Atnaujinkite slapukų nuostatas

Experimenting on a Small Planet: A History of Scientific Discoveries, a Future of Climate Change and Global Warming Softcover reprint of the original 2nd ed. 2016 [Minkštas viršelis]

  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 819 pages, aukštis x plotis: 279x210 mm, 298 Illustrations, color; 261 Illustrations, black and white; XXXVIII, 819 p. 559 illus., 298 illus. in color., 1 Paperback / softback
  • Išleidimo metai: 26-May-2018
  • Leidėjas: Springer International Publishing AG
  • ISBN-10: 3319801333
  • ISBN-13: 9783319801339
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 819 pages, aukštis x plotis: 279x210 mm, 298 Illustrations, color; 261 Illustrations, black and white; XXXVIII, 819 p. 559 illus., 298 illus. in color., 1 Paperback / softback
  • Išleidimo metai: 26-May-2018
  • Leidėjas: Springer International Publishing AG
  • ISBN-10: 3319801333
  • ISBN-13: 9783319801339
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
This book is a thorough introduction to climate science and global change. The author is a geologist who has spent much of his life investigating the climate of Earth from a time when it was warm and dinosaurs roamed the land, to today's changing climate. Bill Hay takes you on a journey to understand how the climate system works. He explores how humans are unintentionally conducting a grand uncontrolled experiment which is leading to unanticipated changes. We follow the twisting path of seemingly unrelated discoveries in physics, chemistry, biology, geology, and even mathematics to learn how they led to our present knowledge of how our planet works. He explains why the weather is becoming increasingly chaotic as our planet warms at a rate far faster than at any time in its geologic past. He speculates on possible future outcomes, and suggests that nature itself may make some unexpected course corrections. Although the book is written for the layman with little knowledge of science or mathematics, it includes information from many diverse fields to provide even those actively working in the field of climatology with a broader view of this developing drama. Experimenting on a Small Planet is a must read for anyone having more than a casual interest in global warming and climate change - one of the most important and challenging issues of our time. This new edition includes actual data from climate science into 2014. Numerous powerpoint slides allow lecturers and teachers to more effectively use the book as a basis for climate change education.

Recenzijos

Selected by Choice magazine as an Outstanding Academic Title for 2017

In this title, Hay (emer., Univ. of Colorado) has extraordinarily combined science, art, and humor to provide a thorough, accessible account of the history of climate science. The scope and presentation style make this a recommended title for experts interested in learning more outside of their areas of knowledge, students interested in a nontechnical perspective on climate science, or general readers seeking reliable climate science information. Summing Up: Highly recommended. All readers. (J. Schoof, Choice, Vol. 54 (5), January, 2017)

1 Introduction
1(16)
1.1 Leningrad---1982
1(2)
1.2 `Global Warming' or `Global Weirding'
3(1)
1.3 My Background
4(3)
1.4 What Is Science?
7(2)
1.5 The Observational Sciences
9(1)
1.6 The Complexity of Nature
10(1)
1.7 Summary
10(7)
2 The Language of Science
17(28)
2.1 Numbers and Symbols
17(3)
2.2 Arithmetic, Algebra, and Calculus
20(1)
2.3 Orders of Magnitude and Exponents
21(2)
2.4 Logarithms
23(1)
2.5 Logarithms and Scales with Bases Other than 10
24(1)
2.6 Earthquake Scales
24(2)
2.7 The Beaufort Wind Force Scale
26(1)
2.8 Extending the Beaufort Scale to Cyclonic Storms
27(2)
2.9 Calendars and Time
29(5)
2.10 Summary
34(11)
3 Applying Mathematics to Problems
45(32)
3.1 Measures and Weights
45(1)
3.2 The Nautical Mile
46(1)
3.3 The Metric System
47(1)
3.4 Temperature
47(1)
3.5 Precisely Defining Some Words You Already Know
48(6)
3.6 Locating Things
54(2)
3.7 Latitude and Longitude
56(1)
3.8 Map Projections
56(2)
3.9 Trigonometry
58(2)
3.10 Circles and Angular Velocity
60(1)
3.11 Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces
61(3)
3.12 Exponential Growth and Decay
64(2)
3.13 The Logistic Equation
66(1)
3.14 Graphs
67(1)
3.15 Statistics
68(1)
3.16 Summary
69(8)
4 Geologic Time
77(28)
