | (8) |
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225 | (1) |
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Reporting of Suspected Releases |
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226 | (1) |
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Release Investigation and Confirmation |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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Initial Abatement Measures |
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228 | (1) |
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Initial Site Characterization |
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228 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Investigations for Soil and Groundwater Cleanup |
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229 | (1) |
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Reporting and Cleanup of Spills and Overfills |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (2) |
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USTfields Initiative and Recycling Abandoned Gas Stations (RAGS) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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Permanent Closure/Change-in-Service |
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233 | (1) |
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Financial Responsibility Requirements |
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234 | (2) |
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Applicability and Compliance |
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234 | (1) |
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Amount and Scope of Financial Responsibility Required |
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234 | (1) |
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Allowable Financial Responsibility Mechanisms |
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235 | (1) |
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Available State UST Cleanup Funds |
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235 | (1) |
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Reporting and Recordkeeping Requirements |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (14) |
| Chapter 5 Clean Air Act |
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251 | (84) |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (63) |
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252 | (15) |
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New Source Control Programs |
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267 | (14) |
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Specific Pollution Problems |
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281 | (25) |
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306 | (9) |
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315 | (5) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (2) |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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320 | (1) |
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321 | (1) |
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321 | (14) |
| Chapter 6 Clean Water Act |
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335 | (68) |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (1) |
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Clean Water Act Goals and Policies |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (1) |
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The Discharge Prohibition |
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337 | (5) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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338 | (1) |
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Navigable Waters ("Waters of the United States") |
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339 | (3) |
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342 | (20) |
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342 | (1) |
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What Discharges Require an NPDES Permit? |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (1) |
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343 | (2) |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (1) |
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346 | (11) |
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357 | (3) |
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Combined Sewer Overflows and Sanitary Sewer Overflows |
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360 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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361 | (1) |
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362 | (2) |
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362 | (1) |
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362 | (1) |
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National Categorical Standards |
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363 | (1) |
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363 | (1) |
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364 | (1) |
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Pretreatment Program Enforcement |
