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El. knyga: Essential and Toxic Trace Elements and Vitamins in Human Health

Edited by (Morton S. and Henrietta K. Sellner Emeritus Professor of Human Genetics and Emeritus Professor of Internal Medicine, Retired, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA), Edited by (Distinguished Professor, Department of Oncology, Wayne State Uni)
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 14-Jun-2020
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128093016
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Essential and Toxic Trace Elements and Vitamins in Human HealthDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 14-Jun-2020
  • Leidėjas: Academic Press Inc
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780128093016
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Essential and Toxic Trace Elements and Vitamins in Human Health is a comprehensive guide to the wide variety of micronutrients that affect human health, including fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins that support diverse biochemical functions, trace elements with established and suggested links to health maintenance, and elements with known human toxicity, such as arsenic, cadmium and lead. An essential reference text for nutritionists working in academia and functional food and supplement industries, dieticians, and clinicians, this book provides an in-depth look at both toxic trace elements and essential vitamins and minerals and their direct influence on the body’s overall health.

  • Presents a balanced scientific view of essential and nonessential micronutrients with an in-depth analysis of the biochemical functions each plays in human health
  • Examines particular micronutrients in detail with coverage of clinical aspects, interaction with other micronutrients, immunological effects, cognitive functions and epigenetics
  • Focuses on effective management of micronutrient deficiencies and on toxicity implications of overexposure

Recenzijos

"This volume is made up of up-to -date, succinct chapters (most are about 10-12 pages long) covering the essential micronutrients and certain toxic minerals of public health importance. The biochemistry, physiology, pathophysiology and clinical aspects of each element and vitamin are clearly explained. This book will serve as an especially useful reference source for health care providers who have an interest in nutrition."

- Robert M Russell MD

Contributors xi
Acknowledgments xiii
Periodic table of the elements xv
Introduction xvii
Part I Essential
1 Clinical and immunological effects and biomarkers of zinc deficiency
Ananda S. Prasad
1 Introduction
3(1)
2 Discovery of zinc deficiency in human
4(3)
2.1 Studies in Iran
4(1)
2.2 Studies in Egypt
5(1)
2.3 Chronology of other important observations in human zinc deficiency
6(1)
3 Clinical effects of zinc deficiency
7(3)
3.1 Severe
7(1)
3.2 Moderate
8(1)
3.3 Marginal
8(2)
4 Biochemical and immunological effects of zinc
10(7)
4.1 Zinc and enzymes
10(1)
4.2 Zinc and hormones
10(2)
4.3 Zinc and immunity
12(3)
4.4 Zinc and cell membrane
15(1)
4.5 Metallothionein
16(1)
4.6 Zinc and gene expression
16(1)
4.7 Interactions of zinc with other elements
17(1)
4.8 Zinc and free radicals
17(1)
5 Biomarkers of zinc deficiency
17(4)
5.1 Studies in Egypt
17(1)
5.2 Atomic absorption spectrophotometry for assaying zinc in biological samples
18(1)
5.3 Development of biomarkers of zinc deficiency in experimental human zinc deficiency model
18(1)
5.4 Zinc in plasma and blood cells
18(1)
