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1 | (16) |
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1 | (2) |
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1.2 `Global Warming' or `Global Weirding' |
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3 | (1) |
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4 | (3) |
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7 | (2) |
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1.5 The Observational Sciences |
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9 | (1) |
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1.6 The Complexity of Nature |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (7) |
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2 The Language of Science |
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17 | (28) |
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17 | (3) |
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2.2 Arithmetic, Algebra, and Calculus |
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20 | (1) |
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2.3 Orders of Magnitude and Exponents |
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21 | (2) |
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23 | (1) |
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2.5 Logarithms and Scales with Bases Other than 10 |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (2) |
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2.7 The Beaufort Wind Force Scale |
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26 | (1) |
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2.8 Extending the Beaufort Scale to Cyclonic Storms |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (5) |
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34 | (11) |
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3 Applying Mathematics to Problems |
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45 | (32) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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3.5 Precisely Defining Some Words You Already Know |
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48 | (6) |
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54 | (2) |
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3.7 Latitude and Longitude |
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56 | (1) |
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56 | (2) |
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58 | (2) |
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3.10 Circles and Angular Velocity |
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60 | (1) |
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3.11 Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces |
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61 | (3) |
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3.12 Exponential Growth and Decay |
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64 | (2) |
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3.13 The Logistic Equation |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (1) |
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69 | (8) |
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77 | (28) |
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4.1 Age of the Earth004 BCE, or Older? |
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77 | (1) |
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4.2 The Discovery of the Depths of Time---Eternity |
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78 | (1) |
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4.3 Geologic Time Punctuated by Revolutions |
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79 | (3) |
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4.4 Catastrophism Replaced by Imperceptibly Slow Gradual Change |
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82 | (2) |
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4.5 The Development of the Geological Time Scale |
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84 | (2) |
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4.6 The Discovery of the Ice Age |
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86 | (2) |
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4.7 The Discovery of Past Warm Polar Regions |
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88 | (1) |
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4.8 Throwing a Monkey Wrench into Explaining Climate Change |
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89 | (1) |
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4.9 `Crustal Mobility' to the Rescue |
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89 | (1) |
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4.10 The Return of Catastrophism and the Idea of Rapid Change |
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90 | (1) |
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4.11 The Nature of the Geologic Record |
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91 | (1) |
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4.12 The Great Extinctions and Their Causes |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (12) |
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5 Putting Numbers on Geologic Ages |
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105 | (32) |
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5.1 1788---An Abyss of Time of Unknown Dimensions |
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105 | (1) |
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5.2 1863---Physics Comes to the Rescue---Earth Is not More Than 100Million Years Old |
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105 | (1) |
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5.3 What We Now Know About Heat from Earth's Interior |
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106 | (1) |
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5.4 Some Helpful Background In Understanding 19th Century Chemistry |
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107 | (2) |
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5.5 Atomic Weight, Atomic Mass, Isotopes, Relative Atomic Mass, Standard Atomic Weight---A Confusing Plethora of Terms |
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109 | (3) |
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5.6 1895-1913---The Worlds of Physics and Chemistry Turned Upside Down |
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112 | (1) |
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5.7 Henri Becquerel and the Curies |
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112 | (3) |
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5.8 Nonconformists and the British Universities Open to All |
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115 | (2) |
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5.9 The Discovery of Electrons, Alpha-Rays, and Beta-Rays |
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117 | (1) |
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5.10 The Discovery of Radioactive Decay Series, Exponential Decay Rates, and Secular Equilibrium |
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118 | (1) |