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364 | (1) |
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Nonpoint-Source Discharges |
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364 | (2) |
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319 | (46) |
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365 | (1) |
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Coastal Zone Management Program |
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365 | (1) |
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365 | (1) |
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366 | (4) |
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Waters within the Scope of the Program |
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366 | (1) |
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366 | (2) |
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368 | (1) |
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369 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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Potential Liabilities under the Section 404 Program |
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370 | (1) |
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Preventing, Reporting, and Responding to Spills |
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370 | (4) |
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370 | (3) |
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373 | (1) |
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Spill Response and Liability |
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374 | (1) |
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374 | (8) |
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374 | (1) |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (2) |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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Civil Judicial Enforcement |
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379 | (1) |
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380 | (1) |
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381 | (1) |
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382 | (21) |
| Chapter 7 Oil Pollution Act |
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403 | (86) |
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403 | (3) |
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406 | (1) |
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Title I: Oil Pollution Liability and Compensation |
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407 | (3) |
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407 | (3) |
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410 | (3) |
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410 | (1) |
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Removal Costs and Spill Response |
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411 | (1) |
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411 | (2) |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (8) |
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415 | (2) |
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Application of NRDA Regulations |
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417 | (4) |
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421 | (2) |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (2) |
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Standard for Limiting OPA Liability |
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423 | (1) |
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Specific Liability Limits |
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424 | (1) |
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Adjustment of Liability Limits |
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425 | (1) |
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Recovery by a Foreign Claimant |
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425 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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Contribution and Indemnification |
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426 | (1) |
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Oil Spill Liability Trust Fund (OSLTF) |
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426 | (2) |
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427 | (1) |
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Preservation of State Funds |
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427 | (1) |
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427 | (1) |
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428 | (1) |
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428 | (2) |
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Designation of the Source and Advertisement |
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429 | (1) |
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429 | (1) |
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430 | (3) |
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Calculation of Financial Responsibility Amounts |
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430 | (1) |
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Methods of Demonstrating Financial Responsibility |