5.5 Changes in zinc-dependent enzymes
18(1)
5.6 Serum thymulin activity as a biomarker of human zinc deficiency
19(1)
5.7 Development of immunological biomarkers of human zinc deficiency
19(1)
5.8 Endogenous excretion of zinc as a biomarker of zinc deficiency
20(1)
6 Clinical impact of zinc
21(10)
6.1 Zinc in infections
21(2)
6.2 Genetic disorders
23(1)
6.3 Renal disease and zinc
24(1)
6.4 Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and zinc
25(1)
6.5 Zinc in the elderly
25(1)
References
26(4)
Further reading
30(1)
2 Zinc and the immune system: Insights into the role of zinc in autoimmune diseases
Nour Zahi Gammoh
Lothar Rink
1 Introduction
31(1)
2 Autoimmune diseases
31(1)
3 Zinc signaling
32(1)
4 Effect of zinc on the immune system
32(16)
4.1 Innate immunity
33(8)
4.2 Adaptive immunity
41(7)
5 Conclusion
48(7)
References
48(7)
3 Zinc transporters in physiology and pathophysiology
Toshiyuki Fukada
Bum-Ho Bin
Takafumi Hara
Teruhisa Takagishi
Emi Yoshigai
Xin Lian
1 Zinc as an essential mineral for life
55(1)
1.1 Zinc signaling and zinc stress
55(1)
1.2 Zinc level in organelles
56(1)
2 Zinc homeostasis by zinc transporters and their biological relevance
56(4)
2.1 Physiology and pathophysiology of ZnT family members
56(1)
2.2 ZIP physiology and pathophysiology
57(3)
3 Recent advances of investigation of zinc transporters and skin disorders
60(1)
3.1 Epidermis
60(1)
3.2 Dermis
61(1)
4 Conclusions and perspectives
61(8)
References
62(7)
4 Copper
George J. Brewer
1 Introduction
69(1)
2 Wilson's disease
69(4)
2.1 Introduction
69(1)
2.2 Clinical presentation, recognition, and diagnosis
70(1)
2.3 Treatment
71(2)
3 Menkes disease and ATP7A-related copper transport diseases
73(1)
3.1 Introduction
73(1)
4 Menkes disease
73(1)
4.1 Diagnosis
73(1)
4.2 Treatment
73(1)
5 Occipital horn syndrome
74(1)
6 ATP7A-related distal motor neuropathy
74(1)
7 Copper toxicity in Alzheimer's disease
74(3)
8 The potential benefits of "copper lowering therapy" in a variety of diseases
77(1)
8.1 Cancer
77(1)
8.2 Fibrotic, inflammatory, and autoimmune diseases
77(1)
9 Clinical copper deficiency
78(5)
References
79(4)
5 Iron
Santosh L. Saraf
Victor R. Gordeuk
1 Biochemical properties of iron
83(1)
2 Iron homeostasis
83(6)
2.1 Dietary iron absorption
84(1)
2.2 Iron in the circulation
85(1)
2.3 Uptake of iron by erythroid cells and synthesis of heme
86(1)
2.4 Iron processing by macrophages
86(1)
2.5 Cellular iron
87(1)
2.6 Systemic regulation of iron homeostasis by hepcidin
87(2)
3 Imbalances in iron homeostasis
89(6)
3.1 Iron deficiency
89(1)
3.2 Increased iron stores and iron overload
90(5)
4 Conclusion
95(8)
References
95(8)
6 Iodine
Peter N. Taylor
John H. Lazarus
1 Introduction
103(1)
2 Epidemiology of iodine deficiency
103(1)
3 Assessment of iodine status
104(2)
3.1 Urinary iodine concentration
104(1)
3.2 Thyroglobulin (Tg)
105(1)
3.3 Thyroid stimulating hormone and thyroid hormones
105(1)
3.4 Dietary assessment
105(1)
3.5 Future research
106(1)
4 Consequences of residing in iodine-deficient regions
106(1)
5 Consequences of mild to moderate iodine deficiency
106(1)
6 Iodine supplementation
107(1)
6.1 Delivering effective iodine supplementation
107(1)
7 Iodine excess
107(1)
8 Iodine metabolism and its role in metabolism
108(2)
8.1 Overview
108(1)
8.2 Endocrine disruptors
108(1)
8.3 Iodine and auto-immunity
109(1)
8.4 Iodine and its role in epigenetics
109(1)
9 Conclusion
110(1)
References
110(3)
7 Selenium
Xue Feng Hu
Hing Man Chan
1 Introduction
113(1)
2 Dietary selenium intake
114(1)
2.1 Deficient intake
114(1)
2.2 Excessive intake
114(1)
