| Preface |
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xix | |
| Chapter 1 Sociology: Theory and Method |
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2 | (38) |
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What Is The "Sociological Imagination"? |
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5 | (5) |
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7 | (1) |
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Developing a Global Perspective |
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7 | (1) |
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Understanding Social Change |
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8 | (2) |
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Globalization by the Numbers: Opinion of the United States |
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9 | (1) |
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What Theories Do Sociologists Use? |
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10 | (11) |
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10 | (4) |
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14 | (2) |
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Modern Theoretical Approaches |
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16 | (4) |
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Digital Life: Bullying Goes Viral |
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19 | (1) |
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Theoretical Thinking in Sociology |
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20 | (1) |
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Levels of Analysis: Microsociology and Macrosociology |
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21 | (1) |
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What Kinds Of Questions Can Sociologists Answer? |
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21 | (2) |
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What Are The Steps Of The Research Process? |
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23 | (2) |
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1 Define the Research Problem |
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23 | (1) |
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23 | (1) |
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3 Make the Problem Precise |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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What Research Methods Do Sociologists Use? |
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25 | (6) |
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26 | (1) |
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26 | (3) |
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29 | (1) |
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Comparative and Historical Research |
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30 | (1) |
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What Ethical Dilemmas Do Sociologists Face? |
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31 | (4) |
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How Does The Sociological Imagination Affect Your Life? |
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35 | (5) |
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Employing Your Sociological Imagination: What Can You Do with a Sociology Major? |
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36 | (2) |
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38 | (2) |
| Chapter 2 Culture and Society |
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40 | (30) |
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43 | (6) |
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Defining "Culture": Nonmaterial Culture |
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43 | (4) |
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Defining "Culture": Material Culture |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (2) |
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How Does Human Culture Develop? |
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49 | (9) |
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Early Human Culture: Adaptation to Physical Environment |
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49 | (1) |
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50 | (1) |
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How Nature and Nurture Interact |
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51 | (2) |
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53 | (4) |
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Digital Life: The Secret Power of Cultural Norms and Values |
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55 | (2) |
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57 | (1) |
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Culture and Social Development |
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57 | (1) |
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What Happened To Premodern Societies? |
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58 | (2) |
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The Earliest Societies: Hunters and Gatherers |
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58 | (1) |
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Pastoral and Agrarian Societies |
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59 | (1) |
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Traditional Societies or Civilizations |
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60 | (1) |
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How Has Industrialization Shaped Modern Society? |
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60 | (3) |
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The Industrialized Societies |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (1) |
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How Does Globalization Affect Contemporary Culture? |
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63 | (7) |
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Does the Internet Promote a Global Culture? |
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64 | (3) |
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Globalization by the Numbers: National Identity |
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65 | (2) |
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Globalization and Local Cultures |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
| Chapter 3 Socialization, the Life Course, and Aging |
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70 | (30) |
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How Are Children Socialized? |
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73 | (12) |
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Theories of Child Development |
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74 | (2) |
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76 | (3) |
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79 | (1) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (5) |
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Digital Life: New Apps Challenge Kids-and the Gender Binary |
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82 | (3) |
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What Are The Five Major Stages Of The Life Course? |
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85 | (3) |
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85 | (1) |
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85 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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88 | (3) |
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88 | (1) |
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Growing Old: Trends and Competing Sociological Explanations |
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88 | (3) |
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What Are The Challenges Of Aging In The U.S.? |
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91 | (9) |
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92 | (2) |