4.1 Age of the Earth004 BCE, or Older?
77(1)
4.2 The Discovery of the Depths of Time---Eternity
78(1)
4.3 Geologic Time Punctuated by Revolutions
79(3)
4.4 Catastrophism Replaced by Imperceptibly Slow Gradual Change
82(2)
4.5 The Development of the Geological Time Scale
84(2)
4.6 The Discovery of the Ice Age
86(2)
4.7 The Discovery of Past Warm Polar Regions
88(1)
4.8 Throwing a Monkey Wrench into Explaining Climate Change
89(1)
4.9 `Crustal Mobility' to the Rescue
89(1)
4.10 The Return of Catastrophism and the Idea of Rapid Change
90(1)
4.11 The Nature of the Geologic Record
91(1)
4.12 The Great Extinctions and Their Causes
92(1)
4.13 Summary
93(12)
5 Putting Numbers on Geologic Ages
105(32)
5.1 1788---An Abyss of Time of Unknown Dimensions
105(1)
5.2 1863---Physics Comes to the Rescue---Earth Is not More Than 100Million Years Old
105(1)
5.3 What We Now Know About Heat from Earth's Interior
106(1)
5.4 Some Helpful Background In Understanding 19th Century Chemistry
107(2)
5.5 Atomic Weight, Atomic Mass, Isotopes, Relative Atomic Mass, Standard Atomic Weight---A Confusing Plethora of Terms
109(3)
5.6 1895-1913---The Worlds of Physics and Chemistry Turned Upside Down
112(1)
5.7 Henri Becquerel and the Curies
112(3)
5.8 Nonconformists and the British Universities Open to All
115(2)
5.9 The Discovery of Electrons, Alpha-Rays, and Beta-Rays
117(1)
5.10 The Discovery of Radioactive Decay Series, Exponential Decay Rates, and Secular Equilibrium
118(1)
5.11 The Mystery of the Decay Series Explained by Isotopes
119(1)
5.12 The Discovery that Radioactive Decay Series Might Be Used to Determine the Age of Rocks
120(2)
5.13 The Discovery of Stable Isotopes
122(1)
5.14 Rethinking the Structure of the Atom
122(1)
5.15 From Science to Science Fiction
123(1)
5.16 The Discovery of Protons and Neutrons
124(3)
5.17 Arthur Holmes and the Age of the Earth
127(1)
5.18 The Development of a Numerical Geological Timescale
128(1)
5.19 Summary
129(8)
6 Documenting Past Climate Change
137(30)
