| Introduction |
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PART 1 GETTING STARTED WITH EPIDEMIOLOGY |
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Chapter 1 Entering the World of Epidemiology |
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8 | (1) |
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Recognizing How Numbers Can Help Study Disease |
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Grappling with the epidemiologic triangle |
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9 | (1) |
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Understanding epidemiologic transition |
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Connecting demography and disease |
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10 | (1) |
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Figuring out rates and risks |
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10 | (1) |
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Focusing on Prevention Rather Than a Cure |
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Identifying prevention levels |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Delving into Study Finding |
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13 | (1) |
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Figuring Out What You Know about Epidemiology: Some Q&As |
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Chapter 2 Epidemiology 101 --- Understanding the Basics |
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Defining Epidemiology --- What to Expect from Your Coursework and Beyond |
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18 | (1) |
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Avoiding errors when conducting an epidemiological study |
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Realizing Why Epidemiology Is Important |
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Identifying and measuring health status |
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Focusing on disease prevention |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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Understanding How Epidemiology Tools Are Applied |
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Using epidemiologic methods to identify risks |
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23 | (1) |
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Measuring morbidity and mortality |
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23 | (1) |
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Describing the impact of an intervention |
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23 | (1) |
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Preventing diseases before they hit |
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24 | (1) |
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Investigating epidemics of unknown cause |
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25 | (1) |
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Evaluating public health programs |
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26 | (1) |
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Contrasting the Roles of a Physician and Epidemiologist |
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27 | (1) |
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28 | (1) |
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Describing diseases differently |
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29 | (1) |
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Grasping the difference between acute and chronic disease |
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29 | (1) |
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30 | (1) |
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Eyeing over-the-counter (OTC) and prescription medication |
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30 | (2) |
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Examining the role of traditional healers |
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32 | (2) |
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Considering How a Disease Is Transmitted |
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34 | (1) |
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Defining key infection terms |
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34 | (1) |
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Spreading infection of an outbreak from person to person |
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35 | (1) |
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Getting infection of an outbreak from a common source |
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36 | (1) |
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Relating infections with cancers |
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36 | (1) |
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Searching for Sources of Epidemiologic Data |
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37 | (1) |
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From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) |
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37 | (1) |
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From the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) |
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38 | (1) |
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From the World Health Organization (WHO) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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From the Vital Statistics System |
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39 | (2) |
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Chapter 3 Exploring the Development of Epidemiological Thinking |
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41 | (18) |
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Meeting Hippocrates --- the First Epidemiologist |
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42 | (1) |
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Observing "airs, waters, and places" |
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42 | (1) |
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Relating diseases to polluted water |
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42 | (1) |
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Tackling the Miasma Theory |
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43 | (1) |
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43 | (1) |
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Getting benefits from a misconception |
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43 | (1) |
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Examining Contributions to Medicine and Public Health - Thomas Sydenham |
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44 | (1) |
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Using Concepts of Environmental Epidemiology --- Noah Webster |
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44 | (1) |
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The Germ Theory --- Washing Hands Is Essential |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Working on Workers' Diseases --- Bernardino Ramazzini |
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48 | (1) |
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The Birth of Vital Statistics: No Labor Pains Involved |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Examining the Start of Epidemiology and Public Health in the United States |
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49 | (2) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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52 | (1) |
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53 | (1) |
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Developing public health institutes |
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53 | (1) |
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Reforming Public Health in England |
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54 | (1) |
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Deteriorating health after the Industrial Revolution |
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55 | (1) |
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Moving toward sanitary reforms |
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55 | (1) |
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Looking At Modern Epidemiology |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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Molecular and genetic epidemiology |
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57 | (2) |
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Chapter 4 Eyeing the Milestones in Public Health |
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59 | (18) |
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Finding the Treatment of Scurvy---James Lind |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Examining Lind's experiment |
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60 | (1) |
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Discovering Sources of Cholera in London's Golden Square --- John Snow |
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61 | (1) |
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Questioning the miasma theory |
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62 | (1) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (1) |
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Uncovering Causes of Pellagra --- Joseph Goldberger |
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65 | (1) |
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Suggesting pellagra not communicable |
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66 | (1) |
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Connecting pellagra with poverty and helping with diet |
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67 | (1) |
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Describing the 1918 Influenza Pandemic |
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68 | (1) |
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Gathering mortality data of the pandemic |