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Globalization by the Numbers: Graying of the World |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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95 | (1) |
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Employing Your Sociological Imagination: Activities Director at a Nursing Home |
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96 | (1) |
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96 | (2) |
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98 | (2) |
| Chapter 4 Social Interaction and Everyday Life in the Age of the Internet |
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100 | (28) |
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What Is Social Interaction, And Why Study It? |
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102 | (6) |
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Focused and Unfocused Interaction |
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104 | (1) |
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105 | (2) |
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Nonhumans in Social Interaction |
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107 | (1) |
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How Do We Manage Impressions In Daily Life? |
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108 | (2) |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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109 | (1) |
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What Rules Guide How We Communicate With Others? |
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110 | (5) |
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111 | (2) |
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Digital Life: Turning Away from Face-to-Face Interaction |
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112 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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How Do Time And Space Affect Our Interactions? |
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115 | (5) |
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Globalization by the Numbers: Who Owns a Smartphone? |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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The Compulsion of Proximity |
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118 | (2) |
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How Do The Rules Of Social Interaction Affect Your Life? |
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120 | (8) |
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120 | (2) |
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Race and the Public Sphere |
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122 | (4) |
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126 | (2) |
| Chapter 5 Groups, Networks, and Organizations |
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128 | (28) |
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130 | (7) |
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Groups: Variety and Characteristics |
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131 | (1) |
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132 | (2) |
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134 | (1) |
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134 | (3) |
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How Do We Benefit From Social Networks? |
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137 | (3) |
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The Internet as Social Network |
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138 | (2) |
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Globalization by the Numbers: Internet Connectivity |
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139 | (1) |
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How Do Organizations Function? |
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140 | (5) |
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Theories of Organizations |
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141 | (4) |
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Is Bureaucracy An Outdated Model? |
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145 | (4) |
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The Transformation of Management |
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145 | (1) |
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Technology and Modern Organizations |
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146 | (2) |
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Digital Life: Crowdfunding and the Strength of Weak Ties |
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147 | (1) |
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The "McDonaldization" of Society |
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148 | (1) |
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How Do Organizations And Groups Affect Your Life? |
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149 | (7) |
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Social Capital: The Ties That Bind |
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149 | (3) |
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Employing Your Sociological Imagination: From Organizational |
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150 | (2) |
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Consultant to CEO Conclusion |
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152 | (2) |
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154 | (2) |
| Chapter 6 Deviance, Crime, and Punishment |
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156 | (34) |
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159 | (2) |
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160 | (1) |
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Why Do People Commit Deviant Acts? |
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161 | (7) |
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The Biological View of Deviance |
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161 | (1) |
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The Psychological View of Deviance |
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162 | (1) |
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Sociological Perspectives on Deviance |
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163 | (5) |
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168 | (1) |
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How Do We Document Crime? |
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168 | (3) |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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Who Are The Perpetrators? |
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171 | (6) |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (2) |
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176 | (1) |
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What Were The Causes And Costs Of The Great Crime Decline? |
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177 | (8) |
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177 | (3) |
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Globalization by the Numbers: Incarceration Rates |
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179 | (1) |
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180 | (1) |
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181 | (3) |
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Digital Life: Using Cameras to Police the Police |
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182 | (2) |
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The Benefits of the Crime Decline |
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184 | (1) |
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How Do Crime And Deviance Affect Your Life? |
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185 | (5) |
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185 | (1) |
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Employing Your Sociological Imagination: Law Enforcement: Police Officer and Civilian Employee |
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186 | (1) |
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The Functions of Deviance |