2.3 Dietary recommendations
115(1)
3 Selenium biomarkers
115(2)
3.1 Plasma
116(1)
3.2 Whole blood
116(1)
3.3 Urinary selenium excretion
116(1)
3.4 Nail and hair selenium concentrations
117(1)
3.5 Determinants of selenium biomarkers
117(1)
4 Selenoproteins, biological functions, and potential health effects
117(1)
5 Health effects
117(5)
5.1 Mortality
117(3)
5.2 Cancer
120(1)
5.3 Cardiovascular disease
120(1)
5.4 Stroke and other neurological diseases
121(1)
5.5 Type 2 diabetes
121(1)
5.6 Thyroid function
121(1)
5.7 Immune system
121(1)
5.8 Other health effects
122(1)
6 Knowledge gaps
122(5)
References
122(5)
8 Unifying mechanisms of trivalent chromium in health and disease
Priya Raman
Jeffrey S. Elmendorf
1 Introduction
127(1)
2 Clinical benefits of chromium supplementation
127(1)
3 New mechanistic aspects of chromium action
128(5)
3.1 Cholesterol toxicity
129(1)
3.2 Hexosamine toxicity
130(1)
3.3 Inflammatory response and vascular function
131(1)
3.4 Oxidative stress
132(1)
4 Conclusion
133(8)
References
134(7)
9 Manganese
Marcell Valandro Soares
Caroline Brandao Quines
Daiana Silva Avila
1 Introduction
141(1)
2 Essentiality
141(4)
2.1 Sources
142(1)
2.2 Kinetics
142(2)
2.3 Mn functions
144(1)
2.4 Mn deficiency
145(1)
3 Toxicity
145(3)
3.1 Sources and routes of exposure
145(1)
3.2 Neurotoxicity
146(1)
3.3 Mitochondrial dysfunction
147(1)
3.4 Epigenetics
147(1)
3.5 Other conditions
148(1)
4 Conclusions
148(5)
Acknowledgments
148(1)
References
148(5)
10 Fluorine in human metabolism, health and disease
Nour Mahmoud
Sean A. Mutchnick
Peter F. Svider
Thomas M. McLeod
Andrew M. Fribley
1 Introduction
153(1)
2 Routes of fluoride exposure
154(1)
3 Atmospheric fluoride
154(1)
4 Terrestrial fluoride
154(1)
5 Hydrospheric fluoride
154(1)
6 Food
155(1)
7 Fluorine metabolism
155(1)
8 Fluorine in human health and disease
155(3)
8.1 Oral health
155(2)
8.2 Fluoride toxicity
157(1)
8.3 Osteoporosis
157(1)
8.4 Skeletal fluorosis
157(1)
8.5 Neurological effects
158(1)
9 Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and the unfolded protein response (UPR)
158(1)
10 Summary
159(6)
References
160(5)
Part II Toxic trace elements
11 Arsenic skin carcinogenesis: A prototypic model of chemical carcinogenesis featured with abnormal differentiation and aberrant immune responses
Jian-He Lu
Hsin-Su Yu
Chih-Hung Lee
1 Introduction
165(1)
2 The plausible mechanism of arsenic carcinogenesis
166(1)
3 Mechanisms of arsenic-induced skin cancer
166(1)
4 Abnormal epidermal differentiation in arsenical cancers
167(1)
5 Abnormal proliferation and apoptosis in arsenical cancers
168(1)
6 Aberrant immune responses by arsenic
168(3)
References
169(2)
12 Emerging importance of manganese and arsenic as modifiers of cadmium accumulation
Seiichiro Himeno
Hitomi Fujishiro
1 Introduction
171(1)
2 Cd accumulation in the kidney among rice-eating human populations
172(1)
3 Transport of Cd and Mn via Zn transporters in mammals
173(2)
4 Cd uptake via Mn transporter in rice
175(1)
5 Trade-off relationship of Cd and As accumulation in rice
175(2)
6 Conclusions
177(4)
References
177(4)
13 Lead
Mohamed Abdulla
1 Introduction
181(3)
1.1 Occurrence in nature
182(1)
1.2 Properties
182(1)
1.3 Uses
182(1)
1.4 Intake and metabolism
183(1)
2 Biological effects
184(3)
2.1 Hematopoietic effects
185(1)
2.2 Effect on the cardiovascular system
185(1)
2.3 Effect on the neurological system
186(1)
2.4 Effect on the renal system
186(1)
2.5 Effect on other organ systems
187(1)
3 Treatment of Lead poisoning in humans
187(6)
References
188(3)
Further reading
191(2)