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68 | (2) |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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Finding Smoking as a Cause of Lung Cancer |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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Recognizing what chemicals in cigarette cause cancers |
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73 | (1) |
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Feeling the Beat of the Framingham Heart Study |
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74 | (3) |
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Chapter 5 Recognizing Diseases and Controlling Them |
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77 | (26) |
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Identifying the Modes of Transmission |
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77 | (2) |
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Eyeing the Chain of Infection: Can You Break It? |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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Discovering what carriers are |
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80 | (2) |
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Recognizing a susceptible host |
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82 | (1) |
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Focusing on the portals of exit |
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82 | (1) |
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Examining the Natural History of Disease |
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83 | (1) |
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Describing the nature of infectious diseases |
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84 | (1) |
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Passing through the stages |
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84 | (3) |
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Listing Common Notifiable Diseases |
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87 | (1) |
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Controlling Waterborne Diseases |
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88 | (1) |
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Naming common waterborne diseases |
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88 | (2) |
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Taking steps in controlling waterborne diseases |
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90 | (1) |
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Tackling Problems of Airborne Infections |
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91 | (1) |
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Recognizing common airborne infections |
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91 | (1) |
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Controlling airborne infections |
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91 | (1) |
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Curving Vector-Borne Diseases |
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92 | (1) |
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Listing common vector-borne diseases |
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92 | (1) |
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Finding ways to combat vector-borne diseases |
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93 | (1) |
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Limiting Parasitic Infections |
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93 | (1) |
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Identifying common parasitic infections |
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94 | (1) |
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Taking steps to control parasitic infections |
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94 | (1) |
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Controlling Sexually Transmitted Infections |
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95 | (1) |
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95 | (2) |
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Carrying out control measures for STIs |
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97 | (1) |
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Dealing With Emerging Infectious Diseases |
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98 | (1) |
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Finding common emerging infections |
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98 | (2) |
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Controlling emerging infections |
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100 | (1) |
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Identifying Diseases Caused by Heavy Metals |
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101 | (2) |
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PART 2 UNDERSTANDING DISEASE CAUSATION |
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103 | (84) |
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Chapter 6 Tackling the Epidemiologic Triangle |
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105 | (12) |
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Scrutinizing an Acute Disease Model |
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106 | (1) |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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Looking at environment factors |
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108 | (1) |
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Inspecting a Chronic Disease Model |
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108 | (2) |
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Understanding How Climate Change Can Affect Health |
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110 | (1) |
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Linking climate change with infectious diseases |
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110 | (1) |
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Finding vector-borne diseases related to climate change |
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111 | (6) |
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Chapter 7 Inspecting Descriptive Epidemiology: Person, Place, and Time |
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117 | (18) |
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118 | (1) |
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Age --- More than just a number |
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119 | (1) |
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Gender --- Battle of the sexes |
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120 | (2) |
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Race/ethnicity --- Inequalities exist |
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122 | (1) |
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Occupation --- A person's job matters |
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123 | (1) |
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Income --- Money makes the world go `round |
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124 | (1) |
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Education --- Knowledge is power |
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125 | (1) |
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Focusing on Place Factors |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (1) |
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127 | (2) |
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129 | (1) |
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Defining endemic diseases |
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129 | (1) |
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Finding sporadic diseases |
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129 | (1) |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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Looking at epizootic diseases |
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132 | (1) |
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Changing patterns by seasonality |
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132 | (1) |
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Differentiating between outbreak and cluster |
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133 | (2) |
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Chapter 8 Viewing Disease Patterns |
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135 | (14) |
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Defining the Epidemiologic Transition |
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135 | (1) |
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Seeing how leading causes of death have changed |
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136 | (1) |
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Considering causes of death in the world |
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137 | (1) |
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Transitioning stages in some developing countries |
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138 | (1) |
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Grasping Why Epidemiologic Transition Happens |
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139 | (2) |
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Studying Some Chronic Health Conditions |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (2) |
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Cholesterol and cardiovascular diseases |
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143 | (2) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (1) |
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Understanding How Epidemiologic Transition Affects Healthcare |
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147 | (1) |
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Increasing healthcare cost |
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147 | (1) |
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Compromising quality of life |
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148 | (1) |