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186 | (2) |
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188 | (2) |
| Chapter 7 Stratification, Class, and Inequality |
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190 | (32) |
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What Is Social Stratification? |
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193 | (6) |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (1) |
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194 | (2) |
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Theories of Stratification in Modern Societies |
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196 | (3) |
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Digital Life: Does the Digital Divide Still Matter? |
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197 | (2) |
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How Is Social Class Defined In The United States? |
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199 | (9) |
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199 | (1) |
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200 | (1) |
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201 | (1) |
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202 | (1) |
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A Picture of the U.S. Class Structure |
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203 | (5) |
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Globalization by the Numbers: Income Inequality |
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205 | (3) |
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What Are The Causes And Consequences Of Social Inequality In The United States? |
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208 | (3) |
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Ethnic Minorities Versus White Americans |
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208 | (1) |
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209 | (2) |
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How Does Poverty Affect Individuals? |
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211 | (7) |
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211 | (1) |
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212 | (3) |
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Explaining Poverty: The Sociological Debate |
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215 | (2) |
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217 | (1) |
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How Does Social Inequality Affect Your Life? |
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218 | (4) |
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220 | (2) |
| Chapter 8 Global Inequality |
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222 | (26) |
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What Is Global Inequality? |
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225 | (5) |
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226 | (2) |
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Globalization by the Numbers: Global Inequality |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (1) |
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228 | (2) |
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What Is Daily Life Like In Rich Vs. Poor Countries? |
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230 | (4) |
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230 | (2) |
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Digital Life: Can Apps Heal Global Inequalities? |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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Can Poor Countries Become Rich? |
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234 | (2) |
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How Do Sociological Theories Explain Global Inequality? |
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236 | (7) |
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236 | (2) |
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238 | (1) |
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239 | (2) |
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241 | (1) |
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Evaluating Global Theories of Inequality |
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242 | (1) |
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What Does Rapid Globalization Mean For The Future Of Global Inequality? |
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243 | (5) |
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246 | (2) |
| Chapter 9 Gender Inequality |
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248 | (34) |
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Who Gender Differences Due To Nature, Nurture, Or Both? |
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251 | (7) |
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251 | (2) |
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253 | (1) |
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The Social Construction of Gender |
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254 | (1) |
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Cross-Cultural and Historical Findings |
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255 | (3) |
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How Do Gender Inequalities Play Out In Social Institutions? |
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258 | (13) |
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259 | (2) |
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261 | (7) |
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Globalization by the Numbers: Gender Inequality |
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267 | (1) |
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The Family and Gender Issues |
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268 | (1) |
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Gender Inequality in Politics |
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269 | (2) |
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Why Are Women The Target Of Violence? |
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271 | (3) |
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272 | (1) |
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Sexual Violence against Women: Evidence of "Rape Culture"? |
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273 | (1) |
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How Does Social Theory Explain Gender Inequality? |
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274 | (4) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (3) |
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Digital Life: "His" and "Hers" Apps? |
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276 | (2) |
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How Can We Reduce Gender-Based Aggression? |
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278 | (4) |
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280 | (2) |
| Chapter 10 Race, Ethnicity, and Racism |
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282 | (41) |
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What Are Race And Ethnicity? |
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285 | (4) |
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285 | (3) |
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Globalization by the Numbers: Racial & Ethnic Populations |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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Why Do Racial And Ethnic Antagonism Exist? |
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289 | (5) |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (1) |
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Ethnic Antagonism: A Historical Perspective |
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292 | (2) |
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Models of Ethnic Integration |
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294 | (1) |
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How Does Racism Operate In American Society Today? |
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294 | (5) |
