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El. knyga: Evolutionary Parasitology: The Integrated Study of Infections, Immunology, Ecology, and Genetics

4.11/5 (19 ratings by Goodreads)
(Emeritus Professor, Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ) and Genetic Diversity Centre, ETH Zürich, Switzerland)
  • Formatas: 512 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 15-Jul-2021
  • Leidėjas: Oxford University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780192568151
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Evolutionary Parasitology: The Integrated Study of Infections, Immunology, Ecology, and GeneticsDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: 512 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 15-Jul-2021
  • Leidėjas: Oxford University Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780192568151
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Parasites and infectious diseases are everywhere and represent some of the most potent forces shaping the natural world. They affect almost every aspect imaginable in the life of their hosts, even as far as the structure of entire ecosystems. Hosts, in turn, have evolved complex defences, with
immune systems being among the most sophisticated processes known in nature. In response, parasites have again found ways to manipulate and exploit their hosts. Ever since life began, hosts and parasites have taken part in this relentless co-evolutionary struggle with far-reaching consequences for
us all.

Today, concepts borrowed from evolution, ecology, parasitology, and immunology have formed a new synthesis for the study of host-parasite interactions. Evolutionary parasitology builds on these established fields of scientific enquiry but also includes some of the most successful inter-disciplinary
areas of modern biology such as evolutionary epidemiology and ecological immunology. The first edition of this innovative text quickly became the standard reference text for this new discipline. Since then, the field has progressed rapidly and an update is now required. This new edition has been
thoroughly revised to provide a state-of-the-art overview, from the molecular bases to adaptive strategies and their ecological and evolutionary consequences. It includes completely new material on topics such as microbiota, evolutionary genomics, phylodynamics, within-host evolution, epidemiology,
disease spaces, and emergent diseases.

Evolutionary Parasitology is suitable for advanced undergraduates, graduate level students, and interdisciplinary researchers from a variety of fields including immunology, genetics, sexual selection, population ecology, behavioural ecology, epidemiology, and evolutionary biology. Those studying and
working in adjacent fields such as conservation biology, virology, medicine, and public health will also find it an invaluable resource for connecting to the bases of their science.

Recenzijos

Review from previous edition ... a wonderful and updated introduction to parasitology, full of fascinating examples and thought-provoking ideas. I think any current researcher in parasitology, or anyone with a slight interest in the field, would undoubtedly benefit from reading at least some of the various topics presented in this book. * Alejandra G. Jaramillo, TREE *

Preface v
List of common acronyms xix
Glossary xxiii
1 Parasites and their significance 1(8)