6.1 What Is `Climate'?
137(1)
6.2 A Brief Overview of Earth's Climate History
138(6)
6.3 The Cenozoic Climate `Deterioration'
144(1)
6.4 From Ages to Process Rates
145(1)
6.5 Radiometric Age Dating in the Mid-20th Century
146(1)
6.6 Potassium---Argon Dating
147(1)
6.7 Reversals of Earth's Magnetic Field
148(3)
6.8 Fission Track Dating
151(1)
6.9 Astronomical Dating
151(1)
6.10 Tritium, Carbon-14 and Beryllium-10
151(1)
6.11 The Human Acceleration of Natural Process Rates
152(1)
6.12 The Present Climate in Its Geologic Context
153(4)
6.13 Steady State Versus Non-steady State
157(1)
6.14 Feedbacks
158(1)
6.15 Summary
159(8)
7 The Nature of Energy Received from the Sun---The Analogies with Water Waves and Sound
167(18)
7.1 Water Waves
167(3)
7.2 Special Water Waves---Tides and Tsunamis
170(2)
7.3 Wave Energy, Refraction and Reflection
172(1)
7.4 Sound Waves
173(1)
7.5 Sound Waves and Music
173(3)
7.6 Measuring the Speed of Sound in Air
176(2)
7.7 Measuring the Speed of Sound in Water
178(1)
7.8 The Practical Use of Sound in Water
178(2)
7.9 Summary
180(5)
8 The Nature of Energy Received from the Sun---Figuring Out What Light Really Is
185(20)
8.1 Early Ideas About Light
185(1)
8.2 Refraction of Light
185(2)
8.3 Measuring the Speed of Light
187(2)
8.4 The Discovery of Double Refraction or `Birefringence'
189(1)
8.5 Investigating the Dispersion of Light
190(2)
8.6 Figuring Out the Wavelengths of Different Colors of Light
192(1)
8.7 Diffraction
193(1)
8.8 Polarization of Light
194(1)
8.9 Eureka!---Light Is Electromagnetic Waves
195(3)
8.10 A Review of the Discovery of the Invisible Parts of the Electromagnetic Spectrum
198(1)
8.11 The Demise of the `Luminiferous aether'
198(1)
8.12 Summary
199(6)
9 Exploring the Electromagnetic Spectrum
205(14)
9.1 Spectra and Spectral Lines
205(3)
9.2 The Discovery of Helium---First in the Sun, then on Earth
208(1)
9.3 The Discovery That Spectral Lines Are Mathematically Related
208(1)
9.4 Heinrich Hertz's Confirmation of Maxwell's Ideas
209(1)
9.5 Marconi Makes the Electromagnetic Spectrum a Tool for Civilization
210(2)
9.6 Human Use of the Electromagnetic Spectrum for Communication, Locating Objects, and Cooking
212(1)
9.7 Summary
213(6)
10 The Origins of Climate Science---The Idea of Energy Balance
219(22)
10.1 What Is Heat?
219(3)
10.2 Thermodynamics
222(1)
10.3 The Laws of Thermodynamics
223(2)
10.4 The Discovery of Greenhouse Gases
225(1)
10.5 Kirchhoff's 'Black Body'
226(3)
10.6 Stefan's Fourth Power Law
229(2)
10.7 Black Body Radiation
231(3)
10.8 Summary
234(7)
11 The Climate System
241(20)
11.1 An Introduction to the Climate System
241(1)
11.2 Insolation---The Incoming Energy from the Sun
242(2)
11.3 Albedo---The Reflection of Incoming Energy Back into Space
244(1)
11.4 Reradiation---How the Earth Radiates Energy Back into Space
245(1)
11.5 The Chaotic Nature of the Weather
246(4)
11.6 The Earthly Components of the Climate System: Air, Earth, Ice, and Water
250(1)
11.7 The Atmosphere
251(1)
11.8 The Hydrosphere
252(1)
11.9 The Cryosphere
253(1)
11.10 The Land
253(1)
11.11 Classifying Climatic Regions
253(4)
11.12 Uncertainties in the Climate Scheme
257(1)
11.13 Summary
257(4)
12 What's at the Bottom of Alice's Rabbit Hole
261(30)
12.1 Max Planck and the Solution to the Black Body Problem
261(1)
12.2 The Photoelectric Effect
262(1)
12.3 The Bohr Atom
263(4)
12.4 Implications of the Bohr Model for the Periodic Table of the Elements
267(4)