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Chapter 9 Linking Demography and Disease |
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149 | (14) |
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Defining Demography --- Why Ifs Important |
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149 | (2) |
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Using Demographic Data to Identify Population at Risk |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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Focusing on population density |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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Tackling Population Pyramids: Not the Ones in Egypt |
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155 | (1) |
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Shaping population pyramids |
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156 | (1) |
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Calculating the dependency ratio |
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156 | (2) |
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Projecting Population -- Simple Math |
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158 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Working out some exercises |
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159 | (2) |
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Projecting more populations |
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161 | (2) |
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Chapter 10 Digging into Math: Calculating Rates and Risks |
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163 | (24) |
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Addressing Some Basics When Calculating Descriptive Epidemiology |
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163 | (1) |
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Recognizing the key elements of a formula |
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164 | (1) |
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Focusing on rate, ratio, and proportion |
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164 | (1) |
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Calculating Crude Morbidity and Crude Mortality Rates |
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165 | (1) |
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Focusing on the terms and formulas |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (2) |
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Figuring Out Commonly Used Rates |
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168 | (1) |
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Infant mortality rate (IMR) |
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168 | (1) |
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Maternal mortality rate (MMR) |
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169 | (2) |
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Neonatal mortality rate (NNMR) |
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171 | (1) |
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Post-neonatal mortality rate (PNNMR) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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Cause-specific mortality rate |
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174 | (3) |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (1) |
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Proportionate mortality rate |
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179 | (2) |
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181 | (1) |
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Measuring Incidence and Prevalence |
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182 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (3) |
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Utilizing the indirect method |
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186 | (1) |
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PART 3 PREVENTION IS BETTER THAN A CURE |
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187 | (78) |
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Chapter 11 Focusing on the Levels of Prevention |
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189 | (10) |
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Identifying Primary Prevention |
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189 | (1) |
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Combating diseases by vaccines |
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189 | (2) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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Assuring proper nutrition |
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193 | (2) |
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Providing safe water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) |
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195 | (1) |
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Recognizing Secondary Prevention |
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196 | (1) |
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Examining Tertiary Prevention |
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197 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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Chapter 12 Preventing Disease with Vaccine |
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199 | (24) |
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Getting the Lowdown on Immunity |
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200 | (1) |
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Understanding the body's immune system |
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200 | (2) |
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Comparing natural and acquired immunity |
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202 | (1) |
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Comparing active and passive immunity |
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202 | (3) |
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Planning Shots for Children, from Birth through Adolescence |
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205 | (4) |
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Looking Closer at Cancer-Preventing Vaccines |
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209 | (1) |
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Identifying cancer-causing viruses |
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209 | (4) |
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213 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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Identifying Common Vaccine-Preventable Diseases |
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214 | (1) |
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214 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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216 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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Preventing Disease for World Travelers |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Knowing about the yellow fever vaccine |
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222 | (1) |
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Chapter 13 Recognizing Methods of Disease Surveillance |
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223 | (8) |
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Differentiating between Survey, Surveillance, and Monitoring |
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224 | (1) |
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Survey --- Making a single observation |
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224 | (1) |
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Surveillance --- Tracking continuously |
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225 | (1) |
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Monitoring --- Periodically checking |
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226 | (1) |
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Defining the Types of Surveillance |
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227 | (1) |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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Conducting Surveillance: The How-to |
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229 | (2) |
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Chapter 14 Investigating an Outbreak |
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231 | (16) |
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Conducting an Epidemic Investigation |
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232 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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Understanding the threshold level of an outbreak |
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233 | (1) |
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Planning for field investigation |
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234 | (1) |
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Digging Out Cases by Surveillance, Step-by-Step |
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235 | (1) |
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Establishing the existence of an outbreak |
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235 | (1) |
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Verifying the diagnosis with data |
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236 | (1) |
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Identifying new and ongoing cases |
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237 | (1) |
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Intensifying the existing surveillance system |
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237 | (1) |
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Performing descriptive epidemiology |
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238 | (1) |
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Using analytical statistics to calculate the attack rates |
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238 | (2) |
