| Contributors |
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xv | |
| Acknowledgments |
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xix | |
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1 Introduction to evidence-based practice |
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3 | (1) |
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Evidence-based practice in neuroanesthesia |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (5) |
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Section B Neurophysiology |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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What ICP threshold should we target and what is the-optimal CPP range? |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Should ICP and CPP thresholds be protocolized according to consensus guidelines or individualized to achieve better outcomes? |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (3) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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15 | (1) |
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What disease states should target temperature management be considered? |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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Is one method of cooling superior? |
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18 | (1) |
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What is the optimal target temperature? |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (3) |
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21 | (1) |
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Does time to TTM implementation change outcomes? |
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21 | (1) |
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What is the optimal duration of TTM to improve outcomes? |
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21 | (1) |
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What is the optimal rate of rewarming to improve patient outcomes and prevent complications? |
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22 | (1) |
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Is there an optimal method/protocol to detect and treat shivering? |
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22 | (1) |
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The Columbia antishivering protocol |
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22 | (1) |
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Non-pharmacologic management of shivering |
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23 | (1) |
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Pharmacologic management of shivering |
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23 | (1) |
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What are the important complications to evaluate during TTM? |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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What disease states should target temperature management be considered? |
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25 | (1) |
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Is one method of cooling superior? |
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25 | (1) |
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What is the optimal target temperature? |
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26 | (1) |
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Does time to TTM implementation change outcomes? |
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26 | (1) |
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What is the optimal duration of TTM to improve outcomes? |
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26 | (1) |
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What is the optimal rate of rewarming to improve patient outcomes and prevent complications? |
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26 | (1) |
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Is there an optimal method/protocol to detect and treat shivering associated with TTM? |
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26 | (1) |
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What are the important complications to evaluate during TTM? |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (7) |
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4 Mechanical ventilation ---PEEP |
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33 | (1) |
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The questions/controversy: The brain-lung crosstalk |
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33 | (1) |
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From the brain to the lung |
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34 | (1) |
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From the lung to the brain |
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34 | (1) |
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PEEP effects on lung, cardiovascular, and brain pathophysiology |
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35 | (1) |
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PEEP and oxygenation improvement |
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35 | (1) |
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PEEP, intrathoracic pressure, and cerebral blood flow (CBF) |
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36 | (1) |
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PEEP and arterial RaCO2 increase, from dynamic hyperinflation to alveolar overdistension |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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Mechanical ventilation strategies in ABI patients |
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37 | (2) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (5) |
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Section C Neuropharmacology |
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5 Intravenous or inhalational anesthetics? |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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Intracranial pressure and cerebral perfusion pressure |
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46 | (1) |
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Cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular resistance |
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46 | (1) |
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The cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption |
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46 | (1) |
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Brain volume and relaxation |
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46 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring and anesthesia |
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48 | (1) |
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48 | (1) |
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Recovery and emergence and postoperative complications |
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48 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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Intraoperative brain relaxation |
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49 | (1) |
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Cerebrovascular resistance |
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49 | (1) |
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Cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen consumption |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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Intraoperative neurophysiologic monitoring and anesthesia |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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Recovery and emergence and postoperative complications |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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50 | (3) |
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53 | (1) |
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Effect of intravenous hyperosmolar fluids on the brain |
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53 | (1) |
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Background, mechanism, dosing, clinical use, and adverse effects of common hyperosmotic fluids |
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54 | (4) |
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58 | (1) |
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Comparison between mannitol and hypertonic saline |
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58 | (1) |
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Clinical and practical considerations |
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58 | (1) |
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General practical considerations |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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TBI guidelines 4th edition |
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60 | (1) |
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Review of recent literature |
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60 | (1) |
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Neuroanesthesia: Elective supratentorial tumors |
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60 | (1) |
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Traumatic brain injury (TBI) |
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61 | (1) |
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Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) and acute ischemic stroke (AIS) |
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62 | (1) |
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (4) |
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67 | (1) |
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The question: Is it safe to use N2O in neurosurgical cases? |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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The question: Is it safe to use N2O in spine surgeries? |