12.5 The Zeeman Effect
271(1)
12.6 Trying to Make Sense of the Periodic Table
271(6)
12.7 The Second Quantum Revolution
277(4)
12.8 The Discovery of Nuclear Fission
281(1)
12.9 Molecular Motions
282(1)
12.10 Summary
283(8)
13 Energy From the Sun---Long-term Variations
291(38)
13.1 The Faint Young Sun Paradox
291(1)
13.2 The Energy Flux from the Sun
292(3)
13.3 The Orbital Cycles
295(3)
13.4 The Rise and Fall of the Orbital Theory of Climate Change
298(2)
13.5 The Resurrection of the Orbital Theory
300(7)
13.6 Correcting the Age Scale; Filling in the Details to Prove the Theory
307(9)
13.7 The Discovery that Milankovitch Orbital Cycles Have Affected Much of Earth History
316(5)
13.8 Summary
321(8)
14 Solar Variability and Cosmic Rays
329(26)
14.1 Solar Variability
329(4)
14.2 The Solar Wind
333(2)
14.3 Solar Storms and Space Weather
335(1)
14.4 The Solar Neutrino Problem
336(1)
14.5 The Ultraviolet Radiation
336(1)
14.6 Cosmic Rays
337(3)
14.7 A Digression into the World of Particle Physics
340(1)
14.8 How Cosmic Rays Interact with Earth's Atmosphere
341(2)
14.9 Carbon-14
343(2)
14.10 Beryllium-10
345(1)
14.11 Cosmic Rays and Climate
346(1)
14.12 Summary
347(8)
15 Albedo
355(22)
15.1 Albedo of Planet Earth
355(4)
15.2 Clouds
359(4)
15.3 Could Cloudiness Be a Global Thermostat?
363(1)
15.4 Volcanic Ash and Climate Change
364(3)
15.5 Aerosols
367(2)
15.6 Albedo During the Last Glacial Maximum
369(1)
15.7 Changing the Planetary Albedo to Counteract Greenhouse Warming
370(1)
15.8 Summary
370(7)
16 Air
377(14)
16.1 The Nature of Air
378(1)
16.2 The Velocity of Air Molecules
379(1)
16.3 Other Molecular Motions
379(3)
16.4 The Other Major Component of Air---Photons
382(1)
16.5 Ionization
383(1)
16.6 The Scattering of Light
383(1)
16.7 Absorption of the Infrared Wavelengths
384(1)
16.8 Other Components of Air: Subatomic Particles
385(1)
16.9 Summary
386(5)
17 HOH---The Keystone of Earth's Climate
391(32)
17.1 Some History
391(1)
17.2 Why Is HOH so Strange?
391(5)
17.3 The Hydrologic Cycle
396(1)
17.4 Vapor
397(1)
17.5 Pure Water
397(4)
17.6 Natural Water
401(2)
17.7 Water---Density and Specific Volume
403(1)
17.8 Water---Surface Tension
404(1)
17.9 Ice
405(1)
17.10 Earth's Ice
406(3)
17.11 How Ice Forms from Fresh Water and from Seawater
409(1)
17.12 Snow and Ice on Land
410(4)
17.13 Ice Cores
414(2)
17.14 Ice as Earth's Climate Stabilizer
416(1)
17.15 Summary
417(6)
18 The Atmosphere
423(22)
18.1 Atmospheric Pressure
423(1)
18.2 The Structure of the Atmosphere
423(2)
18.3 The Troposphere
425(1)
18.4 The Stratosphere
425(1)
18.5 The Mesosphere
425(1)
18.6 The Thermosphere
426(1)
18.7 The Exosphere
426(1)
18.8 The Magnetosphere
426(1)
18.9 The Ionosphere
427(1)
18.10 The Atmospheric Greenhouse Effect
428(2)
18.11 The Distribution of Gases in the Atmosphere
430(1)
18.12 The Overall Effect of the Atmosphere on Solar Irradiance
431(1)
18.13 The Effects of Anthropogenic Atmospheric Pollution
432(8)
18.14 Summary
440(5)
19 Oxygen and Ozone---Products and Protectors of Life
445(16)
19.1 Diatomic Oxygen---O2---'Oxygen'
445(3)
19.2 Triatomic Oxygen---O3---Ozone
448(1)
19.3 The Oxygen-Ozone-Ultraviolet Connection
449(2)
19.4 The Oxygen-Ozone-Ultraviolet Conundrum
451(1)
19.5 The Human Interference with Ozone
452(3)
19.6 Ozone---The Greenhouse Gas
455(1)
19.7 Summary
455(6)
20 Water Vapor---The Major Greenhouse Gas
461(14)
20.1 The Behavior of Dry Air
461(2)
20.2 The Behavior of Wet Air
463(2)