1.1 The Panama Canal
1(2)
1.2 Some lessons provided by yellow fever
3(3)
1.2.1 Parasites have different life cycles and transmission modes
3(2)
1.2.2 Not all host individuals, and not all parasite strains, are the same
5(1)
1.2.3 Physiological and molecular mechanisms underlie the infection
5(1)
1.2.4 Parasites and hosts are populations
6(1)
1.2.5 Parasites can be controlled when we understand them
6(1)
1.3 Parasites are not a threat of the past
6(3)
2 The study of evolutionary parasitology 9(10)
2.1 The evolutionary process
9(3)
2.2 Questions in evolutionary biology
12(1)
2.3 Selection and units that evolve
12(3)
2.4 Life history
15(1)
2.5 Studying adaptation
16(3)
2.5.1 Optimality
16(1)
2.5.2 Evolutionarily stable strategies (ESS)
17(1)
2.5.3 Comparative studies
17(4)
Box 2.1 The basic evolutionary forces
11(2)
Box 2.2 The disease space
13(6)
3 The diversity and natural history of parasites 19(32)
3.1 The ubiquity of parasites
19(2)
3.2 A systematic overview of parasites
21(13)
3.2.1 Viruses
21(1)
3.2.2 Prokaryotes
22(2)
3.2.2.1 Archaea
23(1)
3.2.2.2 Bacteria
23(1)
3.2.3 The basal eukaryotes
24(1)
3.2.4 Protozoa
25(2)
3.2.5 Fungi
27(1)
3.2.6 Nematodes (roundworms)
28(1)
3.2.7 Flatworms
29(1)
3.2.8 Acanthocephala
30(1)
3.2.9 Annelida
31(1)
3.2.10 Crustacea
31(2)
3.2.11 Mites (Acari), ticks, lice (Mallophaga, Anoplura)
33(1)
3.2.12 Parasitic insects (parasitoids)
34(1)
3.3 The evolution of parasitism
34(3)
3.3.1 Evolution of viruses
35(1)
3.3.2 Evolution of parasitism in nematodes
36(1)
3.4 The diversity and evolution of parasite life cycles
37(14)
3.4.1 Steps in a parasite's life cycle
37(2)
3.4.2 Ways of transmission
39(1)
3.4.3 Complex life cycles
40(1)
3.4.4 The evolution of complex parasite life cycles
41(4)
3.4.5 Example: trypanosomes
45(1)
3.4.6 Example: helminths
46(5)
Box 3.1 Types of parasites
20(31)
4 The natural history of defences 51(58)
4.1 The defence sequence
51(8)
4.1.1 Pre-infection defences
52(2)
4.1.1.1 Avoidance behaviour
52(1)
4.1.1.2 The selfish herd and group-living
52(1)
4.1.1.3 Anticipatory defences
52(2)
4.1.1.4 'Genetic' defences
54(1)
4.1.2 Post-infection defences
54(3)
4.1.2.1 Behavioural changes
54(2)
4.1.2.2 Physiological responses
56(1)
4.1.3 Social immunity
57(2)
4.2 Basic elements of the immune defence
59(9)
4.2.1 Humoral defences
60(2)
4.2.1.1 Immunoglobulins
60(1)
4.2.1.2 Complement
60(1)
4.2.1.3 Other humoral components
61(1)
4.2.2 Cellular defences
62(6)
4.2.2.1 Haematopoiesis (cell development)
63(2)
4.2.2.2 Phagocytosis
65(2)
4.2.2.3 Melanization, encapsulation
67(1)
4.2.2.4 Clotting, nodule formation
67(1)
4.3 Basic defences by the immune system
68(4)
4.3.1 Inflammation
68(1)
4.3.2 Innate immunity
68(1)
4.3.3 Adaptive (acquired) immunity
69(1)
4.3.4 Regulation of the immune response
69(3)
4.3.4.1 Regulation by protein-protein interactions
70(1)
4.3.4.2 Regulation by miRNAs
70(1)
4.3.4.3 Regulation by post-translational modification
70(2)
4.3.4.4 Negative regulation
72(1)
4.4 Immune defence protein families
72(5)
4.4.1 The major families
74(2)
4.4.2 Effectors: antimicrobial peptides
76(1)
4.5 The generation of diversity in recognition
77(8)
4.5.1 Polymorphism in the germline
78(1)
4.5.2 Somatic generation of diversity
78(3)
4.5.2.1 Alternative splicing
78(1)
4.5.2.2 Somatic DNA modification
79(2)
4.5.2.3 Somatic (hyper-)mutation, gene conversion
81(1)
4.5.3 Variability and B- and T-cells
81(4)
4.5.3.1 B-cells