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5.11 The Mystery of the Decay Series Explained by Isotopes |
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119 | (1) |
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5.12 The Discovery that Radioactive Decay Series Might Be Used to Determine the Age of Rocks |
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120 | (2) |
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5.13 The Discovery of Stable Isotopes |
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122 | (1) |
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5.14 Rethinking the Structure of the Atom |
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122 | (1) |
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5.15 From Science to Science Fiction |
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123 | (1) |
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5.16 The Discovery of Protons and Neutrons |
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124 | (3) |
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5.17 Arthur Holmes and the Age of the Earth |
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127 | (1) |
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5.18 The Development of a Numerical Geological Timescale |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (8) |
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6 Documenting Past Climate Change |
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137 | (30) |
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137 | (1) |
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6.2 A Brief Overview of Earth's Climate History |
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138 | (6) |
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6.3 The Cenozoic Climate `Deterioration' |
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144 | (1) |
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6.4 From Ages to Process Rates |
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145 | (1) |
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6.5 Radiometric Age Dating in the Mid-20th Century |
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146 | (1) |
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6.6 Potassium---Argon Dating |
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147 | (1) |
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6.7 Reversals of Earth's Magnetic Field |
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148 | (3) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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6.10 Tritium, Carbon-14 and Beryllium-10 |
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151 | (1) |
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6.11 The Human Acceleration of Natural Process Rates |
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152 | (1) |
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6.12 The Present Climate in Its Geologic Context |
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153 | (4) |
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6.13 Steady State Versus Non-steady State |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (8) |
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7 The Nature of Energy Received from the Sun---The Analogies with Water Waves and Sound |
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167 | (18) |
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167 | (3) |
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7.2 Special Water Waves---Tides and Tsunamis |
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170 | (2) |
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7.3 Wave Energy, Refraction and Reflection |
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172 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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7.5 Sound Waves and Music |
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173 | (3) |
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7.6 Measuring the Speed of Sound in Air |
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176 | (2) |
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7.7 Measuring the Speed of Sound in Water |
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178 | (1) |
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7.8 The Practical Use of Sound in Water |
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178 | (2) |
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180 | (5) |
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8 The Nature of Energy Received from the Sun---Figuring Out What Light Really Is |
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185 | (20) |
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8.1 Early Ideas About Light |
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185 | (1) |
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185 | (2) |
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8.3 Measuring the Speed of Light |
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187 | (2) |
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8.4 The Discovery of Double Refraction or `Birefringence' |
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189 | (1) |
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8.5 Investigating the Dispersion of Light |
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190 | (2) |
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8.6 Figuring Out the Wavelengths of Different Colors of Light |
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192 | (1) |
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193 | (1) |
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8.8 Polarization of Light |
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194 | (1) |
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8.9 Eureka!---Light Is Electromagnetic Waves |
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195 | (3) |
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8.10 A Review of the Discovery of the Invisible Parts of the Electromagnetic Spectrum |
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198 | (1) |
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8.11 The Demise of the `Luminiferous aether' |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (6) |
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9 Exploring the Electromagnetic Spectrum |
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205 | (14) |
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9.1 Spectra and Spectral Lines |
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205 | (3) |
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9.2 The Discovery of Helium---First in the Sun, then on Earth |
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208 | (1) |
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9.3 The Discovery That Spectral Lines Are Mathematically Related |
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208 | (1) |
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9.4 Heinrich Hertz's Confirmation of Maxwell's Ideas |
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209 | (1) |
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9.5 Marconi Makes the Electromagnetic Spectrum a Tool for Civilization |