20.3 What Controls Atmospheric Water Vapor?
465(3)
20.4 Anthropogenic Effects
468(1)
20.5 The Changing Area of Exposed Water Surface
468(1)
20.6 Summary
469(6)
21 Carbon Dioxide
475(32)
21.1 Carbon Dioxide as a Greenhouse Gas
476(1)
21.2 The Carbon Cycle
476(1)
21.3 The Very Long-Term Carbon Cycle
477(4)
21.4 Carbon Dioxide During the Phanerozoic
481(5)
21.5 Rethinking the Role of CO2 in Climate Change
486(4)
21.6 The Ice Core Record of the Last Half Million Years
490(5)
21.7 The Industrial Era Increase in Atmospheric CO2
495(4)
21.8 The Short Term Sinks for Atmospheric CO2
499(1)
21.9 Carbon Dioxide Catastrophes
500(1)
21.10 Projections of Future Atmospheric CO2 Levels
501(1)
21.11 Summary
501(6)
22 Other Greenhouse gases
507(18)
22.1 Methane---CH4
507(1)
22.2 The History of Methane in Earth's Atmosphere
508(4)
22.3 Methane Clathrates
512(3)
22.4 Methane Trapped in Permafrost
515(1)
22.5 Nitrous Oxide---N20
516(3)
22.6 Other Greenhouse gases
519(1)
22.7 Summary
520(5)
23 The Coriolis Effect
525(32)
23.1 The Sun Does not Orbit the Earth, but Earth Rotates 1543-1651
525(1)
23.2 Robert Hooke and Isaac Newton 1674-1686
526(1)
23.3 Explaining the Trade Winds-Halley and Hadley's Ideas 1686-1735
527(3)
23.4 Back to Proving that Earth Rotates 1791-1831
530(6)
23.5 The Ideas of Gaspard-Gustave de Coriolis 1829-1835
536(7)
23.6 The Foucault Pendulum 1851
543(1)
23.7 The Earth is Neither a Disc nor a Sphere
544(1)
23.8 Inertial Circles
545(2)
23.9 William Ferrel Figures It Out 1856-1858
547(1)
23.10 Buys-Ballot's Discovery 1857
548(1)
23.11 Flow Down a Pressure Gradient
548(1)
23.12 Introduction to the Use of "Coriolis" in Meteorology
549(1)
23.13 A Mathematical Derivation of the Coriolis Force
550(2)
23.14 Summary
552(5)
24 The Circulation of Earth's Atmosphere
557(22)
24.1 Why the Earth's Atmosphere and Oceans Circulate
557(2)
24.2 The Geographically Uneven Radiation Balance
559(1)
24.3 The 'Modern' Atmospheric Circulation
559(10)
24.4 The Indian and Southeast Asian Monsoons
569(1)
24.5 Cyclonic Storms
570(2)
24.6 Tornados
572(3)
24.7 Summary
575(4)
25 The Circulation of Earth's Oceans
579(26)
25.1 The Modern Ocean's General Circulation
579(5)
25.2 The Global Ocean's Great Conveyor
584(8)
25.3 Upwelling of Waters from the Ocean's Interior to the Surface
592(1)
25.4 El Nino---La Nina, the Southern Oscillation and the North Atlantic Oscillation
593(2)
25.5 Kelvin Waves
595(1)
25.6 A New Hypothesis: Very Different Atmospheric and Ocean Circulation on the Warm Earth of the Distant Past
596(2)
25.7 The Transition from the 'Warm Earth' to the 'Modern' Circulation
598(1)
25.8 Summary
599(6)
26 The Biological Interactions
605(26)
26.1 Life on Land
607(1)
26.2 C3 and C4 Plants
607(1)
26.3 Response of Land Plants to Higher Levels of CO2
608(1)
26.4 Response of Land-Based Life to Climate Change
608(2)
26.5 Response of Land Life to Future Climate Change
610(1)
26.6 Life in the Ocean and Seas
611(1)
26.7 Life in the Open Ocean
611(1)
26.8 Life Along Coasts and in Shallow Seas
612(2)
26.9 Marine Life and the CO2 Connection
614(5)
26.10 The Role of Plants and Animals in Fixing CaC03
619(2)