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430 | (1) |
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431 | (1) |
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431 | (1) |
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Financial Responsibility Regulations for Vessels |
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431 | (1) |
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Financial Responsibility Regulations for Facilities |
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432 | (1) |
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433 | (1) |
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Litigation and Jurisdiction |
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433 | (1) |
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433 | (1) |
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433 | (1) |
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Relationship to Other Laws |
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434 | (3) |
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Preservation of State Oil Spill Liability Law |
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434 | (1) |
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Preservation of Federal Laws |
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434 | (1) |
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Federal Preemption under the Locke Case |
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434 | (3) |
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Title II: Conforming Amendments |
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437 | (1) |
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Title III: International Oil Pollution Prevention and Removal |
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437 | (1) |
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Title IV: Prevention and Removal |
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437 | (21) |
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438 | (5) |
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443 | (11) |
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454 | (4) |
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Title VII: Research and Development Program |
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458 | (1) |
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458 | (31) |
| Chapter 8 Safe Drinking Water Act |
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489 | (96) |
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489 | (1) |
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Background to U.S. Drinking Water Regulation |
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489 | (6) |
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Drinking Water Regulation before the SDWA |
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490 | (1) |
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The 1974 Safe Drinking Water Act |
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490 | (1) |
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The 1986 Amendments to the SDWA |
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491 | (1) |
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The 1996 Amendments to the SDWA |
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491 | (2) |
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493 | (2) |
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The SDWA Regulatory Scheme |
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495 | (7) |
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Federal/State Relationship |
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496 | (1) |
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Primary and Secondary Standards |
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496 | (1) |
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Who Is Regulated-Public Water Systems |
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497 | (1) |
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Classification of Public Water Systems |
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498 | (4) |
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How Drinking Water Is Regulated-Standard Setting |
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502 | (12) |
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Identification and Prioritization of Contaminants for Regulation |
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502 | (5) |
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NPDWR Standard Setting-MCLs and MCLGs |
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507 | (1) |
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Best Available Science-Risk Assessment, Management, and Communication |
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508 | (2) |
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510 | (1) |
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Periodic Review of Existing NPDWRs |
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511 | (2) |
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513 | (1) |
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National Primary Drinking Water Regulations-Significant Regulations |
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514 | (16) |
