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El. knyga: Evolutionary Explanations of Human Behaviour

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In recent years, a new discipline has arisen that argues human behaviour can be understood in terms of evolutionary processes. Evolutionary Explanations of Human Behaviour is an introductory level book covering evolutionary psychology, this new and controversial field. The book deals with three main areas: human reproductive behaviour, evolutionary explanations of mental disorders and the evolution of intelligence and the brain. The book is particularly suitable for the AQA-A A2 syllabus, but will also be of interest to undergraduates studying evolutionary psychology for the first time and anyone with a general interest in this new discipline.
List of illustrations
xi
Introduction
1(14)
Psychology and the theory of evolution
1(1)
The mechanism of Darwinian evolution by natural selection
2(3)
The nature of evolutionary adaptations
5(2)
Why apples are sweet: ultimate and proximate explanations in psychology
7(2)
Case study: The avoidance of incest
9(3)
Summary
12(3)
Sexual reproduction
15(12)
The sexual imperative: sperm meets egg
15(1)
The terminology of mating behaviour: systems and strategies
16(2)
Patterns of human mating
18(7)
Contemporary traditional or pre--industrial societies
19(2)
Hunter--gathering societies
21(1)
Despots in early civilizations
22(1)
The female perspective
23(2)
Summary
25(2)
Sexual selection
27(22)
Natural selection and sexual selection compared
27(2)
Inter- and intrasexual selection
29(1)
Parental investment
30(1)
Potential reproduction rates: humans and other animals
31(2)
The operational sex ratio
33(3)
Consequences of sexual selection
36(11)
Sexual dimorphism in body size
37(2)
Sexual enthusiasm
39(1)
Post-copulatory intrasexual competition: sperm competition
40(2)
Good genes and honest signals
42(5)
Summary
47(2)
Unravelling human sexuality
49(24)
Comparisons between humans and other primates
49(7)
Differences in body size between males and females
49(1)
Testis size
50(1)
Testis size and bodily dimorphism applied to humans
51(5)
Evolution and sexual desire: some expectations and approaches
56(6)
Cross-cultural comparisons using questionnaires
57(2)
Surveys using published advertisements
59(3)
Facial attractiveness
62(2)
Sexual jealousy
64(6)
Summary
70(3)
Archetypes of the psyche: fears and anxieties as adaptive responses
73(12)
The universality of emotional life
73(2)
Mental health and archetypes of the psyche
75(1)
Fears, anxieties and phobias
76(5)
Summary
81(4)
Evolutionary explanations of mental disorders
85(34)
Mental disorders: problems of terminology
85(3)
Mental abnormalities: some hypotheses
88(16)
Malfunctioning mental modules
88(1)
Exiles from Eden
88(6)
The adaptive conservatism hypotheses
94(1)
Preparedness theory
95(4)
The normal distribution theory
99(1)
Social homeostasis or rank theories of depression
100(1)
Ontogenetic or developmental theories
100(2)
Inclusive fitness theories
102(2)
A genetic basis for mental disorders
104(5)
Unipolar and bipolar depression
105(1)
Schizophrenia
105(4)
The adaptive value of genetically based disorders
109(4)
Evolutionary psychiatry: prospects
113(1)
Summary
114(5)
The evolution of brain size
119(14)
The place of humans in nature
119(1)
The importance of size
120(3)
Brain size and the risks of childbirth
123(2)
Brain size and mating behaviour
124(1)
Brain size and scaling effects (allometry): a mathematical diversion
125(2)
Ancestral brains
127(4)
Summary
131(2)
The evolution of intelligence
133(20)
Origins of primate intelligence
133(3)
Environmental factors: foraging behaviour and private intelligence
134(1)
Social factors: machiavellian intelligence and the theory of mind
134(2)
Food or sociality: testing the theories
136(7)
Methodological problems
136(2)
Brain size and primate diet
138(1)
Intelligence and the neocortex
139(1)
Environmental and social complexity and neocortex volume
140(2)
Problems with foraging and machiavellian theories
142(1)
Other theories of the evolution of intelligence
143(7)
Sexual selection and the evolution of the brain: the display hypothesis
144(1)
Hardware--software co-evolution: the stimulus of language
145(1)
Tool use
146(4)
Summary
150(3)
Study aids
153(13)
Improving your essay writing skills
153(13)
Practice essay 1
155(4)
Practice essay 2
159(3)
Practice essay 3
162(4)
Key Research Summaries 166(3)
Glossary 169(6)
Answers to progress exercises 175(10)
Bibliography 185(8)
Index 193


John Cartwright is a senior lecturer in Biology at Chester College of Higher Education, an institution affiliated to the University of Liverpool. He teaches courses on Evolution, Evolutionary Psychology as well as the History of Science, and is the author of several books in these areas.