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210 | (2) |
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9.6 Human Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum for Communication, Locating Objects, and Cooking |
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212 | (1) |
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213 | (6) |
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10 The Origins of Climate Science---The Idea of Energy Balance |
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219 | (22) |
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219 | (3) |
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222 | (1) |
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10.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics |
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223 | (2) |
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10.4 The Discovery of Greenhouse Gases |
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225 | (1) |
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10.5 Kirchhoff's 'Black Body' |
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226 | (3) |
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10.6 Stefan's Fourth Power Law |
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229 | (2) |
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10.7 Black Body Radiation |
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231 | (3) |
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234 | (7) |
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241 | (20) |
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11.1 An Introduction to the Climate System |
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241 | (1) |
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11.2 Insolation---The Incoming Energy from the Sun |
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242 | (2) |
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11.3 Albedo---The Reflection of Incoming Energy Back into Space |
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244 | (1) |
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11.4 Reradiation---How the Earth Radiates Energy Back into Space |
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245 | (1) |
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11.5 The Chaotic Nature of the Weather |
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246 | (4) |
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11.6 The Earthly Components of the Climate System: Air, Earth, Ice, and Water |
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250 | (1) |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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253 | (1) |
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11.11 Classifying Climatic Regions |
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253 | (4) |
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11.12 Uncertainties in the Climate Scheme |
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257 | (1) |
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257 | (4) |
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12 What's at the Bottom of Alice's Rabbit Hole |
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261 | (30) |
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12.1 Max Planck and the Solution to the Black Body Problem |
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261 | (1) |
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12.2 The Photoelectric Effect |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (4) |
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12.4 Implications of the Bohr Model for the Periodic Table of the Elements |
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267 | (4) |
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271 | (1) |
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12.6 Trying to Make Sense of the Periodic Table |
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271 | (6) |
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12.7 The Second Quantum Revolution |
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277 | (4) |
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12.8 The Discovery of Nuclear Fission |
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281 | (1) |
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282 | (1) |
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283 | (8) |
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13 Energy From the Sun---Long-term Variations |
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291 | (38) |
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13.1 The Faint Young Sun Paradox |
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291 | (1) |
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13.2 The Energy Flux from the Sun |
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292 | (3) |
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295 | (3) |
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13.4 The Rise and Fall of the Orbital Theory of Climate Change |
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298 | (2) |
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13.5 The Resurrection of the Orbital Theory |
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300 | (7) |
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13.6 Correcting the Age Scale; Filling in the Details to Prove the Theory |
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307 | (9) |
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13.7 The Discovery that Milankovitch Orbital Cycles Have Affected Much of Earth History |
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316 | (5) |
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321 | (8) |
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14 Solar Variability and Cosmic Rays |
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329 | (26) |
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329 | (4) |
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333 | (2) |
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14.3 Solar Storms and Space Weather |
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335 | (1) |
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14.4 The Solar Neutrino Problem |
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336 | (1) |
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14.5 The Ultraviolet Radiation |
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336 | (1) |
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337 | (3) |
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14.7 A Digression into the World of Particle Physics |
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340 | (1) |
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14.8 How Cosmic Rays Interact with Earth's Atmosphere |
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341 | (2) |
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343 | (2) |
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345 | (1) |
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14.11 Cosmic Rays and Climate |
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346 | (1) |
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347 | (8) |
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355 | (22) |