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Surface Water Treatment Rule |
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514 | (2) |
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The Revised Total Coliform Rule |
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516 | (4) |
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Disinfection and Disinfection Byproducts Rule |
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520 | (1) |
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521 | (4) |
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525 | (2) |
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Synthetic Organic Contaminants |
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527 | (2) |
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Volatile Organic Compounds |
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529 | (1) |
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529 | (1) |
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Filter Backwash Recycling Rule |
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529 | (1) |
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Regulatory Compliance Requirements |
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530 | (12) |
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530 | (1) |
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531 | (1) |
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532 | (1) |
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533 | (3) |
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536 | (1) |
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537 | (1) |
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Consumer Confidence Reports |
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538 | (1) |
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539 | (1) |
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Operator Certification Guidance and Grants |
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539 | (1) |
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540 | (2) |
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542 | (6) |
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542 | (1) |
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Fines, Penalties, and Injunctive Relief |
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543 | (2) |
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State Primacy Authorities Related to Enforcement |
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545 | (1) |
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546 | (2) |
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Private Tort and Nuisance Actions |
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548 | (1) |
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549 | (1) |
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Special Provisions Relating to the Sale of Drinking Water and Its Use in Food |
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550 | (2) |
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550 | (1) |
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Drinking Water Used as a Food Ingredient |
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551 | (1) |
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551 | (1) |
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551 | (1) |
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Homeland Security Presidential Directives |
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552 | (1) |
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Security Enhancements, Research, and Technology |
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552 | (1) |
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Funding and Grant Programs |
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553 | (1) |
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554 | (1) |
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Underground Injection Program |
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554 | (8) |
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555 | (7) |
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562 | (1) |
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562 | (3) |
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564 | (1) |
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565 | (1) |
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566 | (19) |
| Chapter 9 Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act |
|
585 | (78) |
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585 | (3) |
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CERCLA's History and Objectives |
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585 | (2) |
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Overview of CERCLA's Provisions |
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587 | (1) |
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587 | (1) |
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588 | (1) |
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588 | (5) |
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Hazardous Substance and Pollutant or Contaminant |
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588 | (2) |
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Release or Threat of Release |