81(3)
4.5.3.2 T-cells
84(1)
4.6 The diversity of immune defences
85(11)
4.6.1 Defence in plants
85(4)
4.6.2 Defence in invertebrates
89(3)
4.6.2.1 Insects
89(2)
4.6.2.2 Echinoderms
91(1)
4.6.3 The jawed (higher) vertebrates
92(4)
4.7 Memory in immune systems
96(4)
4.7.1 Memory in the adaptive system
98(1)
4.7.2 Memory in innate systems
98(2)
4.8 Microbiota
100(4)
4.8.1 Assembly, structure, and location of the microbiota
100(2)
4.8.2 Mechanisms of defence by the microbiota
102(2)
4.9 Evolution of the immune system
104(5)
4.9.1 Recognition of non-self
104(1)
4.9.2 The evolution of signal transduction and effectors
104(1)
4.9.3 The evolution of adaptive immunity
105(4)
Box 4.1 Disease space: defences
54(32)
Box 4.2 Adaptive immunity in prokaryotes: the CRISPR-Cas system
86(4)
Box 4.3 Antiviral defence of invertebrates
90(7)
Box 4.4 Priming and memory
97(12)
5 Ecological immunology 109(34)
5.1 Variation in parasitism
109(6)
5.1.1 Variation caused by external factors
109(1)
5.1.2 Variation in immune responses
110(5)
5.2 Ecological immunology: The costs of defence
115(9)
5.2.1 General principles
115(3)
5.2.2 Defence costs related to life history and behaviour
118(1)
5.2.3 Cost of evolving an immune defence
118(3)
5.2.3.1 Genetic costs associated with the evolution of immune defences
118(2)
5.2.3.2 Physiological costs associated with the evolution (maintenance) of immune defences
120(1)
5.2.4 Cost of using immune defences
121(3)
5.2.4.1 Genetic costs associated with the deployment of immune defences
121(1)
5.2.4.2 Physiological costs associated with the deployment of immune defences
122(1)
5.2.4.3 Costs due to immunopathology
123(1)
5.3 The nature of defence costs
124(4)
5.3.1 What is the limiting resource?
124(3)
5.3.1.1 Energy
125(1)
5.3.1.2 Food and nutrients
126(1)
5.3.2 Regulation of allocation
127(1)
5.4 Measurement and fitness effects of immune defence
128(2)
5.5 Tolerance as defence element
130(4)
5.5.1 Defining and measuring tolerance
130(1)
5.5.2 Mechanisms of tolerance
131(2)
5.5.3 Selection and evolution of tolerance
133(1)
5.6 Strategies of immune defence
134(9)
5.6.1 General considerations
134(2)
5.6.2 Defence and host life span
136(2)
5.6.3 Specific vs general defence
138(1)
5.6.4 Constitutive vs induced defence
138(1)
5.6.5 Robust defence
139(4)
Box 5.1 Disease space and costs of defence
111(18)
Box 5.2 Measures of host defence
129(11)
Box 5.3 Structurally robust immune defences
140(3)
6 Parasites, immunity, and sexual selection 143(16)
6.1 Differences between the sexes
143(4)
6.1.1 Differences in susceptibility to parasites
143(1)
6.1.2 Differences in immune function
143(2)
6.1.3 The role of sex hormones
145(2)
6.2 Parasitism and sexual selection
147(12)
6.2.1 Female mate choice
147(3)
6.2.2 Males indicate the quality of resisting parasites
150(4)
6.2.2.1 The Hamilton-Zuk hypothesis
150(2)
6.2.2.2 The immunocompetence handicap hypothesis
152(2)
6.2.3 Male genotypes and benefits for resistance
154(6)
6.2.3.1 Heterozygosity advantage
154(1)
6.2.3.2 Dissimilar genes
155
Box 6.1 Sexual selection
148(11)
7 Specificity 159(24)
7.1 Parasite specificity and host range
160(7)
7.1.1 Measuring parasite specificity and host range
160(6)
7.1.1.1 Observation of infections
160(3)
7.1.1.2 Screening with genetic tools
163(1)
7.1.1.3 Experimental infections
163(3)
7.1.2 Characteristics of a host
166(1)
7.1.3 Evolution of parasite specificity and host range
166(1)