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70 | (1) |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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The question: Is N2O safe to be used in interventional neuroradiology? |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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The question: What is the current status of the use of N2O in pediatric patients undergoing neurosurgical procedures under general anesthesia? |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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The question: Is it safe to use N2O in the geriatric patient population who are scheduled for neurosurgical procedures under general anesthesia? |
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72 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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73 | (4) |
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8 Antimicrobial prophylaxis |
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77 | (1) |
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78 | (1) |
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Classification of neurosurgical procedures and evidence |
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78 | (2) |
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80 | (1) |
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80 | (1) |
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81 | (4) |
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Conclusion/consensus statement |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (4) |
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89 | (1) |
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Questions and controversies |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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What is the definition of and recommended early management strategy for SE? |
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90 | (3) |
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Does administration of benzodiazepines early in the course of SE, increase the risk of intubation? |
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93 | (1) |
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If SE resolves with early benzodiazepine treatment, should an ASD be started to prevent recurrence of seizures? |
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93 | (1) |
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If SE does not resolve with benzodiazepines, what is the next line of antiseizure drugs? Is there any evidence to support the use of a particular ASD over another? |
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93 | (1) |
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What is the role of newer ASDs in the management of SE? |
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93 | (1) |
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When is SE considered refractory and what ASDs should be used in the management of refractory SE? |
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94 | (1) |
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What treatment strategy should be pursued in the management of super-refractory SE? What treatment strategy should be pursued in the management of new-onset refractory SE (NORSE)? |
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94 | (1) |
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What is the role of ASDs in the prevention of seizures after spontaneous ICH? |
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94 | (1) |
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What is the role of ASDs in the prevention of seizures after SAH? |
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95 | (1) |
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What is the role of ASDs in the prevention of seizures after TBI? |
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95 | (1) |
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What is the role of ASDs in the prevention of seizures in postcraniotomy patients? |
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95 | (1) |
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What is the role of ASDs in the prevention of seizures after HII? |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (1) |
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97 | (2) |
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10 Treatment of hypertension |
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99 | (1) |
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Definition and classification |
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99 | (1) |
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100 | (1) |
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Hypertension and cerebral autoregulation |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (3) |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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105 | (1) |
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Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) |
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105 | (2) |
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Postoperative hypertension |
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107 | (1) |
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108 | (1) |
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108 | (3) |
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11 Role of statins for neuroprotection |
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111 | (1) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (4) |
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116 | (8) |
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124 | (1) |
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124 | (1) |
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125 | (11) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage |
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137 | (1) |
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137 | (9) |
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146 | (9) |
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Summary of on-going trials |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (8) |
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12 Role of stem cell therapy in neurosciences |
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163 | (1) |
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Properties, sources, and characterization of stem cells |
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164 | (1) |
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Immunomodulation by stem cells |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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Neurogenic signaling of stem cells |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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Sonic Hedgehog (SHH) pathway |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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166 | (1) |
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Bone morphogenetic factors (BMPs) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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167 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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Role in neurological disorders |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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169 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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170 | (1) |
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Traumatic spinal cord injury |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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174 | (9) |
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Section D Neuromonitoring |
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183 | (1) |
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183 | (1) |
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ICP monitoring techniques (covered in detail in
Chapter 14) |
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183 | (1) |
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Question: What are the indications for ICP monitoring? |
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184 | (1) |
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184 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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Question: What is the ICP threshold for treatment? |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Question: How should raised intracranial pressure be managed? |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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Targeted temperature management |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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Question: Does ICP monitoring improve outcomes? |
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188 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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Question: What is the optimal cerebral perfusion pressure target? |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (1) |
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190 | (3) |
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193 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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Laboratory and clinical evidence |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Type of invasive ICP monitoring |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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Intraparenchymal, subdural and epidural device |
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195 | (1) |
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Non-invasive ICP monitoring |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (1) |
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Optic nerve sheath diameter |