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590 | (1) |
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591 | (1) |
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592 | (1) |
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592 | (1) |
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National Contingency Plan |
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592 | (1) |
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CERCLA's Remedial Provisions |
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593 | (10) |
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|
593 | (1) |
|
Categories of Response Actions |
|
|
594 | (1) |
|
Steps in the Remedial Process |
|
|
595 | (8) |
|
CERCLA's Liability Provisions |
|
|
603 | (32) |
|
|
|
603 | (1) |
|
CERCLA's Operative Concepts |
|
|
603 | (4) |
|
|
|
607 | (1) |
|
Identifying Responsible Parties |
|
|
608 | (1) |
|
Response Cost Recovery Actions |
|
|
609 | |
|
|
|
106 | (514) |
|
|
|
620 | |
|
|
|
106 | (515) |
|
|
|
621 | (3) |
|
|
|
624 | (5) |
|
|
|
629 | (1) |
|
Natural Resources Damages |
|
|
630 | (3) |
|
|
|
633 | (2) |
|
|
|
635 | (6) |
|
|
|
635 | (1) |
|
|
|
636 | (1) |
|
Consent Decrees and Consent Orders |
|
|
637 | (1) |
|
|
|
637 | (4) |
|
Release Reporting Requirements |
|
|
641 | (1) |
|
|
|
642 | (2) |
|
|
|
644 | (1) |
|
|
|
645 | (18) |
| Chapter 10 National Environmental Policy Act |
|
663 | (60) |
|
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
|
|
664 | (2) |
|
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
Council on Environmental Quality |
|
|
665 | (1) |
|
Requirements for Federal Agencies |
|
|
666 | (6) |
|
|
|
667 | (3) |
|
Relationship to Other Federal Laws |
|
|
670 | (1) |
|
|
|
671 | (1) |
|
Strategic Approaches to NEPA Compliance |
|
|
672 | (6) |
|
Nonmajor Actions (Categorical Exclusions) |
|
|
672 | (1) |
|
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
|
|
674 | (2) |
|
Integrating Long-Range Planning and NEPA |
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
|
|
676 | (1) |
|
Environmental Assessments |
|
|
677 | (1) |
|
|
|
678 | (10) |
|
|
|
678 | (1) |
|
Scoping and Early Coordination |
|
|
679 | (1) |
|
Use of the EA and Applicant's Information |
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
|
|
680 | (1) |
|
|
|
681 | (2) |
|
Commenting and Public Involvement |
|
|
683 | (2) |
|
|
|
685 | (1) |
|
Proposals for Legislation |
|
|
686 | (1) |
|
|
|
686 | (2) |
|
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
NEPA's Extraterritorial Application |
|
|
688 | (1) |
|
|
|
689 | (2) |
|
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
|
|
692 | (3) |
|
CEQ Study of NEPA's Effectiveness |
|
|
695 | (3) |
|
|
|
698 | (1) |
|
|
|
699 | (1) |
|
|
|
699 | (4) |
|
|
|
700 | (1) |
|
Coordination Plan Required |
|
|
701 | (1) |
|
Purpose and Need Statement |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
Environmental Review Process |
|
|
702 | (1) |
|
Statute of Limitations on Challenges |
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
Delegation of Categorical Exclusions |
|
|
703 | (1) |
|
|
|
703 | (11) |
|
Establishing Categorical Exclusions |
|
|
704 | (2) |
|
Consideration of the Effects of Climate Change and Greenhouse Gas Emissions |
|
|
706 | (6) |
|
NEPA Mitigation and Monitoring |
|
|
712 | (1) |
|
|
|
713 | (1) |
|
|
|
714 | (1) |
|
|
|
714 | (9) |
| Chapter 11 Climate Change and Environmental Law |
|
723 | (60) |
|
|
|
723 | (1) |
|
|
|
724 | (43) |
|
The Obama Administration and the U.S. Congress |
|
|
724 | (3) |
|
|
|
727 | (13) |
|
|
|
740 | (7) |
|
|
|
747 | (3) |
|
Environmental Impact Assessment Law |
|
|
750 | (7) |
|
State and Regional Climate Change Regimes |
|
|
757 | (4) |
|
|
|
761 | (6) |
|
|
|
767 | (7) |
|
|
|
767 | (2) |
|
|
|
769 | (3) |
|
|
|
772 | (2) |
|
|
|
774 | (9) |
| Chapter 12 Toxic Substances Control Act |
|
783 | (92) |
|
|
|
783 | (2) |
|
Activities Subject to TSCA |
|
|
785 | (3) |
|
|
|
785 | (1) |
|
|
|
786 | (1) |
|
|
|
787 | (1) |
|
|
|
787 | (1) |
|
|
|
788 | (1) |
|
|
|
788 | (5) |
|
Initial Compilation of the Inventory |
|
|
788 | (2) |
|
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
Maintaining and Updating the Inventory Database |
|
|
790 | (1) |
|
|
|
791 | (1) |
|
|
|
792 | (1) |
|
|
|
793 | (9) |
|
|
|
793 | (1) |
|
Exclusions from PMN Requirements |
|
|
794 | (1) |
|
Exemptions from PMN Requirements |
|
|
795 | (5) |
|
|
|
800 | (2) |
|
Preparing the PMN and Seeing It through EPA |
|
|
802 | (3) |
|
Manufacturer's PMN Selection Strategy |
|
|
802 | (1) |
|
|
|
803 | (1) |
|
Avoiding Unnecessary Regulation under TSCA § 5 |
|
|
804 | (1) |
|
EPA's Review of the PMN and Use of Checklists |
|
|
804 | (1) |
|
Regulation of New Chemicals and Uses |
|
|
805 | (7) |
|
EPA Regulation under TSCA § 5(e) |
|
|
805 | (2) |
|
EPA Regulation under TSCA § 5(f) |
|
|
807 | (1) |
|
Significant New Use Rules |
|
|
808 | (4) |
|
|
|
812 | (4) |
|
1986 Framework for Regulation of Biotechnology Products |
|
|
812 | (1) |
|
Guidance Documents on PMN Submissions for Biotechnology Products |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
The EPA Biotechnology PMN Review Process |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
EPA's Biotechnology Policy: The Final Rule |
|
|
814 | (2) |
|
|
|
816 | (8) |
|
Selection of Chemicals for Testing |
|
|
816 | (1) |
|
|