7.2 Factors affecting the host range
167(5)
7.2.1 Biogeographical factors
167(2)
7.2.1.1 Parasite geographic distribution
167(1)
7.2.1.2 Spatial heterogeneity
168(1)
7.2.2 Phylogeny and available time
169(1)
7.2.2.1 Constraints by host phylogen
169(1)
7.2.2.2 Phylogenetic age of groups
169(1)
7.2.2.3 Constraints by parasite group
169(1)
7.2.3 Epidemiological processes
169(1)
7.2.3.1 Transmission opportunities
169(1)
7.2.3.2 Differences in host predictability
170(1)
7.2.3.3 Transmission mode
170(1)
7.2.4 Constraints set by life history
170(1)
7.2.4.1 Host body size and longevity
170(1)
7.2.4.2 Complexity of the life cycle
171(1)
7.2.4.3 Selection regimes within the parasite's life cycle
171(1)
7.2.5 Virulence and defence
171(1)
7.2.5.1 Virulence of the parasite
171(1)
7.2.5.2 Immune defences and defensive symbionts
172(1)
7.3 Specific host defences
172(1)
7.3.1 Specificity beyond the immune system
172(1)
7.3.1.1 Behavioural defences
172(1)
7.3.1.2 Other non-immunological defences
173(1)
7.3.2 Specificity of immune systems
173(1)
7.4 Memory, transgenerational protection
173(8)
7.4.1 Evolution of memory and immune priming
173(3)
7.4.2 Transgenerational immune priming (TGIP)
176(5)
7.5 Adaptive diversity and cross-reactivity
181(2)
Box 7.1 Specificity in defence space
159(2)
Box 7.2 Host specificity indices
161(22)
8 Parasite immune evasion and manipulation of host phenotype 183(30)
8.1 Parasites manipulate their hosts
183(1)
8.2 The diversity of immune evasion mechanisms
184(12)
8.2.1 Passive evasion
184(1)
8.2.2 Active interference
185(6)
8.2.3 Functional targets of immune evasion
191(5)
8.2.3.1 Escape recognition
191(1)
8.2.3.2 Evasion of early responses
191(1)
8.2.3.3 Manipulate the signalling network
192(2)
8.2.3.4 Avoid being killed by effectors
194(1)
8.2.3.5 Manipulation of auxiliary mechanisms
194(1)
8.2.3.6 Microbiota as a target
195(1)
8.3 Manipulation of the host phenotype
196(11)
8.3.1 Extending infection life span (parasite survival)
196(3)
8.3.1.1 Fecundity reduction
196(1)
8.3.1.2 Gigantism
196(3)
8.3.1.3 Changes of the social context
199(1)
8.3.2 Manipulation of the host phenotype to increase transmission
199(4)
8.3.2.1 Transmission site
199(3)
8.3.2.2 Transmission to a next host
202(1)
8.3.2.3 Transmission by vectors
202(1)
8.3.3 Change of host morphology
203(2)
8.3.3.1 Colouration and odour
203(1)
8.3.3.2 Morphology and feminization
203(2)
8.3.4 Affecting transmission routes
205(1)
8.3.5 Affecting social behaviour
206(1)
8.3.6 Affecting the neuronal system
206(1)
8.4 Strategies of manipulation
207(6)
8.4.1 Common tactics
207(1)
8.4.2 What manipulation effort?
208(1)
8.4.3 Multiple infections
209(4)
Box 8.1 Immune evasion by Bacillus anthracis
184(1)
Box 8.2 Is manipulation adaptive, and for whom?
185(2)
Box 8.3 Manipulation and evasion in disease space
187(18)
Box 8.4 Manipulation of vertical transmission
205(8)
9 Transmission, infection, and pathogenesis 213(28)
9.1 Transmission
213(5)
9.1.1 Exit points from the host
213(2)
9.1.2 Entry points
215(1)
9.1.3 Horizontal vs vertical transmission
215(2)
9.1.4 The evolution of transmission
217(1)
9.2 Variation in infection outcome
218(1)
9.3 Infection
218(11)
9.3.1 Infective dose
218(6)
9.3.2 Generalized models of infection
224(3)
9.3.2.1 Independent action hypothesis (IAH)
226(1)
9.3.2.2 Individual effective dose (threshold models)
226(1)
9.3.2.3 Host heterogeneity models (HHS)
226(1)