26.11 How Does the Organic Matter and CaC03 get to the Sea Floor?
621(1)
26.12 The Acidification of the Ocean
622(1)
26.13 What Are the Effects of Acidification on Marine Animals and Plants?
623(1)
26.14 Atmospheric and Oceanic Circulation, Nutrients and the Carbon Cycle in Other Climate States
624(3)
26.15 Summary
627(4)
27 Sea Level
631(20)
27.1 What Is Sea Level?
631(1)
27.2 Why Does Sea-Level Change Differently in Different Places?
631(1)
27.3 Changing the Volume of Water in the Ocean
631(1)
27.4 Changing the Mass of H2O in the Ocean
632(1)
27.5 Changes in Groundwater Reservoirs
632(1)
27.6 Conversion of Ice to Ocean Water
632(2)
27.7 Storage in Lakes
634(1)
27.8 Effect of Changing the Salinity of the Ocean
634(1)
27.9 Effect of Wanning or Cooling the Ocean
634(1)
27.10 Motion of the Earth's Solid Surface
634(4)
27.11 The Gravitational Attraction of Ice Sheets
638(1)
27.12 Changing the Speed of Earth's Rotation
639(1)
27.13 Effect of Winds and Atmospheric Pressure Systems
639(1)
27.14 Effect of the Evaporation-Precipitation Balance
640(1)
27.15 Sea Level Change During the Deglaciation
641(2)
27.16 Sea Level During the Holocene
643(1)
27.17 What Has Happened to Sea Level in the Past Few Centuries?
643(2)
27.18 The Global Sea Level Record
645(1)
27.19 Summary
646(5)
28 Global Climate Change---The Geologically Immediate Past
651(24)
28.1 The Climate Changes During the Last Deglaciation
651(6)
28.2 The Sudden Changes Recorded in Ice Cores: Dansgaard-Oeschger Events
657(5)
28.3 The Record of Massive Iceberg Discharges in North Atlantic Deep-Sea and Greenland Ice Cores: The Heinrich Events
662(1)
28.4 What Did the Deglaciation Look like Outside the North Atlantic Region?
663(1)
28.5 Are There Holocene Climate Cycles?
663(4)
28.6 The Hockey Stick Controversy
667(3)
28.7 Summary
670(5)