|
817 | (2) |
|
Tests and Studies under TSCA § 4 |
|
|
819 | (1) |
|
|
|
820 | (1) |
|
|
|
821 | (1) |
|
|
|
822 | (1) |
|
TSCA § 4(f) Findings of Significant Risk |
|
|
823 | (1) |
|
Reporting and Retention of Information |
|
|
824 | (5) |
|
|
|
824 | (2) |
|
TSCA § 8(c): Records of Significant Adverse Reactions |
|
|
826 | (1) |
|
TSCA § 8(d): Health and Safety Studies |
|
|
826 | (2) |
|
TSCA § 8(e): Substantial Risk Information |
|
|
828 | (1) |
|
Existing Chemical Regulation |
|
|
829 | (5) |
|
Procedures and Standards for TSCA § 6 Regulation |
|
|
830 | (1) |
|
Chemical-Specific Regulations |
|
|
830 | (4) |
|
Relationship between TSCA and Other Laws |
|
|
834 | (2) |
|
Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) |
|
|
835 | (1) |
|
Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) |
|
|
835 | (1) |
|
TSCA's Relationship to Other Federal Laws |
|
|
835 | (1) |
|
TSCA Preemption of State and Local Laws |
|
|
836 | (1) |
|
TSCA Inspections and Enforcement |
|
|
836 | (13) |
|
|
|
836 | (3) |
|
|
|
839 | (7) |
|
|
|
846 | (1) |
|
|
|
847 | (1) |
|
|
|
847 | (1) |
|
Citizen Actions and Petitions |
|
|
848 | (1) |
|
Importation and Exportation |
|
|
849 | (4) |
|
Import Regulation: TSCA § 13 |
|
|
849 | (2) |
|
Export Regulation: TSCA § 12 |
|
|
851 | (2) |
|
|
|
853 | (2) |
|
Reform Models That Were Proposed and Not Enacted |
|
|
854 | (1) |
|
Passage of the Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act (H.R 2576) |
|
|
855 | (1) |
|
|
|
855 | (9) |
|
Summary of H.R 2576: Frank R. Lautenberg Chemical Safety for the 21st Century Act |
|
|
864 | (11) |
| Chapter 13 Pesticides |
|
875 | (64) |
|
Background to the Federal Regulation of Pesticides |
|
|
875 | (3) |
|
|
|
876 | (1) |
|
Early Efforts at Pesticide Regulations |
|
|
876 | (2) |
|
Pesticide Regulation Transferred to the Environmental Protection Agency |
|
|
878 | (1) |
|
Overview of FIFRA and Amendments |
|
|
878 | (3) |
|
Organization of the Pesticide Program within EPA |
|
|
878 | (1094) |
|
Background to FIFRA and the |
|
|
1972 | |
|
|
|
879 | (1) |
|
Subsequent FIFRA Amendments: An Overview |
|
|
880 | (1) |
|
|
|
881 | (9) |
|
Definition of Pesticides, Pests, and Devices |
|
|
881 | (1) |
|
Pesticide Registration Procedures |
|
|
882 | (1) |
|
|
|
883 | (1) |
|
Streamlining of Reregistration |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
Registration of "Me-Too" Pesticides |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
Categorical Pesticide Review |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
|
|
886 | (1) |
|
Modifications and Transfers of Registrations |
|
|
886 | (1) |
|
|
|
886 | (2) |
|
"Featherbedding" or "Me-Too" Registrants |
|
|
888 | (1) |
|
Essentiality in Registration |
|
|
889 | (1) |
|
Control over Pesticide Usage |
|
|
890 | (3) |
|
Statutory Basis for Control over Pesticide Usage through Certification |
|
|
890 | (1) |
|
Self-Certification of Private Applicators |
|
|
891 | (1) |
|
|
|
892 | (1) |
|
Two-House Congressional Veto over EPA Regulations |
|
|
892 | (1) |
|
Removal of Pesticides from the Market |
|
|
893 | (8) |
|
|
|
893 | (1) |
|
|
|
894 | (2) |
|
Misbranding and Stop-Sale Orders |
|
|
896 | (1) |
|
International Effect of EPA Cancellations |
|
|
897 | (1) |
|
|
|
897 | (1) |
|
Compensation for Canceled Pesticides |
|
|
898 | (1) |
|
|
|
899 | (1) |
|
Requirements of Consultation by EPA with USDA |
|
|
899 | (1) |
|
Economic Impact on Agriculture Statement |
|
|
900 | (1) |
|
Scientific Advisory Committees |
|
|
900 | (1) |
|
Administrative and Judicial Review |
|
|
901 | (4) |
|
Scope of the Administrator's Flexibility |
|
|
901 | (1) |
|
Standing for Registration, Appeals, and Subpoenas |
|
|
902 | (2) |
|
|
|
904 | (1) |
|
The Role of Public Hearings |
|
|
904 | (1) |
|
Role of States and Localities |
|
|
905 | (3) |
|
|
|
905 | (1) |
|
|
|
906 | (1) |
|
Federal Preemption and State Authority |
|
|
906 | (2) |
|
|
|
908 | (4) |
|
|
|
909 | (1) |
|
Labels in Theory and Practice |
|
|
910 | (1) |
|
|
|
911 | (1) |
|
Possible Future Litigation Issues |
|
|
912 | (1) |
|
|
|
912 | (1) |
|
|
|
913 | (2) |
|
|
|
914 | (1061) |
|
|
|
1975 | |
|
|
|
914 | (1064) |
|
Data Compensation Changed: |
|
|
1978 | |
|
|
|
914 | (1066) |
|
|
|
1980 | |
|
|
|
914 | (1074) |
|
|
|
1988 | |
|
|
|
915 | (1075) |
|
|
|
1990 | |
|
|
|
915 | (1081) |
|
|
|
1996 | |
|
|
|
915 | (1088) |
|
|
|
2003 | |
|
|
|
915 | (1) |
|
Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) of 1996 |
|
|
915 | (4) |
|
Regulatory Dilemma under the Delaney Clause |
|
|
916 | (1) |
|
|
|
916 | (1) |
|
|
|
917 | (1) |
|
|
|
917 | (1) |
|
|
|
917 | (1) |
|
|
|
918 | (1) |
|
Pesticide Regulation under Other Federal Statutes |
|
|
919 | (5) |
|
Pesticides under the Food, Drug and Cosmetics Act (FDCA) |
|
|
919 | (1051) |
|
|
|
1970 | |
|
|
|
920 | (1) |
|
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972 |
|
|
921 | (1) |
|
Solid Waste Disposal Acts |
|
|
922 | (1) |
|
Occupational Safety and Health Act |
|
|
922 | (1) |
|
Federal Hazardous Substances Act |
|
|
923 | (1) |
|
Federal Pesticide Monitoring Programs |
|
|
923 | (1) |
|
National Environmental Policy Act |
|
|
923 | (1) |
|
|
|
924 | (3) |
|
The Promise and Fear of Biotechnology |
|
|
924 | (1) |
|
The Initial Controversy over Regulating Biotechnology |
|
|
925 | (1) |
|
"Frankenfood" Enforcement |
|
|