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294 | (2) |
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296 | (3) |
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What Are The Origins And Nature Of Ethnic Diversity In The United States? |
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299 | (6) |
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299 | (1) |
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Immigrant America in the Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries |
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300 | (2) |
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Blacks in the United States |
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302 | (1) |
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Hispanics and Latinos in the United States |
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303 | (2) |
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305 | (1) |
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How Do Race And Ethnicity Affect The Life Chances Of Different Groups? |
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305 | (10) |
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306 | (1) |
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307 | (2) |
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Digital Life: What Are You, Anyway? |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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311 | (1) |
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312 | (3) |
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How Do Sociologists Explain Racial Inequality? |
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315 | (8) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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Racial Discrimination-Based Explanations |
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317 | (1) |
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318 | (5) |
| Chapter 11 Families and Intimate Relationships 320 |
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323 | (1) |
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How Do Sociological Theories Characterize Families? |
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324 | (3) |
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324 | (1) |
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Symbolic Interactionist Approaches |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (1) |
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How Have Families Changed Over Time? |
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327 | (3) |
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"The Way We Never Were": Myths of the Traditional Family |
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328 | (1) |
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Changes in Family Patterns Worldwide |
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329 | (1) |
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What Do Marriage And Family In The United States Look Like Today? |
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330 | (13) |
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Race, Ethnicity, and American Families |
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332 | (4) |
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Social Class and the American Family |
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336 | (2) |
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Digital Life: Dating and Mating Online |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (3) |
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Remarriage and Stepparenting |
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341 | (1) |
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341 | (2) |
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Why Does Family Violence Happen? |
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343 | (3) |
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343 | (1) |
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Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) |
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343 | (3) |
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Employing Your Sociological Imagination: Marriage and Family Therapist |
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344 | (2) |
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How Do New Family Forms Affect Your Life? |
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346 | (8) |
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346 | (2) |
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Globalization by the Numbers: Maternity Leave |
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347 | (1) |
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348 | (2) |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
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352 | (2) |
| Chapter 12 Education and Religion |
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354 | (36) |
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Why Are Education And Literacy So Important? |
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357 | (5) |
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Education and Industrialization |
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357 | (2) |
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Sociological Theories of Education |
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359 | (1) |
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Education and Literacy in the Developing World |
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360 | (2) |
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What Is The Link Between Education And Inequality? |
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362 | (9) |
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362 | (2) |
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Coleman's Study of "Between-School Effects" in American Education |
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364 | (1) |
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The Resegregation of American Schools? |
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364 | (1) |
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Tracking and "Within-School Effects" |
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365 | (1) |
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The Social Reproduction of Inequality |
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366 | (1) |
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Intelligence and Inequality |
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367 | (1) |
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Educational Reform in the United States |
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368 | (3) |
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How Do Sociologists Think About Religion? |
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371 | (6) |
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373 | (4) |
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How Does Religion Affect Life Throughout The World? |
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377 | (5) |
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Types of Religious Organizations |
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377 | (2) |
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Globalization and Religion |
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379 | (3) |
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Globalization by the Numbers: Religious Affiliation |
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381 | (1) |
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How Does Religion Affect Your Life In The United States? |
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382 | (8) |
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Trends in Religious Affiliation |
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382 | (4) |
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Digital Life: From Pulpits to iPads? |
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384 | (2) |