14 Methylmercury: Human exposure, animal behavior, and insight on molecular mechanism
Megan Culbreth
Filipe Marques Goncalves
Michael Aschner
1 Introduction
193(1)
2 Environmental toxicant
194(1)
3 Human exposure
194(2)
3.1 Minamata disease
195(1)
3.2 Epidemiology
195(1)
4 Animal behavior
196(1)
5 Mechanism(s) of toxicity
197(1)
6 Conclusion
197(6)
Acknowledgments
198(1)
References
198(2)
Further reading
200(3)
Part III Vitamins
15 Vitamin A
A. Catharine Ross
J. Kalina Hodges
Cheng-hsin Wei
Yaqi Li
1 Introduction
203(3)
2 Metabolism and regulation
206(3)
2.1 Digestion and absorption
206(1)
2.2 Transport
207(1)
2.3 Hepatic uptake, storage, and secretion
207(1)
2.4 Recycling/conservation (recycling and renal reuptake)
208(1)
2.5 Oxidative metabolism and excretion
208(1)
2.6 Nuclear activity of retinoic acid
209(1)
3 Vitamin A requirements
209(2)
3.1 Vitamin A deficiency
209(1)
3.2 Vitamin A toxicity
210(1)
3.3 Assessment of vitamin A status
210(1)
4 Vitamin A in the life cycle
211(1)
4.1 Vitamin A status at birth
211(1)
5 Current nutritional recommendations
212(5)
References
212(5)
16 The B-vitamins
Paolo M. Suter
1 Vitamin B1 (thiamin)
217(2)
1.1 Physiology
218(1)
1.2 Dietary sources
218(1)
1.3 Status assessment
218(1)
1.4 Deficiency
218(1)
1.5 Miscellaneous aspects
219(1)
1.6 Toxicity
219(1)
2 Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
219(2)
2.1 Physiology
219(1)
2.2 Dietary sources
219(1)
2.3 Status assessment
220(1)
2.4 Deficiency
220(1)
2.5 Miscellaneous aspects
220(1)
2.6 Toxicity
220(1)
3 Vitamin B3 (niacin)
221(1)
3.1 Physiology
221(1)
3.2 Dietary sources
221(1)
3.3 Status assessment
222(1)
3.4 Deficiency
222(1)
3.5 Miscellaneous aspects
222(1)
3.6 Toxicity
222(1)
4 Vitamin B6
222(2)
4.1 Physiology
223(1)
4.2 Dietary sources
223(1)
4.3 Status assessment
223(1)
4.4 Deficiency
223(1)
4.5 Miscellaneous issues
224(1)
4.6 Toxicity
224(1)
5 Vitamin B12
224(3)
5.1 Physiology
224(1)
5.2 Dietary sources
225(1)
5.3 Status assessment
225(1)
5.4 Deficiency
226(1)
5.5 Miscellaneous issues
226(1)
5.6 Toxicity
226(1)
6 Folate
227(2)
6.1 Physiology
227(1)
6.2 Dietary sources
227(1)
6.3 Status assessment
227(1)
6.4 Deficiency
228(1)
6.5 Miscellaneous issues
228(1)
6.6 Toxicity
228(1)
7 Pantothenic acid
229(1)
7.1 Physiology
229(1)
7.2 Dietary sources
229(1)
7.3 Status assessment
229(1)
7.4 Deficiency
230(1)
7.5 Miscellaneous issues
230(1)
7.6 Toxicity
230(1)
8 Biotin
230(12)
8.1 Physiology
230(1)
8.2 Dietary sources
231(1)
8.3 Status assessment
231(1)
8.4 Deficiency
231(1)
8.5 Miscellaneous issues
231(1)
8.6 Toxicity
231(1)
References
231(11)
17 Vitamin C
Mark Levine
Ifechukwude Ebenuwa
Pierre-Christian Violet
1 Chemistry and biochemistry
242(4)
1.1 Ascorbic acid chemistry, measurement, and catabolism
242(1)
1.2 Chemistry: Synthesis in animals---In vivo
243(1)
1.3 Chemistry: Synthesis in vitro
243(1)
1.4 Ascorbic acid: Chemical reductant in vivo and in vitro
244(1)
1.5 Ascorbic acid biochemistry: Reduction reactions: Enzymology
245(1)
2 Transport
246(1)
2.1 Ascorbic acid
246(1)
2.2 Dehydroascorbic acid
246(1)
2.3 Transmembrane electron transfer
246(1)
3 Physiology and pharmacokinetics of vitamin C in humans: Tight control of vitamin C concentrations
246(5)
3.1 Background
246(1)
3.2 Physiology and pharmacokinetics: Plasma concentrations and tight control
247(1)
3.3 Bioavailability
247(2)
3.4 Transport in vivo
249(1)
3.5 Renal reabsorption and excretion
249(1)
3.6 Utilization
250(1)
3.7 Physiology and pharmacokinetics studies of vitamin C: Limitations
250(1)
4 Pharmacology and pathophysiology
251(3)
4.1 Background
251(1)
4.2 Cancer treatment
251(2)