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15.1 Albedo of Planet Earth |
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355 | (4) |
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359 | (4) |
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15.3 Could Cloudiness Be a Global Thermostat? |
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363 | (1) |
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15.4 Volcanic Ash and Climate Change |
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364 | (3) |
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367 | (2) |
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15.6 Albedo During the Last Glacial Maximum |
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369 | (1) |
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15.7 Changing the Planetary Albedo to Counteract Greenhouse Warming |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (7) |
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377 | (14) |
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378 | (1) |
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16.2 The Velocity of Air Molecules |
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379 | (1) |
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16.3 Other Molecular Motions |
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379 | (3) |
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16.4 The Other Major Component of Air---Photons |
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382 | (1) |
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383 | (1) |
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16.6 The Scattering of Light |
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383 | (1) |
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16.7 Absorption of the Infrared Wavelengths |
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384 | (1) |
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16.8 Other Components of Air: Subatomic Particles |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (5) |
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17 HOH---The Keystone of Earth's Climate |
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391 | (32) |
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391 | (1) |
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17.2 Why Is HOH so Strange? |
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391 | (5) |
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17.3 The Hydrologic Cycle |
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396 | (1) |
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397 | (1) |
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397 | (4) |
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401 | (2) |
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17.7 Water---Density and Specific Volume |
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403 | (1) |
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17.8 Water---Surface Tension |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (1) |
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406 | (3) |
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17.11 How Ice Forms from Fresh Water and from Seawater |
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409 | (1) |
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17.12 Snow and Ice on Land |
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410 | (4) |
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414 | (2) |
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17.14 Ice as Earth's Climate Stabilizer |
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416 | (1) |
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417 | (6) |
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423 | (22) |
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18.1 Atmospheric Pressure |
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423 | (1) |
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18.2 The Structure of the Atmosphere |
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423 | (2) |
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425 | (1) |
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425 | (1) |
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425 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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426 | (1) |
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427 | (1) |
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18.10 The Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect |
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428 | (2) |
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18.11 The Distribution of Gases in the Atmosphere |
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430 | (1) |
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18.12 The Overall Effect of the Atmosphere on Solar Irradiance |
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431 | (1) |
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18.13 The Effects of Anthropogenic Atmospheric Pollution |
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432 | (8) |
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440 | (5) |
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19 Oxygen and Ozone---Products and Protectors of Life |
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445 | (16) |
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19.1 Diatomic Oxygen---O2---'Oxygen' |
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445 | (3) |
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19.2 Triatomic Oxygen---O3---Ozone |
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448 | (1) |
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19.3 The Oxygen-Ozone-Ultraviolet Connection |
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449 | (2) |
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19.4 The Oxygen-Ozone-Ultraviolet Conundrum |
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451 | (1) |
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19.5 The Human Interference with Ozone |
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452 | (3) |
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19.6 Ozone---The Greenhouse Gas |
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455 | (1) |
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455 | (6) |
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20 Water Vapor---The Major Greenhouse Gas |
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461 | (14) |
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20.1 The Behavior of Dry Air |
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461 | (2) |
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20.2 The Behavior of Wet Air |
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463 | (2) |
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20.3 What Controls Atmospheric Water Vapor? |
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465 | (3) |
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20.4 Anthropogenic Effects |
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468 | (1) |
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20.5 The Changing Area of Exposed Water Surface |