9.3.2.4 Within-inoculum interaction models
226(1)
9.3.2.5 Sequential models
227(1)
9.3.3 Process-based models
227(2)
9.3.3.1 The lottery model
227(1)
9.3.3.2 The manipulation hypothesis
228(1)
9.3.3.3 Early infection dynamics
229(1)
9.4 Pathogenesis: The mechanisms of virulence
229(7)
9.4.1 Impairing host capacities
229(1)
9.4.2 Destruction of tissue
230(2)
9.4.3 Virulence factors
232(1)
9.4.3.1 Adhesion factors (adhesins)
232(1)
9.4.3.2 Colonization factors
232(1)
9.4.3.3 Invasion factors (Invasins)
232(1)
9.4.3.4 Immune evasion factors
233(1)
9.4.4 Toxins
233(1)
9.4.5 Proteases
234(1)
9.4.6 Pathogenesis via the microbiota
235(1)
9.4.7 Pathogenesis by co-infections
236(1)
9.5 Immunopathology
236(5)
9.5.1 Immunopathology associated with cytokines
238(1)
9.5.2 Immunopathology caused by immune evasion mechanisms
238(3)
Box 9.1 Infection in disease space
220(3)
Box 9.2 Definitions of dose
223(1)
Box 9.3 Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA)
224(1)
Box 9.4 Formalizing infectious dose in general models
225(16)
10 Host-parasite genetics 241(40)
10.1 Genetics and genomics of host-parasite interactions
241(6)
10.1.1 The importance of genetics
241(1)
10.1.2 Genomics and host-parasite genetics
242(8)
10.1.2.1 Diagnostics
242(1)
10.1.2.2 Reading the genome
242(1)
10.1.2.3 Association with a phenotype
242(4)
10.1.2.4 Changing the genotype
246(1)
10.2 Genetics of host defence
247(3)
10.3 Parasite genetics
250(7)
10.3.1 Viral genetics
250(2)
10.3.2 Genetics of pathogenic bacteria
252(5)
10.3.2.1 Pathogenicity islands
252(5)
10.3.2.2 PICIs and gene-transfer agents
257(1)
10.4 Genetic variation
257(9)
10.4.1 Individual genetic polymorphism
257(3)
10.4.2 Genetic variation in populations
260(1)
10.4.3 Gene expression
261(3)
10.4.3.1 Expression profile and transcriptome
261(2)
10.4.3.2 Copy number variation
263(1)
10.4.3.3 Phase variation and antigenic variation
264(1)
10.4.4 Heritability of host and pathogen traits
264(2)
10.5 Host-parasite genetic interactions
266(7)
10.5.1 Epistasis
266(1)
10.5.2 Models of genotypic interactions
267(6)
10.5.2.1 Gene-for-gene interaction (GFG)
271(1)
10.5.2.2 Matching specificities (matching alleles)
272(1)
10.5.3 Role of the microbiota
273(1)
10.6 Signatures of selection
273(4)
10.6.1 Selection by parasites in animal populations
275(1)
10.6.2 Selection by parasites in human populations
276(1)
10.6.3 Signatures of selection in parasites
277(1)
10.7 Parasite population genetic structure
277(4)
10.7.1 Determinants of structure
277(1)
10.7.2 Genetic exchange in parasites
278(5)
Box 10.1 Host-parasite interaction in disease space
243(1)
Box 10.2 Sequencing technologies
244(20)
Box 10.3 Quantitative genetic effects
264(3)
Box 10.4 Cross-infection experiments
267(3)
Box 10.5 Genetic interaction models
270(4)
Box 10.6 Signatures of selection
274(7)
11 Between-host dynamics (Epidemiology) 281(36)
11.1 Epidemiology of infectious diseases
281(2)
11.2 Modelling infectious diseases
283(16)
11.2.1 The SIR model
284(7)
11.2.2 Thresholds and vaccination
291(3)
11.2.3 Stochastic epidemiology
294(1)
11.2.4 Network analysis of epidemics
295(4)
11.2.5 Spatial heterogeneity
299(1)
11.2.6 The epidemic as an invasion process
299(1)
11.3 Endemic diseases and periodic outbreaks
299(1)
11.4 Epidemiology of vectored diseases
300(2)
11.5 Epidemiology of macroparasites
302(3)
11.5.1 Distribution of macroparasites among hosts
302(1)
11.5.2 Epidemiological dynamics of macroparasites