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198 | (1) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (1) |
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199 | (4) |
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15 Newer brain monitoring techniques |
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203 | (1) |
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Why do we need new neuromonitoring technologies? |
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204 | (1) |
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The move from reactive to proactive medicine and from protocolized to individualized medicine |
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204 | (1) |
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The need for noninvasive neuromonitoring modalities in patients with or at risk for acute brain injury |
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204 | (1) |
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The need for invasive neuromonitoring modalities in patients with or at risk for acute brain injury |
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204 | (1) |
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Novel neuromonitoring technologies |
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204 | (1) |
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Automated infrared pupillometry |
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204 | (3) |
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Optic nerve sheath ultrasound |
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207 | (1) |
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Cerebrovascular reactivity monitoring and personalized medicine |
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208 | (4) |
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Multimodal neuromonitoring and future directions |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (1) |
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213 | (4) |
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16 Intraoperative neuromonitoring |
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217 | (1) |
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Somatosensory evoked potential |
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217 | (1) |
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217 | (1) |
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Evoked potential assessment |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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218 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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Spine deformity correction |
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219 | (1) |
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Intramedullary spinal cord tumor resection |
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220 | (1) |
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EMG/pedicle screw placement |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Minimally invasive surgery |
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221 | (1) |
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221 | (1) |
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Non-surgical applications |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (6) |
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Section E Neuromonitoring |
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17 Blood transfusion triggers |
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229 | (1) |
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229 | (1) |
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Red blood cells transfusion. Optimal transfusion trigger |
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230 | (1) |
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What are the transfusion requirements for red blood cells in neurosurgery? |
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230 | (1) |
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Can the presence of preoperative anemia influence the need for red blood cells transfusion? |
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230 | (1) |
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Red blood cells transfusion trigger |
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231 | (1) |
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Transfusion and coagulation factors. Optimal transfusion trigger |
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231 | (1) |
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Should a standard coagulation test be performed before any surgery? |
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231 | (1) |
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To neurosurgery, what are the minimum acceptable values of the standard coagulation tests? |
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232 | (2) |
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When would it be indicated the administration of coagulation factors? Recommended triggers |
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234 | (1) |
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Platelet transfusion. Optimal transfusion trigger |
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234 | (1) |
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Do we still think that the minimum platelet count for neurosurgery is 100×109/L? |
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234 | (1) |
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In the pediatric population, do we need to consider the same values to indicate a platelet transfusion? |
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235 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (3) |
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18 Reversal of anticoagulation in neurosurgical and neurocritical care settings |
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239 | (1) |
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240 | (1) |
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What are the common indications for chronic anticoagulation therapy? |
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240 | (1) |
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What are the common therapeutic agents used for chronic anticoagulation therapy? |
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240 | (2) |
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What is the bleeding risk involved with chronic anticoagulation therapy? |
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242 | (1) |
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What medical factors are associated with higher bleeding risk? |
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243 | (4) |
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What is the incidence and outcome of spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage in patients on chronic anticoagulation therapy? |
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247 | (1) |
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Do we have multivariate composite bleeding risk prediction models? |
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248 | (1) |
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Are there any specific factors for intracranial bleeding? |
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248 | (3) |
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What neurosurgical or neurocritical care situations warrant urgent reversal of anticoagulation? |
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251 | (1) |
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What are the general considerations while managing critical intracranial bleeding in patients on anticoagulation therapy? |
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251 | (5) |
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Laboratory tests for the measurement of anticoagulation activity |
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256 | (2) |
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What are the risks of interruptions of chronic anticoagulation therapy? |
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258 | (1) |
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Composite scores predicting the risk of thromboembolic complications and the need for long-term anticoagulation therapy |
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258 | (1) |
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What are the key considerations for restarting anticoagulation following neurosurgical procedure or spontaneous intracranial hemorrhage? |
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259 | (1) |
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Evidence-based recommendations |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (1) |
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261 | (6) |
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19 Role of decompressive craniectomy |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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Controversies related to cranioplasty |
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269 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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270 | (1) |
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DC for patients having TBI |
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270 | (1) |
|
DC for patients having a stroke |
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271 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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272 | (1) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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274 | (5) |
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20 Strategies for brain protection |
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279 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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280 | (1) |
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281 | (2) |
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283 | (1) |