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240 | (1) |
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Evaluating the hypothesis |
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241 | (1) |
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Implementing control measures |
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241 | (1) |
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241 | (1) |
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Using Makeshift Hospitals |
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242 | (2) |
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Walking through an Outbreak Investigation |
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244 | (3) |
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Chapter 15 Identifying Disease by Screening |
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247 | (18) |
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247 | (1) |
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Identifying the detectable preclinical phase (DPCP) |
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248 | (1) |
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249 | (1) |
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Naming Ingredients of a Good Screening Test |
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249 | (1) |
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Focusing on disease characteristics |
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250 | (1) |
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Noting effective test characteristics |
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250 | (1) |
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Explaining validity and reliability |
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251 | (1) |
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Looking Closer at Some Common Screening Programs |
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252 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) |
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254 | (1) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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Evaluating Screening Tests |
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256 | (1) |
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Being familiar with key terms |
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256 | (1) |
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Comprehending sensitivity |
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257 | (1) |
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258 | (3) |
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Explaining multiphasic screening |
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261 | (1) |
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Differentiating between mass screening and selective screening |
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261 | (1) |
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262 | (3) |
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PART 4 EXAMINING A STUDY FINDING |
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265 | (78) |
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Chapter 16 Figuring Out Whether an Association Is Causal |
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267 | (20) |
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268 | (1) |
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Examining an association that may not be causal |
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268 | (1) |
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Identifying confounders that affect a causal link |
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269 | (1) |
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Seeing examples of a causal effect |
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270 | (2) |
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Exploring a multifactorial model |
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272 | (3) |
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Understanding Hill's Criteria for Causality |
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275 | (1) |
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Examining strength of association |
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275 | (3) |
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Considering dose-response |
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278 | (2) |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (1) |
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Explaining biological plausibility |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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Conducting more experimentation |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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Making Rothman's Causal Pie |
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284 | (1) |
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Knowing what a sufficient cause means |
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285 | (1) |
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Understanding a necessary cause |
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285 | (1) |
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Defining component causes |
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285 | (1) |
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Getting into contributory cause |
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286 | (1) |
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Chapter 17 Investigating the Types of Epidemiologic Studies |
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287 | (26) |
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Looking At the Anatomy of Epidemiologic Studies |
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288 | (1) |
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Observing observational studies |
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289 | (1) |
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Experimenting experimental studies |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
Using the hierarchy of study design |
|
|
290 | (1) |
|
Differentiating between retrospective and prospective studies |
|
|
291 | (1) |
|
Conducting a Cross-Sectional Study |
|
|
292 | (1) |
|
Identifying the pros and cons |
|
|
293 | (1) |
|
Formulating a cross-sectional study |
|
|
293 | (2) |
|
Plotting a Case-Control Study |
|
|
295 | (1) |
|
Selecting a suitable control |
|
|
295 | (4) |
|
Counting the pros and cons |
|
|
299 | (1) |
|
Putting together a case-control study |
|
|
300 | (2) |
|
|
|
302 | (1) |
|
Nesting a nested case-control study |
|
|
302 | (3) |
|
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Identifying the three types of cohorts |
|
|
305 | (1) |
|
Recognizing the pros and cons |
|
|
306 | (1) |
|
Devising a prospective cohort study |
|
|
306 | (2) |
|
Figuring Out an Ecological Study |
|
|
308 | (1) |
|
Knowing what ecological fallacy is |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Focusing on the pros and cons |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Looking at examples of ecological studies |
|
|
309 | (1) |
|
Developing a Questionnaire |
|
|
310 | (1) |
|
Creating an efficient questionnaire |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Using closed and open-ended questions |
|
|
311 | (1) |
|
Knowing what else to include |
|
|
312 | (1) |
|
Chapter 18 Encountering Bias and Confounding |
|
|
313 | (16) |
|
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
Clarifying What Confounding Means |
|
|
314 | (1) |
|
Reviewing Bias-Affecting Research Findings |
|
|
315 | (1) |
|
Examining and avoiding selection bias |
|
|
315 | (3) |
|
Eyeing and avoiding information bias |
|
|
318 | (2) |
|
Recognizing and avoiding instrument bias |
|
|
320 | (1) |
|
Understanding response bias |
|
|
321 | (2) |
|
Noticing and avoiding lead time bias |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Identifying and avoiding publication bias |
|
|
323 | (1) |
|
Steering Clear of Bias in the Initial Stages of Research |
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
|
324 | (1) |
|
|
|
325 | (1) |
|
Controlling for Confounders |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Addressing during the design phase |
|
|
326 | (1) |
|
Focusing on confounders during analysis |
|
|
327 | (2) |
|
Chapter 19 Focusing On Ethics in Health Research |
|
|
329 | (14) |
|
Comprehending the Evolution of Ethical Norms in Research |
|
|
329 | (1) |
|
Looking into cases of scientific misconduct |
|
|
330 | (1) |
|
Examining some unethical practices in the past |
|
|
331 | (3) |
|
Responding to unethical studies |
|
|
334 | (2) |
|
Grasping the Importance of a Code of Ethics |
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
|
336 | (1) |
|
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
|
|
337 | (1) |
|
Including this essential information |
|
|
338 | (1) |
|
Using an expedited review |
|
|
339 | (1) |
|
Waiving the informed consent |
|
|
339 | (4) |
|
|
|
343 | (14) |
|
Chapter 20 Ten Careers with a Degree in Epidemiology |
|
|
345 | (6) |
|
|
|
345 | (2) |
|
Environmental Epidemiologist |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Surveillance Data Analyst and Epidemiologist |
|
|
347 | (1) |
|
Infection Control Officer |
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
|
348 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
|
|
349 | (1) |
|
Chief Medical/Quality Officer |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Data and Research Coordinator |
|
|
350 | (1) |
|
Chapter 21 Ten Tips for Acing Your Epidemiology Classes |
|
|
351 | (6) |
|
Ask and Answer Questions in Class |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
Practice, Practice, and Practice |
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
|
352 | (1) |
|
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
|
353 | (1) |
|
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Use a Scientific Calculator |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
Memorize Some Definitions and Steps |
|
|
354 | (1) |
|
|
|
355 | (1) |
|
Participate in Group Work |
|
|
355 | (2) |
| Glossary |
|
357 | (6) |
| Index |
|
363 | |