29 Is There an Analog for the Future Climate?
675(14)
29.1 The Eemian, the Last Interglacial
675(4)
29.2 Sea Level During Older Interglacials
679(3)
29.3 Arctic Sea-Ice During Interglacials
682(1)
29.4 The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum
683(1)
29.5 Summary
684(5)
30 The Instrumental Temperature Record
689(32)
30.1 The Development of the Thermometer
689(2)
30.2 Keeping Records
691(3)
30.3 The 20th Century Pattern of Temperature Change
694(1)
30.4 Some Examples of Local Temperature Records
694(7)
30.5 Regional Temperature Compilations for the United States
701(4)
30.6 Larger Regional and Global Compilations
705(8)
30.7 Summary
713(8)
31 The Future
721(22)
31.1 Predictions of the Future---Models
722(2)
31.2 What Is Expected in the 21st Century---Human Population
724(2)
31.3 Environmental Variability and Tipping Points
726(1)
31.4 The Anthropogenic Factors Causing the Earth's Climate and Environment to Change
727(1)
31.5 The Reports of the Club of Rome
728(2)
31.6 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change---The 'Official' Scenarios for Future Increases in Greenhouse Gas Concentrations
730(5)
31.7 Comparison of Climate Models Based on SRES and RCP Scenarios
735(2)
31.8 The Kyoto Protocol
737(1)
31.9 A Critique of the IPCC Reports
737(1)
31.10 Summary
737(6)
32 Global and Regional Aspects of Climate Change
743(1)
32.1 The Long Term View
743(1)
32.2 Milankovitch Insolation
743(1)
32.3 The Decline in Arctic Summer Sea Ice
744(5)
32.4 Feedbacks in the Arctic
749(5)
32.5 Arctic Permafrost
754(2)
32.6 The Arctic Tundra and Boreal Forest
756(1)
32.7 The Polar Ice Sheets
756(2)
32.8 The Greenland Ice Sheet
758(1)
32.9 The Antarctic Ice Sheets
759(4)
32.10 Temperature
763(3)
32.11 Sea Level
766(2)
32.12 The Thermohaline Circulation
768(3)
32.13 El Nino and the Southern Oscillation
771(1)
32.14 Ocean Acidification
771(1)
32.15 Anoxia in the Ocean
772(1)
32.16 The Sahara Sahel
772(2)
32.17 Amazonia
774(1)
32.18 Methane Clathrates
774(1)
32.19 Critical Tipping Points
775(1)
32.20 Mother Nature's Remedy
776(1)
32.21 Summary
777(1)
32.22 An Afterthought
777
Erratum to: Experimenting on a Small Planet 1(780)
Name Index 781(8)
Subject Index 789(28)
Index of Works Mentioned 817
William W. (Bill) Hay was born October 12, 1934, in Dallas, Texas. He received his B.S. in Biology from Southern Methodist University in 1955, M.S. in Geology from the University of Illinois at Urbana in 1958, and Ph.D. in Geology from Stanford University in 1960. As an undergraduate and graduate student he also studied at Ludwig-Maximillian's University in Munich under Wayne University's "Junior Year in Munich" program, and the University of Zurich as a Fellow of the Swiss Friends of the USA. Afer a year of postdoctoral study at the University of Basel, Switzerland, he began his professional career at the University of Illinois in Urbana in 1960. In 1968 he become a joint Professor of Geology at the University of Illinois and Professor of Marine Geology and Geophysics at the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences (RSMAS) of the University of Miami. He maintained this joint arrangement until 1974. From 1974-76 he served as Chairman of the Division of Marine Geology and Geophysics, and from 1976-1980 as Dean of RSMAS. From 1979 to 1982 he served as President of Joint Oceanographic Institutions, Inc. in Washington, D.C. In 1982 he moved to Boulder, Colorado as Director of the University Museum, and was soon added to the faculty of Geology and CIRES. He resigned as Director of the Museum in 1987, and from 1990 to 1998 was on a half -time appointment at Colorado and half-time as Gastprofessor at GEOMAR, a marine geological research institute attached to Christian-Albrecht's-Universität, Kiel, Germany. In 1991-92 he was an Alexander von Humboldt Senior Research Scientist. In the summer of 1993 he was Gastprofessor in the Sektion Marine Geologie, Institute for Baltic Sea Research in Warnemünde, Germany, and in the fall of the same year F. C. Donders Professor at the Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands. In the fall of 1995 and again in 2010 he was Gastprofessor, sponsored by the University of Vienna, in the University's Institut für Paläontologie, Vienna, Austria. During the fall of 1996 he was Gastwissenschaftler, sponsored by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, at the Institute for Baltic Sea Research in Warnemünde/Rostock and Gastprofessor at Ernst-Moritz-Arndt University in Greifswald, Germany. During the summer and fall of 1997 he was Gastprofessor at GEOMAR, Christian-Albrecht's-University, Kiel, Germany. He retired from the University of Colorado in 1998 to take on the role of Professor of Paleoceanology full time at GEOMAR. He retired from GEOMAR in June 2002. He is Professor Emeritus at the University of Colorado, and now lives in Estes Park, Colorado. His current special interests are in global paleoclimatic and paleoceanographic modeling; paleoclimate model verification; geological mass balance for the global sedimentation system; modelling tectonics, erosion and sedimentation; topographic and bathymetric effects on climate and oceanography; global plate tectonic reconstructions; global paleogeography; geomaterial fluxes; global carbon cycle. His is author or co-author of more than 260 scientific papers.