4.3 Sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome
253(1)
4.4 Diabetes, dehydroascorbic acid, and red blood cells
253(1)
5 Vitamin C consumption in humans
254(2)
5.1 Dietary sources of vitamin C
254(1)
5.2 Dietary Reference Intakes and use categories
255(1)
5.3 Special considerations for Dietary Reference Intakes
255(1)
5.4 Limitations
256(1)
6 Deficiency and excess
256(7)
6.1 Vitamin C deficiency: Etiologies of deficiency, therapy
256(1)
6.2 Vitamin C excess: Adverse effects
256(1)
References
257(6)
18 Vitamin D in human health
Sicheng Zhang
Duane D. Miller
Wei Li
1 Biology and metabolism
263(1)
2 Definition of vitamin D deficiency
263(1)
3 Causes of vitamin D deficiency
264(2)
3.1 Exposure to sunlight and cutaneous factors
264(1)
3.2 Cutaneous factors
265(1)
3.3 Bioavailability of vitamin D after oral ingestion or cutaneous synthesis
265(1)
4 Vitamin D deficiency and disorders
266(10)
4.1 Musculoskeletal consequences of vitamin D deficiency
266(2)
4.2 Nonmusculoskeletal consequences of vitamin D deficiency
268(7)
4.3 Vitamin D toxicity
275(1)
5 Conclusion
276(7)
Acknowledgments
276(1)
References
276(7)
19 Vitamin E: Tocopherols and tocotrienol and their role in health and disease
Nandini Ghosh
Amitava Das
Savita Khanna
1 Introduction
283(1)
2 Vitamin E as dietary supplements
283(1)
3 Is RDA for α-tocopherol set at an appropriate level?
284(1)
4 RDA for tocotrienols
285(1)
5 Tocopherol and tocotrienol status/intake in obesity and metabolic syndrome
285(1)
5.1 Obesity and metabolic syndrome
286(1)
6 A-Tocopherol supplementation in obese individuals
286(1)
7 Tocotrienol status/intake in obesity
286(1)
8 Vitamin E in diseases and health
287(3)
8.1 Vitamin E deficiency
287(1)
8.2 Vitamin E in health
287(3)
9 Conclusion
290(9)
References
290(5)
Recommended daily dietary allowances
295(4)
Index 299
Dr. George Brewer is a recognized world expert on all aspects of copper, but also has expertise in zinc and other micronutrients. He worked for over 30 years on the inherited disease of copper toxicity, Wilson's disease. He has published over 100 peer-reviewed papers on the topic and developed two new therapies for the disease: zinc and tetrathiomolybdate. Due to his research, zinc was approved for Wilson's disease by the FDA in 1997 and is now the treatment of choice for maintenance therapy. Over the last decade he has been working on Alzheimer's disease; his research has demonstrated that Alzheimers patients are zinc-deficient and benefit from zinc therapy. Dr. Brewer has developed a new zinc formulation that is non-irritating and can be taken once daily. Over his career he has published over 430 papers and has written and edited numerous books. Dr. Ananda Prasad was the first scientist to recognize the essentiality of zinc for human health and to recognize that zinc deficiency is a common problem globally in 1963. This led the US Congress to declare zinc as an essential nutrient for human health, and in 1974, the National Academy of Sciences established recommended dietary allowances for zinc. He has received many awards and honors for this discovery, including a Goldberger Award from the American Medical Association, an Outstanding Research Award from American College of Physicians, the Mahidol Award from the Kind of Thailand, the Medal of Honor from the Mayor of Lyon in France, and an Honorary Doctorate from the Claude Bernard University in Lyon. He has published over 300 papers and 15 books and is the founder and emeritus editor of the American Journal of Hematology.
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