926 | (1) |
|
|
|
927 | (12) |
| Chapter 14 Pollution Prevention Act |
|
939 | (24) |
|
|
|
939 | (1) |
|
Federal Pollution Prevention Strategy |
|
|
940 | (17) |
|
|
|
940 | (1) |
|
EPA's Pollution Prevention Strategy |
|
|
940 | (1) |
|
EPA's Pollution Prevention Programs in the 1990s |
|
|
941 | (11) |
|
EPA's Pollution Prevention Programs After 2000 |
|
|
952 | (5) |
|
State Pollution Prevention Programs |
|
|
957 | (2) |
|
Mandatory Waste Reduction Programs |
|
|
957 | (1) |
|
Multimedia Permit Programs and Other Regulatory Innovations |
|
|
958 | (1) |
|
Voluntary Technical Assistance Programs |
|
|
959 | (1) |
|
|
|
959 | (1) |
|
|
|
959 | (4) |
| Chapter 15 Emergency Planning and Community Right-to- Know Act |
|
963 | (42) |
|
|
|
963 | (1) |
|
Emergency Planning and Notification |
|
|
964 | (10) |
|
State Commissions, Planning Districts, and Local Committees (Section 301) |
|
|
964 | (1) |
|
Substances and Facilities Covered and Notification (Section 302) |
|
|
965 | (2) |
|
Comprehensive Emergency Response Plans (Section 303) |
|
|
967 | (1) |
|
Emergency Notification in the Event of a Release (Section 304) |
|
|
968 | (6) |
|
Emergency Training and Review of Emergency Systems (Section 305) |
|
|
974 | (1) |
|
|
|
974 | (17) |
|
Material Safety Data Sheet Reporting Requirements (Section 311) |
|
|
974 | (3) |
|
Hazardous Chemical Inventory Form Reporting Requirements (Section 312) |
|
|
977 | (2) |
|
Toxic Chemical Release Reporting Requirements (Section 313) |
|
|
979 | (11) |
|
Common EPCRA Compliance Errors |
|
|
990 | (1) |
|
Relationship to Other Laws (Section 321) |
|
|
991 | (1) |
|
Pollution Prevention Act of 1990 |
|
|
992 | (1) |
|
Trade Secrets (Sections 322 and 323) |
|
|
992 | (1) |
|
Public Acrfcs to Information (Section 324) |
|
|
993 | (1) |
|
Enforcement (Section 325) |
|
|
993 | (2) |
|
Emergency Planning Violations |
|
|
993 | (1) |
|
Emergency Notification Violations |
|
|
993 | (1) |
|
Section 311 Reporting Violations |
|
|
994 | (1) |
|
Section 312 and 313 Reporting Violations |
|
|
994 | (1) |
|
Section 322 and 323 Trade-Secret Violations |
|
|
994 | (1) |
|
Civil Actions (Section 326) |
|
|
995 | (2) |
|
|
|
995 | (2) |
|
State or Local Government Suits |
|
|
997 | (1) |
|
|
|
997 | (1) |
|
Federal Acquisition and Community Right to Know |
|
|
997 | (1) |
|
Internet Development and TRI Reporting |
|
|
998 | (1) |
|
|
|
999 | (6) |
| Chapter 16 Occupational Safety and Health Act |
|
1005 | (52) |
|
|
|
1005 | (3) |
|
Comparison of OSHA and EPA |
|
|
1006 | (1) |
|
|
|
1006 | (2) |
|
|
|
1008 | (4) |
|
|
|
1008 | (1) |
|
|
|
1009 | (1) |
|
|
|
1010 | (1) |
|
Mine Safety and Health Administration |
|
|
1010 | (1) |
|
Telecommuting and Home Workplaces |
|
|
1011 | (1) |
|
|
|
1011 | (1) |
|
|
|
1012 | (3) |
|
Areas Covered by the OSHA Standards |
|
|
1012 | (1) |
|
|
|
1013 | (1) |
|
Overview of Health Standards |
|
|
1013 | (1) |
|
Overview of Safety Standards |
|
|
1014 | (1) |
|
|
|
1015 | (8) |
|
Consensus Standards: Section 6(a) |
|
|
1015 | (2) |
|
Standards Completion and Deletion Processes |
|
|
1017 | (1) |
|
Permanent Standards: Section 6(b) |
|
|
1017 | (2) |
|
Emergency Temporary Standards |
|
|
1019 | (1) |
|
General Duty Clause, 5(a)(1) |
|
|
1019 | (1) |
|
Feasibility and the Balancing Debate |
|
|
1020 | (2) |
|
Struggling for Standards: Popcorn Lungs and Cranes |
|
|
1022 | (1) |
|
|
|
1023 | (1) |
|
|
|
1023 | (1) |
|
|
|
1024 | (1) |
|
Compliance and Inspections |
|
|
1024 | (6) |
|
|
|
1024 | (1) |
|
|
|
1024 | (1) |
|
Training and Competence of Inspectors |
|
|
1025 | (1) |
|
Citations, Fines, and Penalties |
|
|
1025 | (1) |
|
OSHA Citation and Penalty Patterns |
|
|
1026 | (2) |
|
Communicating and Enforcing Company Rules |
|
|
1028 | (1) |
|
Warrantless Inspections: The Barlow Case |
|
|
1029 | (1) |
|
|
|
1030 | (2) |
|
|
|
1030 | (1) |
|
Monitoring and Medical Records |
|
|
1031 | (1) |
|
|
|
1031 | (1) |
|
|
|
1032 | (1) |
|
|
|
1032 | (1) |
|
Refusal to Work and Whistle-Blowing |
|
|
1032 | (3) |
|
|
|
1033 | (1) |
|
Protection of Whistle-Blowing |
|
|
1033 | (2) |
|
Federal and State Employees |
|
|
1035 | (1) |
|
|
|
1035 | (1) |
|
|
|
1035 | (1) |
|
|
|
1035 | (2) |
|
|
|
1036 | (1) |
|
|
|
1036 | (1) |
|
|
|
1037 | (1) |
|
|
|
1037 | (1) |
|
|
|
1038 | (1) |
|
|
|
1038 | (1) |
|
|
|
1039 | (1) |
|
|
|
1039 | (1) |
|
Limitations of the Commission |
|
|
1040 | (1) |
|
|
|
1040 | (2) |
|
|
|
1040 | (1) |
|
|
|
1041 | (1) |
|
Hazard Communication Regulation |
|
|
1042 | (5) |
|
Reason for the Regulation |
|
|
1042 | (1) |
|
|
|
1043 | (1) |
|
|
|
1044 | (1) |
|
|
|
1045 | (1) |
|
Federal Preemption Controversy |
|
|
1046 | (1) |
|
|
|
1047 | (2) |
|
|
|
1047 | (1) |
|
|
|
1048 | (1) |
|
|
|
1048 | (1) |
|
|
|
1049 | (8) |
| Chapter 17 Environmental Management Systems and Environmental Law |
|
1057 | (44) |
|
|
|
1057 | (1) |
|
Legal Relevance of Environmental Management Systems |
|
|
1058 | (9) |
|
|
|
1058 | (1) |
|
EMSs, Enforcement Discretion, and Penalty Mitigation |
|
|
1059 | (2) |
|
EMS and Regulatory Initiatives |
|
|
1061 | (2) |
|
|
|
1063 | (3) |
|
International Considerations |
|
|
1066 | (1) |
|
Environmental Management Systems |
|
|
1067 | (24) |
|
Review of Selected Provisions of an Effective EMS from a Legal Perspective |
|
|
1069 | (22) |
|
|
|
1091 | (1) |
|
|
|
1092 | (9) |
| Index |
|
1101 | |