He has served on the Ocean Sciences Board of the US National Research Council, the Advisory Committee of the Division of Ocean Sciences of the US National Science Foundation, the Board of the Gulf and Caribbean Fisheries Institute, a number of JOIDES (Joint Oceanographic institutions for Deep Earth Sampling) panels and committees, the Scientific Committee on Oceanographic Research (SCOR), and has been a Trustee of the International Oceanographic Foundation. His involvement with ocean drilling goes back to the SUBMAREX (1963), where he was one of the investigators of the paleontology of the cores. He was a reviewer of the LOCO and JOIDES proposals. He served on the JOIDES Gulf Advisory Panel, from1965-74. After moving part time to the Rosenstiel School of the University of Miami he became that institutions representative on theJOIDES Planning Committee serving from 1968-76, and serving as Chairman from 1972-74, when the internationalization and expansion of JOIDES took place. During the DSDP era, he also served on the Paleontology and Biostratigraphy Panel (1968-75), the Atlantic Advisory Panel (1970-73), the Advisory Panel on Pollution Prevention and Safety (1972-74), the Advisory Panel on Organic Geochemistry (1972-76), and the Advisory Panel on Ocean Paleoenvironment, 1973-76. He was alternate to Warren Wooster on the JOIDES Executive Committee in 1975-76, and served as a member of the Executive Committee from 1976-80. He participated on Legs 4, 15, and 75 of the DSDP, serving as a co-chief scientist on Leg 75. He was largely responsible for establishment of JOI, Inc. (Joint Oceanographic Institutions) as the legally responsible agent for ocean drilling, clarifying the liability questions associated with JOIDES. He served on the JOI Board of Governors from 1976-80 and was its Vice Chairman from 1978-80. When the Office of Science and Technology Policy pressed exploration of an academic/industry joint venture for drilling the ocean margins with riser capabilities, he was selected to serve as Chairman of the Scientific Advisory Committee for the Ocean Margin Drilling Program from 1979-1986. To enhance the visibility of the science program he became President of JOI, and served in that capacity from 1979-1982. He served as Chairman of a National Science Foundation - Division of Ocean Sciences Panel to Review the Ocean Drilling Program in 1988. He has also served on JOI Committees to review ODP. In a related role, he served as Chairman of the National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council's Continental Scientific Drilling Committee from 1985-88. In the Ocean Drilling program phase, he has served on the Advisory Panel on Sediment and Ocean History (1984-87) and the Advisory Panel on Sedimentary Geochemistry and Physical Processes from 1989-92 and again from1994-97, when he served as its Chairperson. He participated in JOI/USSAC Workshops on Scientific Drilling in the South Atlantic (1985), Scientific Drilling in the Caribbean (1986), Global Changes in Sea Level (Steering Committee, 1987-90), Ocean Chemistry (1990), and Paleogene Paleoceanography (1991). He also served on the JOIDES Scientific Advisory Structure Review Committee (1992-93), and as Chairman of a Detailed Planning Group on Antarctic Ocean Drilling in 1996. He served as the German representative on the JOIDES Scientific Committee from 1998-2001, and as its Chairman for 1999-2000. He participated in the formation of ECOD, the European Consortium for Ocean Drilling.