303(2)
11.6 Population dynamics of host-parasitoid systems
305(1)
11.7 Molecular epidemiology
305(7)
11.8 Immunoepidemiology
312(5)
11.8.1 Effects of immunity on disease dynamics
312(2)
11.8.2 Inferences from disease dynamics
314(1)
11.8.3 Immunological markers in epidemiology
314(7)
Box 11.1 Bernoulli's theory of smallpox
283(2)
Box 11.2 The basic epidemiological model (SIR)
285(6)
Box 11.3 Calculating Ro
291(6)
Box 11.4 Epidemics and disease space
297(7)
Box 11.5 Epidemiology of macroparasites
304(2)
Box 11.6 Phylodynamics
306(2)
Box 11.7 Coronavirus outbreaks
308(9)
12 Within-host dynamics and evolution 317(36)
12.1 Primary phase of infection
317(4)
12.2 Within-host dynamics and evolution of parasites
321(8)
12.2.1 Target cell-limited models
321(4)
12.2.2 Dynamics in disease space
325(1)
12.2.3 Strategies of within-host growth
326(1)
12.2.4 Modelling immune responses
326(3)
12.2.4.1 Computational immunology
326(3)
12.2.4.2 Systems immunology
329(1)
12.3 Within-host evolution
329(13)
12.3.1 Evolutionary processes in infecting populations
330(4)
12.3.1.1 Processes of diversification
330(1)
12.3.1.2 Evolution of bacteria
331(1)
12.3.1.3 Evolution of viruses
332(2)
12.3.2 Antigenic variation
334(1)
12.3.3 Antibiotic resistance
335(5)
12.3.4 Evolutionary perspectives of antibiotic resistance
340(2)
12.4 Multiple infections
342(5)
12.4.1 Competition within the host
342(3)
12.4.2 Cooperation within hosts
345(2)
12.5 Microbiota within the host
347(1)
12.6 Within- vs between-host episodes
348(5)
Box 12.1 Signalling theory and infection
319(2)
Box 12.2 Target cell-limited models
321(6)
Box 12.3 Predictions for infections from disease space
327(11)
Box 12.4 Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in bacteria
338(8)
Box 12.5 Quorum sensing in bacteria
346(7)
13 Virulence evolution 353(36)
13.1 The meaning of virulence
353(1)
13.2 Virulence as a non- or mal-adaptive phenomenon
353(3)
13.2.1 Virulence as a side effect
353(1)
13.2.2 Short-sighted evolution
354(1)
13.2.3 Virulence as a negligible effect for the parasite
355(1)
13.2.4 Avirulence theory
355(1)
13.3 Virulence as an evolved trait
356(2)
13.4 The standard evolutionary theory of virulence
358(7)
13.4.1 The basic principle
358(3)
13.4.2 The recovery-virulence trade-off
361(1)
13.4.3 The transmission-virulence trade-off
362(3)
13.5 The ecology of virulence
365(4)
13.5.1 Transmission mode
365(3)
13.5.2 Host population dynamics
368(1)
13.6 Host population structure
369(2)
13.6.1 Spatial structure
369(1)
13.6.2 Variation in host types
370(1)
13.6.3 Social structure
370(1)
13.7 Non-equilibrium virulence: Invasion and epidemics
371(1)
13.8 Within-host evolution and virulence
372(4)
13.8.1 Within-host replication and clearance of infection
373(1)
13.8.2 Within-host evolution: Serial passage
373(2)
13.8.3 Within-host evolution and virulence in a population
375(1)
13.9 Multiple infections and parasite interactions
376(5)
13.9.1 Virulence and competition among parasites
376(3)
13.9.1.1 Resource competition
376(2)
13.9.1.2 Apparent competition
378(1)
13.9.1.3 Interference competition
378(1)
13.9.2 Cooperation among co-infecting parasites
379(2)
13.9.2.1 Kinship among parasites
379(1)
13.9.2.2 Cooperative action
379(2)
13.10 Additional processes
381(2)
13.10.1 Medical intervention and virulence
381(2)
13.10.2 Castration and obligate killers
383(1)
13.11 Virulence and life history of infection
383(6)
