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El. knyga: Establishing the Environmental Flow Regime for the Middle Zambezi River [Taylor & Francis e-book]

(UNESCO-IHE Institute for Water Education, Delft, The Netherlands)
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Establishing the Environmental Flow Regime for the Middle Zambezi RiverDidesnis paveikslėlis
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Mwelwa conducted research to establish the environmental flow regime for the Middle Zambezi reach that minimizes the impact of the upstream hydropower schemes on the river environment. She assesses the effects of regulated water flow on the short-term and long-term morphological evolution and interaction of the river and floodplain vegetation and grazing animals. This required the study of the pre-impoundment and post-impoundment states of the Middle Zambezi and future state scenarios. The study served as her June 2016 doctoral dissertation at the Delft University of Technology. Annotation ©2016 Ringgold, Inc., Portland, OR (protoview.com)

The Middle Zambezi, host to a rich biodiversity, is located in the central part of the Zambezi River Basin which covers eight Southern African Countries. The area is located downstream of three hydropower schemes. In the last decades, the floodplain riparian tree, the Faidherbia albida, vital for the local wild life, has shown a worrying decrease in its regeneration rates. This thesis explores establishing the environmental flow regime for the Middle Zambezi reach in order to minimise the impact of the upstream hydropower schemes on the river environment, using the Faidherbia albida tree as a biological indicator.
The research identified that the current dam operations have completely altered the natural hydrological rhythm from pre-Kariba dam dry season flows of 100-200 m3/s increasing to 1,000-1,500 m3/s. The sudden closure of the dam floodgates can be linked to the observed river channel-widening phenomenon. In addition, the Faidherbia albida tree now experiences longer flood residence over the floodplain, making it inaccessible to animals to allow for regeneration.
In order to save the F. albida tree, a two-pronged environmental flow regime is proposed of releasing a moderate flood of 5,800 m3/s once in 5 years, for 5 to 6 weeks in the months of February to March, and phasing the spillway gates closure over a period of 3 to 4 weeks to keep the floodplain wet enough until the months of May and June. Phasing of the spillway gate closure would also mitigate the excessive bank erosion.

Summary viii
Samenvatting x
Chapter 1 Introduction
1(13)
1.1 General Background
1(2)
1.2 The Hydropower-to-Environment project objectives and desired outcomes
3(2)
1.3 Research Objectives
5(1)
1.4 Relevance of the research
6(2)
1.5 General approach
8(4)
1.6 Structure of the thesis
12(2)
Chapter 2 Historical Perspective Of The Hydropower Dominated Zambezi Basin
14(20)
2.1 Driver of hydropower development
14(2)
2.2 Hydrology and hydropower potential set up
16(3)
2.3 Developed hydropower schemes, and operating rules
19(10)
2.4 Hydropower schemes under development
29(1)
2.5 Regional Initiatives for collaboration in hydropower scheme operations
30(4)
Chapter 3 The Study Area - Middle Zambezi Sub-Catchment
34(18)
3.1 General description and location
34(2)
3.2 Socio-economic features
36(3)
3.3 Physical setting
39(13)
Chapter 4 Surface And Subsurface Flows
52(51)
4.1 Hydrological set-up
52(28)
4.2 Hydrodynamic model simulations
80(14)
4.3 Subsurface flow model simulations
94(7)
4.4 Conclusions
101(2)
Chapter 5 Morphodynamics
103(23)
5.1 Sediment
103(6)
5.2 Historical morphological changes
109(5)
5.3 2D Morphodynamic modelling
114(11)
5.4 Conclusions
125(1)
Chapter 6 Flood Plain Vegetation
126(24)
6.1 Choice of biological indicator
126(8)
6.2 Field surveys
134(10)
6.3 Laboratory investigations
144(4)
6.4 Satellite image analysis
148(1)
6.4 Conclusions
149(1)
Chapter 7 Suggested Environmental Flow Regime
150(9)
7.1 Literature review
151(1)
7.2 Description of the suggested environmental flow regime
152(6)
7.3 Conclusions
158(1)
Chapter 8 Synthesis, Conclusions And Recommendations
159(6)
8.1 Synthesis
159(1)
8.2 Discussion and conclusions
159(4)
8.3 Recommendations
163(2)
References 165
Elenestina Mwelwa-Mutekenya is a seasoned hydrologist who has worked as an Environmentalist in a hydropower based power company, ZESCO, for over 20 years. Her work includes participation in defining environmental aspects related to water resources management in the regional Southern African Power Pool (SAPP). Her work and participation in the environmental and social impact assessment process has given her a good understanding of pertinent aspects that relate to hydropower development and operation. The research work in the establishment of sustainable environmental flow regime for a hydropower dominated Middle Zambezi has given her a good understanding of important aspects to look for in the proposition of workable hydropower optimisation plans to save the downstream environment of hydropower schemes.
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