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|
|
283 | (1) |
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|
283 | (2) |
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285 | (2) |
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21 Anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy |
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287 | (1) |
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Anesthetic considerations during carotid endarterectomy |
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287 | (1) |
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Neuromonitoring during carotid endarterectomy |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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Local or regional anesthesia |
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289 | (1) |
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290 | (1) |
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Evidence-based literature on anesthesia for carotid endarterectomy |
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291 | (4) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (2) |
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297 | (2) |
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22 Anesthesia for acute stroke |
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299 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (1) |
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Early retrospective reports |
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301 | (1) |
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2014 SNACC consensus statement |
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302 | (1) |
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Randomized controlled trials |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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303 | (1) |
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304 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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305 | (1) |
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306 | (3) |
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23 Anesthesia for spine surgery |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (3) |
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|
312 | (3) |
|
Evidence-based anesthetic approach for spine surgeries |
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|
315 | (1) |
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|
316 | (1) |
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|
316 | (5) |
|
Section F Neurointensive care |
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24 Choice of sedation in neurointensive care |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (5) |
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327 | (1) |
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|
327 | (2) |
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|
|
329 | (2) |
|
Alpha2-adrenergic agonists |
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|
331 | (2) |
|
Inhaled anesthetic agents |
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|
333 | (3) |
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|
336 | (2) |
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|
|
338 | (1) |
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|
339 | (2) |
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|
341 | (1) |
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|
341 | (1) |
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|
341 | (1) |
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|
|
342 | (1) |
|
AIpha2-adrenergic agonists |
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|
343 | (1) |
|
Inhaled anesthetic agents |
|
|
344 | (1) |
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|
|
345 | (1) |
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|
|
345 | (1) |
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|
|
346 | (1) |
|
Consensus statement and conclusions |
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|
346 | (2) |
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|
348 | (11) |
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|
359 | (1) |
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|
359 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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|
360 | (1) |
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|
360 | (1) |
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|
361 | (1) |
|
Specific disease conditions |
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|
361 | (1) |
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|
361 | (1) |
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|
362 | (1) |
|
Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage |
|
|
362 | (1) |
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|
362 | (1) |
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|
363 | (1) |
|
Miscellaneous neuromuscular diseases |
|
|
363 | (1) |
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|
363 | (1) |
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|
364 | (3) |
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|
|
367 | (1) |
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|
367 | (1) |
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|
367 | (1) |
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|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) |
|
|
368 | (1) |
|
Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Central nervous system infections |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Bacterial meningitis (BM) |
|
|
369 | (1) |
|
Tuberculous meningitis (TB) |
|
|
370 | (1) |
|
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) |
|
|
370 | (1) |
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|
371 | (1) |
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|
371 | (1) |
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|
371 | (4) |
|
27 Initiation of nutrition |
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|
375 | (1) |
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|
|
376 | (1) |
|
How important is timely, appropriate initiation of nutrition in the critically ill patients? |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Is it possible to overnourish a patient? |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Nutrition-risk stratification---Why and how? |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
Estimating calorie requirement while initiating nutrition in the ICU |
|
|
376 | (1) |
|
What should be the caloric goal, best route, and time to initiate nutrition? |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Ancillary controversies in initiating nutrition in the ICU |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
How important is timely, appropriate initiation of nutrition in a critically ill patient? |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Is it possible to overnourish a patient? |
|
|
377 | (1) |
|
Nutrition-risk stratification---Why and how? |
|
|
378 | (1) |
|
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
How important is timely, appropriate initiation of nutrition in a critically ill patient? |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Is it possible to overnourish a patient? |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Nutrition-risk stratification---Why and how? |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
Estimating calorie requirement while initiating nutrition in the ICU |
|
|
379 | (1) |
|
What should be the caloric goal, best route, and time to initiate nutrition |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
Ancillary controversies in initiating nutrition in the ICU |
|
|
380 | (1) |
|
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
How important is timely, appropriate initiation of nutrition in a critically ill patient? |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Is it possible to overnourish a patient? |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Nutrition-risk stratification---Why and how? |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
Estimating calorie requirement while initiating nutrition in the ICU |
|
|
381 | (1) |
|
What should be the caloric goal, best route, and time to initiate nutrition |
|
|
382 | (1) |
|
Ancillary controversies in initiating nutrition in the ICU |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
Special consideration in neurological patients |
|
|
383 | (1) |
|
|
|
384 | (1) |
|
|
|
385 | (4) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
|
389 | (1) |
|
|
|
390 | (1) |
|
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
|
391 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
392 | (1) |
|
|
|
393 | (1) |
|
|
|
393 | (2) |
|
29 Anesthetics for status epilepticus |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
|
395 | (1) |
|
|
|
396 | (3) |
|
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
|
399 | (1) |
|
|
|
400 | (3) |
|
|
|
|
30 Diagnosing brain death |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
|
|
403 | (1) |
|
Clinical evidence for diagnosing death by neurologic criteria |
|
|
404 | (1) |
|
|
|
405 | (1) |
|
Prerequisites of clinical testing |
|
|
405 | (3) |
|
Conclusion with clinical scenarios |
|
|
408 | (3) |
|
|
|
411 | (6) |
|
Section H Recent advances |
|
|
|
31 Simulations in clinical neurosciences |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
|
|
417 | (1) |
|
Evidence from simulation education research |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
Simulation education research evidence: Assessment tools and debriefing techniques to improve education |
|
|
418 | (1) |
|
Evidence from clinical sciences |
|
|
419 | (1) |
|
Simulation skill training in neurosurgical anesthesia |
|
|
419 | (2) |
|
Basics in neurophysiological monitoring simulation training |
|
|
421 | (1) |
|
High-fidelity simulation in management of critical events |
|
|
422 | (1) |
|
Training in anesthesia nontechnical skills |
|
|
423 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (1) |
|
|
|
424 | (9) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Index |
|
433 | |
Daugiau apie elektronines knygas