13.11.1 The timing of benefits and costs
383(1)
13.11.2 Sensitivity of parasite fitness
384(5)
Box 13.1 Virulence in disease space
357(3)
Box 13.2 Extensions to the standard theory
360(3)
Box 13.3 Virulence evolution with immunopathology
363(11)
Box 13.4 Serial passage
374(6)
Box 13.5 Kin selection and virulence
380(9)
14 Host-parasite co-evolution 389(28)
14.1 Macroevolution
389(7)
14.1.1 The adapted microbiota
389(1)
14.1.2 Co-speciation
390(2)
14.1.3 Host switching
392(4)
14.2 Microevolution
396(10)
14.2.1 Co-evolutionary scenarios
397(5)
14.2.1.1 Selective sweeps
397(2)
14.2.1.2 Arms races
399(1)
14.2.1.3 Antagonistic, time-lagged fluctuations (Red Queen)
399(1)
14.2.1.4 'Evolution-proof' strategies
400(2)
14.2.2 Parasites and maintenance of host diversity
402(4)
14.2.2.1 Host-parasite asymmetry
402(1)
14.2.2.2 Red Queen and host diversity
403(2)
14.2.2.3 Trans-species polymorphism
405(1)
14.3 Parasites, recombination, and sex
406(6)
14.3.1 Theoretical issues
406(4)
14.3.2 Empirical studies
410(2)
14.4 Local adaptation
412(5)
Box 14.1 Co-evolution and disease space
396(5)
Box 14.2 History of the Red Queen hypothesis
401(6)
Box 14.3 The masterpiece of nature: Sex and recombination
407(10)
15 Ecology 417(36)
15.1 Host ecology and life history
417(12)
15.1.1 Host body size
417(1)
15.1.2 Host reproductive patterns
417(2)
15.1.3 Host group living and sociality
419(3)
15.1.4 Regulation of host populations by parasites
422(3)
15.1.5 Host population decline and extinction
425(4)
15.2 Host ecological communities
429(5)
15.2.1 Parasite effects on host competition
429(1)
15.2.2 Communities of hosts
429(1)
15.2.3 Food webs
430(2)
15.2.4 Dilution effect
432(1)
15.2.5 The value of parasites for hosts
433(1)
15.3 Parasite ecology
434(4)
15.3.1 Geographical patterns
434(2)
15.3.1.1 Relation to area size
434(1)
15.3.1.2 Latitudinal gradients
435(1)
15.3.2 Parasite community richness and diversity
436(2)
15.4 Migration and invasion
438(4)
15.4.1 Host migration
438(1)
15.4.2 Host invasion
438(4)
15.4.2.1 Enemy release (parasite loss)
439(1)
15.4.2.2 Parasite spill-over
440(2)
15.4.2.3 Parasite spill-back
442(1)
15.4.2.4 Facilitation
442(1)
15.5 Zoonoses and disease emergence
442(8)
15.5.1 Reservoirs
442(2)
15.5.2 Emergence
444(4)
15.5.3 Zoonotic human diseases
448(2)
15.6 Climate change and parasitism
450(3)
Box 15.1 Basic population ecology
423(3)
Box 15.2 The African rinderpest epidemic
426(15)
Box 15.3 Spill-over and disease space
441(12)
Bibliography 453(76)
Subject index 529(10)
Taxonomic index 539
Paul Schmid-Hempel is Emeritus Professor of Biology at the Institute of Integrative Biology (IBZ) and Genetic Diversity Centre at ETH Zürich University, Switzerland. He has made major contributions to the study of strategies of animal behaviour, ecological immunology, and evolutionary ecology, with a focus on social insects and their parasites. Experimentation, field work, laboratory studies, and genetic tools combined these studies. Paul has published several books, taught evolution and ecology at ETH Zurich, and was involved in the public outreach of science. He has served several learned societies, was Vice-President of the European Society for Evolutionary Biology, a Permanent Fellow of the Berlin Institute for Advanced Study (Wissenschaftskolleg) and is a member of the German National Academy of Sciences (Leopoldina).
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