Preface |
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xiii | |
Acknowledgments |
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xvii | |
Part I Distribution and Diversity of Pregnancy |
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1 | (148) |
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One One Generation Inside Another |
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3 | (34) |
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5 | (10) |
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6 | (5) |
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11 | (2) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (2) |
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Ontogenetic and Evolutionary Gradations of Pregnancy |
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15 | (2) |
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Location of Fertilization |
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16 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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Embryonic Provisioning and Parental Care |
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16 | (1) |
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Viviparous Pregnancy in the Reproductive Timeline |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (3) |
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Some Unorthodox Routes to Internal Pregnancy |
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21 | (5) |
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Internal Gestation Following External Fertilization |
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21 | (2) |
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Virgin Births: Internal Gestation Without Sex |
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23 | (3) |
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Sexual Inequalities and Female Authority Over Reproduction |
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26 | (4) |
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Provision Ova with Substantive Yolk? |
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28 | (1) |
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Accept Sperm for Internal Fertilization? |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (1) |
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Give Birth to Live Young? |
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30 | (1) |
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Entrust Offspring Care to Males? |
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30 | (1) |
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Other Sexual Asymmetries Related to Biological Parenthood |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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Evolutionary Reconstructions |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (4) |
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Two Vertebrate Live-Bearers: The Borne and the Born |
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37 | (34) |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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Trophic Relationships Between Mother and Fetus |
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40 | (1) |
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The Cast of Viviparous Vertebrates |
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41 | (26) |
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41 | (13) |
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54 | (5) |
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59 | (1) |
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60 | (2) |
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62 | (3) |
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65 | (2) |
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67 | (4) |
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Three Vertebrate Alternatives to Standard Pregnancy |
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71 | (22) |
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Oviparity: The Borne and the Hatched |
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71 | (3) |
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What Kinds of Eggs Are Shed? |
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72 | (1) |
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What Is the State of the Offspring at Parturition? |
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73 | (1) |
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What Type of Casing Surrounds the Egg? |
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73 | (1) |
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The Cast of Oviparous Vertebrates |
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74 | (8) |
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74 | (3) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (1) |
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77 | (2) |
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79 | (1) |
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80 | (2) |
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Intermediate Conditions and Evolutionary Transitions |
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82 | (9) |
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83 | (3) |
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86 | (5) |
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91 | (2) |
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Four Nonvertebrate Brooders |
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93 | (32) |
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94 | (19) |
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95 | (2) |
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97 | (1) |
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98 | (2) |
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100 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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102 | (5) |
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107 | (6) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (1) |
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113 | (6) |
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Planktotrophy to Lecithotrophy |
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114 | (2) |
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Onward to Female Brooding |
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116 | (2) |
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Onward to Paternal Care of Offspring |
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118 | (1) |
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Conflicts Promoted by Brooding |
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119 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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Parent-Offspring Conflict |
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119 | (1) |
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120 | (1) |
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Genetic Parentage Assessments |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (3) |
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Five Human Pregnancy in Mythology and in Real Life |
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125 | (24) |
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Conception and Contraception |
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127 | (2) |
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Extracorporeal Fertilization |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (1) |
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Twinning or Multibirth Pregnancy |
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131 | (2) |
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133 | (1) |
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From Preterm Labor to Prolonged Pregnancy |
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134 | (1) |
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135 | (1) |
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Induced Abortion and Infanticide |
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136 | (1) |
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137 | (2) |
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139 | (1) |
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Standard Vaginal Delivery |
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140 | (2) |
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142 | (3) |
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145 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (3) |
Part II Evolutionary Ramifications of Pregnancy |
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149 | (92) |
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Six Natural Selection During Mammalian Pregnancy |
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151 | (34) |
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151 | (3) |
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154 | (7) |
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155 | (1) |
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155 | (6) |
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161 | (3) |
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Cooperation and Conflict Within the Nuclear Family |
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164 | (2) |
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Evolutionary Conflict in Mother-Offspring Relations |
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166 | (8) |
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Common Medical Problems During Pregnancy, |
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168 | (2) |
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170 | (2) |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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Other Categories of Conflict |
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174 | (8) |
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174 | (2) |
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Parental Conflicts and Genetic Imprinting |
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176 | (6) |
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182 | (3) |
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Seven Sexual Selection and Piscine Pregnancy |
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185 | (34) |
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Anisogamy, Sexual Selection, and Animal Mating Behaviors |
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185 | (4) |
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Categories of Sexual Selection |
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189 | (3) |
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Intragender Versus Intergender |
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189 | (2) |
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Female Choice Versus Mole Choice |
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191 | (1) |
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Precopulatory Versus Postcopulatory Female Choice |
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192 | (1) |
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Female Pregnancy and Traditional Female Choice |
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192 | (3) |
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195 | (9) |
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195 | (4) |
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199 | (2) |
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Genetic Parentage Analyses |
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201 | (3) |
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204 | (12) |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (2) |
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Cuckoldry and Alternative Reproductive Tactics |
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209 | (3) |
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Multiple Mating by Bourgeois Males |
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212 | (1) |
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Other Routes to Foster Parentage |
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212 | (1) |
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212 | (3) |
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215 | (1) |
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216 | (3) |
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Eight Pregnancy in a Comparative Light |
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219 | (22) |
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Sexual Selection and Multiple Mating by the Pregnant Gender |
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220 | (13) |
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Fishes with Alternative Pregnancy Modes |
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226 | (2) |
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228 | (1) |
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Invertebrates Versus Vertebrates |
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229 | (4) |
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Natural Selection Stemming from Pregnancy and Brooding |
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233 | (4) |
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Gestation as Parental Investment |
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233 | (2) |
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Alternative Brooding Modes |
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235 | (1) |
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Other Contrarian Selective Pressures |
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236 | (1) |
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Conflict and Mating Systems |
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237 | (1) |
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Footprints of Selection or Phylogeny? |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (4) |
Epilogue |
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241 | (2) |
Appendix: Molecular-Genetic Parentage Analysis |
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243 | (12) |
Glossary |
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255 | (20) |
References Cited |
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275 | (38) |
Index |
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313 | |