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468 | (1) |
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469 | (6) |
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475 | (32) |
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21.1 Carbon Dioxide as a Greenhouse Gas |
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476 | (1) |
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476 | (1) |
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21.3 The Very Long-Term Carbon Cycle |
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477 | (4) |
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21.4 Carbon Dioxide During the Phanerozoic |
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481 | (5) |
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21.5 Rethinking the Role of CO2 in Climate Change |
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486 | (4) |
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21.6 The Ice Core Record of the Last Half Million Years |
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490 | (5) |
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21.7 The Industrial Era Increase in Atmospheric CO2 |
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495 | (4) |
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21.8 The Short Term Sinks for Atmospheric CO2 |
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499 | (1) |
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21.9 Carbon Dioxide Catastrophes |
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500 | (1) |
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21.10 Projections of Future Atmospheric CO2 Levels |
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501 | (1) |
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501 | (6) |
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22 Other Greenhouse gases |
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507 | (18) |
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507 | (1) |
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22.2 The History of Methane in Earth's Atmosphere |
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508 | (4) |
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512 | (3) |
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22.4 Methane Trapped in Permafrost |
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515 | (1) |
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516 | (3) |
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22.6 Other Greenhouse gases |
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519 | (1) |
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520 | (5) |
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525 | (32) |
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23.1 The Sun Does not Orbit the Earth, but Earth Rotates 1543-1651 |
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525 | (1) |
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23.2 Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton 1674-1686 |
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526 | (1) |
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23.3 Explaining the Trade Winds-Halley and Hadley's Ideas 1686-1735 |
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527 | (3) |
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23.4 Back to Proving that Earth Rotates 1791-1831 |
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530 | (6) |
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23.5 The Ideas of Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis 1829-1835 |
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536 | (7) |
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23.6 The Foucault Pendulum 1851 |
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543 | (1) |
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23.7 The Earth is Neither a Disc nor a Sphere |
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544 | (1) |
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545 | (2) |
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23.9 William Ferrel Figures It Out 1856-1858 |
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547 | (1) |
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23.10 Buys-Ballot's Discovery 1857 |
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548 | (1) |
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23.11 Flow Down a Pressure Gradient |
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548 | (1) |
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23.12 Introduction to the Use of "Coriolis" in Meteorology |
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549 | (1) |
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23.13 A Mathematical Derivation of the Coriolis Force |
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550 | (2) |
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552 | (5) |
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24 The Circulation of Earth's Atmosphere |
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557 | (22) |
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24.1 Why the Earth's Atmosphere and Oceans Circulate |
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557 | (2) |
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24.2 The Geographically Uneven Radiation Balance |
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559 | (1) |
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24.3 The 'Modern' Atmospheric Circulation |
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559 | (10) |
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24.4 The Indian and Southeast Asian Monsoons |
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569 | (1) |
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570 | (2) |
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572 | (3) |
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575 | (4) |
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25 The Circulation of Earth's Oceans |
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579 | (26) |
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25.1 The Modern Ocean's General Circulation |
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579 | (5) |
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25.2 The Global Ocean's Great Conveyor |
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584 | (8) |
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25.3 Upwelling of Waters from the Ocean's Interior to the Surface |
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592 | (1) |
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25.4 El Nino---La Nina, the Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation |
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593 | (2) |
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595 | (1) |
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25.6 A New Hypothesis: Very Different Atmospheric and Ocean Circulation on the Warm Earth of the Distant Past |
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596 | (2) |
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25.7 The Transition from the 'Warm Earth' to the 'Modern' Circulation |
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598 | (1) |