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Religious Affiliation and Socioeconomic Status |
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386 | (2) |
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388 | (2) |
| Chapter 13 Politics and Economic Life |
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390 | (36) |
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How Did The State Develop? |
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394 | (3) |
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Characteristics of the State |
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394 | (3) |
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How Do Democracies Function? |
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397 | (13) |
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397 | (1) |
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Monarchies and Liberal Democracies |
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397 | (1) |
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The Spread of Liberal Democracy |
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398 | (1) |
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Populist Authoritarianism |
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399 | (1) |
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Democracy in the United States |
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399 | (6) |
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Employing Your Sociological Imagination: Political Activist |
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400 | (3) |
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Globalization by the Numbers: Voter Turnout |
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403 | (2) |
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The Political Participation of Women |
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405 | (1) |
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Who Rules? Theories of Democracy |
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406 | (2) |
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408 | (2) |
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What Is The Social Significance Of Work? |
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410 | (5) |
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The Importance of Paid and Unpaid Work |
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410 | (2) |
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Digital Life: Will a Robot Take Your Job? |
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411 | (1) |
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The Importance of the Division of Labor |
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412 | (1) |
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412 | (3) |
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What Are Key Elements Of The Modern Economy? |
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415 | (4) |
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Corporations and Corporate Power |
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416 | (3) |
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How Does Work Affect Everyday Life Today? |
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419 | (7) |
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419 | (2) |
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Trends in the Occupational Structure |
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421 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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423 | (1) |
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424 | (2) |
| Chapter 14 The Sociology of the Body: Health, Illness, and Sexuality |
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426 | (34) |
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How Do Social Contexts Affect The Human Body? |
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429 | (6) |
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430 | (2) |
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432 | (3) |
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Globalization by the Numbers: Obesity Rates |
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433 | (2) |
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How Do Sociologists Understand Health And Illness? |
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435 | (6) |
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435 | (1) |
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Illness as "Lived Experience" |
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436 | (2) |
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Changing Conceptions of Health and Illness |
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438 | (3) |
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Digital Life: Can Wearable Tech Keep You Healthy? |
|
|
440 | (1) |
|
How Do Social Factors Affect Health And Illness? |
|
|
441 | (6) |
|
Social Class-Based Inequalities in Health |
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|
442 | (1) |
|
Race-Based Inequalities in Health |
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|
443 | (1) |
|
Gender-Based Inequalities in Health |
|
|
444 | (1) |
|
Disparities in Infectious Diseases Worldwide |
|
|
445 | (2) |
|
How Do Social Contexts Shape Sexual Behavior? |
|
|
447 | (13) |
|
The Diversity of Human Sexuality |
|
|
447 | (2) |
|
Sexuality in Western Culture: A Historical Overview |
|
|
449 | (8) |
|
Employing Your Sociological Imagination: Health Care Provider |
|
|
454 | (3) |
|
How Does the Social Context of Bodies, Sexuality, and Health |
|
|
457 | (1) |
|
Affect Your Life? The Big Picture |
|
|
458 | (2) |
| Chapter 15 Urbanization, Population, and the Environment |
|
460 | (36) |
|
How Do Cities Develop And Evolve? |
|
|
463 | (6) |
|
Cities in Traditional Societies |
|
|
463 | (1) |
|
Industrialization and Urbanization |
|
|
464 | (1) |
|
|
|
465 | (4) |
|
How Do Rural, Suburban, And Urban Life Differ In The United States? |
|
|
469 | (4) |
|
The Decline of Rural America? |
|
|
469 | (1) |
|
|
|
470 | (1) |
|
|
|
471 | (1) |
|
Gentrification and Urban Renewal |
|
|
472 | (1) |
|
How Does Urbanization Affect Life Across The Globe? |
|
|
473 | (6) |
|
|
|
473 | (1) |
|
Inequality and the Global City |
|
|
474 | (2) |
|
Globalization by the Numbers: Urbanization |
|
|
475 | (1) |
|
Urbanization in the Global South |
|
|
476 | (2) |
|
The Future of Urbanization in the Developing World |
|
|
478 | (1) |
|
What Are The Forces Behind World Population Growth? |
|
|
479 | (9) |
|
Population Analysis: Demography |
|
|
479 | (2) |
|
Dynamics of Population Change |
|
|
481 | (2) |
|
|
|
483 | (1) |
|
The Demographic Transition |
|
|
483 | (2) |
|
|
|
485 | (3) |
|
Employing Your Sociological Imagination: Demographer |
|
|
486 | (2) |
|
How Do Environmental Changes Affect Your Life? |
|
|
488 | (8) |
|
Global Environmental Threats |
|
|
489 | (1) |
|
Global Warming and Climate Change |
|
|
489 | (3) |
|
Digital Life: Tracking Your Ecological Footprint |
|
|
490 | (2) |
|
A New Ecological Paradigm? |
|
|
492 | (2) |
|
|
|
494 | (2) |
| Chapter 16 Globalization in a Changing World |
|
496 | |
|
How Does Globalization Affect Social Change? |
|
|
499 | (6) |
|
|
|
500 | (2) |
|
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
502 | (1) |
|
|
|
503 | (1) |
|
|
|
504 | (1) |
|
Why Does Terrorism Seem To Be On The Rise In The World Today? |
|
|
505 | (1) |
|
What Are Social Movements? |
|
|
506 | (7) |
|
Classical Theories of Social Movements |
|
|
507 | (3) |
|
Globalization and Social Movements |
|
|
510 | (1) |
|
Technology and Social Movements |
|
|
511 | (2) |
|
Digital Life: Online Activism Trends Upward |
|
|
512 | (1) |
|
What Factors Contribute To Globalization? |
|
|
513 | (8) |
|
|
|
514 | (1) |
|
|
|
515 | (2) |
|
|
|
517 | (1) |
|
|
|
518 | (3) |
|
How Does Globalization Affect Your Life? |
|
|
521 | |
|
The Rise of Individualism |
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
|
522 | (1) |
|
|
|
523 | (1) |
|
|
|
524 | (1) |
|
Globalization and Inequality |
|
|
525 | (5) |
|
Globalization by the Numbers: Global Wealth |
|
|
527 | (3) |
|
|
|
530 | |
| Glossary |
|
A1 | |
| Bibliography |
|
A11 | |
| Credits |
|
A51 | |
| Index |
|
A53 | |