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599 | (6) |
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26 The Biological Interactions |
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605 | (26) |
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607 | (1) |
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607 | (1) |
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26.3 Response of Land Plants to Higher Levels of CO2 |
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608 | (1) |
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26.4 Response of Land-Based Life to Climate Change |
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608 | (2) |
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26.5 Response of Land Life to Future Climate Change |
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610 | (1) |
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26.6 Life in the Ocean and Seas |
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611 | (1) |
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26.7 Life in the Open Ocean |
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611 | (1) |
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26.8 Life Along Coasts and in Shallow Seas |
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612 | (2) |
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26.9 Marine Life and the CO2 Connection |
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614 | (5) |
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26.10 The Role of Plants and Animals in Fixing CaC03 |
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619 | (2) |
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26.11 How Does the Organic Matter and CaC03 get to the Sea Floor? |
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621 | (1) |
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26.12 The Acidification of the Ocean |
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622 | (1) |
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26.13 What Are the Effects of Acidification on Marine Animals and Plants? |
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623 | (1) |
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26.14 Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation, Nutrients and the Carbon Cycle in Other Climate States |
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|
624 | (3) |
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627 | (4) |
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631 | (20) |
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631 | (1) |
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27.2 Why Does Sea-Level Change Differently in Different Places? |
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|
631 | (1) |
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27.3 Changing the Volume of Water in the Ocean |
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|
631 | (1) |
|
27.4 Changing the Mass of H2O in the Ocean |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
27.5 Changes in Groundwater Reservoirs |
|
|
632 | (1) |
|
27.6 Conversion of Ice to Ocean Water |
|
|
632 | (2) |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
27.8 Effect of Changing the Salinity of the Ocean |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
27.9 Effect of Wanning or Cooling the Ocean |
|
|
634 | (1) |
|
27.10 Motion of the Earth's Solid Surface |
|
|
634 | (4) |
|
27.11 The Gravitational Attraction of Ice Sheets |
|
|
638 | (1) |
|
27.12 Changing the Speed of Earth's Rotation |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
27.13 Effect of Winds and Atmospheric Pressure Systems |
|
|
639 | (1) |
|
27.14 Effect of the Evaporation-Precipitation Balance |
|
|
640 | (1) |
|
27.15 Sea Level Change During the Deglaciation |
|
|
641 | (2) |
|
27.16 Sea Level During the Holocene |
|
|
643 | (1) |
|
27.17 What Has Happened to Sea Level in the Past Few Centuries? |
|
|
643 | (2) |
|
27.18 The Global Sea Level Record |
|
|
645 | (1) |
|
|
646 | (5) |
|
28 Global Climate Change---The Geologically Immediate Past |
|
|
651 | (24) |
|
28.1 The Climate Changes During the Last Deglaciation |
|
|
651 | (6) |
|
28.2 The Sudden Changes Recorded in Ice Cores: Dansgaard-Oeschger Events |
|
|
657 | (5) |
|
28.3 The Record of Massive Iceberg Discharges in North Atlantic Deep-Sea and Greenland Ice Cores: The Heinrich Events |
|
|
662 | (1) |
|
28.4 What Did the Deglaciation Look like Outside the North Atlantic Region? |
|
|
663 | (1) |
|
28.5 Are There Holocene Climate Cycles? |
|
|
663 | (4) |
|
28.6 The Hockey Stick Controversy |
|
|
667 | (3) |
|
|
670 | (5) |
|
29 Is There an Analog for the Future Climate? |
|
|
675 | (14) |
|
29.1 The Eemian, the Last Interglacial |
|
|
675 | (4) |
|
29.2 Sea Level During Older Interglacials |
|
|
679 | (3) |
|
29.3 Arctic Sea-Ice During Interglacials |
|
|
682 | (1) |
|
29.4 The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum |
|
|
683 | (1) |
|
|
684 | (5) |
|
30 The Instrumental Temperature Record |
|
|
689 | (32) |
|
30.1 The Development of the Thermometer |
|
|
689 | (2) |
|
|
691 | (3) |
|
30.3 The 20th Century Pattern of Temperature Change |
|
|
694 | (1) |
|
30.4 Some Examples of Local Temperature Records |
|
|
694 | (7) |
|
30.5 Regional Temperature Compilations for the United States |
|
|
701 | (4) |
|
30.6 Larger Regional and Global Compilations |
|
|
705 | (8) |
|
|
713 | (8) |
|
|
721 | (22) |
|
31.1 Predictions of the Future---Models |
|
|
722 | (2) |
|
31.2 What Is Expected in the 21st Century---Human Population |
|
|
724 | (2) |
|
31.3 Environmental Variability and Tipping Points |
|
|
726 | (1) |
|
31.4 The Anthropogenic Factors Causing the Earth's Climate and Environment to Change |
|
|
727 | (1) |
|
31.5 The Reports of the Club of Rome |
|
|
728 | (2) |
|
31.6 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change---The 'Official' Scenarios for Future Increases in Greenhouse Gas Concentrations |
|
|
730 | (5) |
|
31.7 Comparison of Climate Models Based on SRES and RCP Scenarios |
|
|
735 | (2) |
|
|
737 | (1) |
|
31.9 A Critique of the IPCC Reports |
|
|
737 | (1) |
|
|
737 | (6) |
|
32 Global and Regional Aspects of Climate Change |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
32.2 Milankovitch Insolation |
|
|
743 | (1) |
|
32.3 The Decline in Arctic Summer Sea Ice |
|
|
744 | (5) |
|
32.4 Feedbacks in the Arctic |
|
|
749 | (5) |
|
|
754 | (2) |
|
32.6 The Arctic Tundra and Boreal Forest |
|
|
756 | (1) |
|
32.7 The Polar Ice Sheets |
|
|
756 | (2) |
|
32.8 The Greenland Ice Sheet |
|
|
758 | (1) |
|
32.9 The Antarctic Ice Sheets |
|
|
759 | (4) |
|
|
763 | (3) |
|
|
766 | (2) |
|
32.12 The Thermohaline Circulation |
|
|
768 | (3) |
|
32.13 El Nino and the Southern Oscillation |
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
32.14 Ocean Acidification |
|
|
771 | (1) |
|
32.15 Anoxia in the Ocean |
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
|
772 | (2) |
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
32.19 Critical Tipping Points |
|
|
775 | (1) |
|
32.20 Mother Nature's Remedy |
|
|
776 | (1) |
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
|
777 | |
Erratum to: Experimenting on a Small Planet |
|
1 | (780) |
Name Index |
|
781 | (8) |
Subject Index |
|
789 | (28) |
Index of Works Mentioned |
|
817 | |