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El. knyga: Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health: Does Sex Matter?

  • Formatas: 288 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 02-Jul-2001
  • Leidėjas: National Academies Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780309132978
  • Formatas: 288 pages
  • Išleidimo metai: 02-Jul-2001
  • Leidėjas: National Academies Press
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780309132978

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It's obvious why only men develop prostate cancer and why only women get ovarian cancer. But it is not obvious why women are more likely to recover language ability after a stroke than men or why women are more apt to develop autoimmune diseases such as lupus.





Sex differences in health throughout the lifespan have been documented. Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health begins to snap the pieces of the puzzle into place so that this knowledge can be used to improve health for both sexes. From behavior and cognition to metabolism and response to chemicals and infectious organisms, this book explores the health impact of sex (being male or female, according to reproductive organs and chromosomes) and gender (one's sense of self as male or female in society).





Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health discusses basic biochemical differences in the cells of males and females and health variability between the sexes from conception throughout life. The book identifies key research needs and opportunities and addresses barriers to research.





Exploring the Biological Contributions to Human Health will be important to health policy makers, basic, applied, and clinical researchers, educators, providers, and journalists-while being very accessible to interested lay readers. Table of Contents



Front Matter Executive Summary 1 Introduction 2 Every Cell Has a Sex 3 Sex Begins in the Womb 4 Sex Affects Behavior and Perception 5 Sex Affects Health 6 The Future of Research on Biological Sex Differences: Challenges and Opportunities References Appendix A: Data Sources and Acknowledgments Appendix B: Physiological and Pharmacological Differences Between the Sexes Appendix C: Glossary Appendix D: Committee and Staff Biographies Index
Abstract xix
Executive Summary 1(12)
Introduction
13(15)
Scope of the Report
14(5)
Sex Difference Beyond the Reproductive System
19(2)
Evolving Research Policy
21(5)
Organization of Report
26(2)
Every Cell Has a Sex
28(17)
Sex and the Human Genome
29(3)
Basic Molecular Genetics: What Is the Potential for Differences Between the Sexes?
32(8)
Effects of Parental Imprinting on the Expression of Genetic Information
40(1)
Unexpected or Nonobvious Sex Differences
41(1)
Genetics as a Tool
42(2)
Findings and Recommendations
44(1)
Sex Begins in the Womb
45(34)
Biology of Sex
46(4)
Early Development
50(12)
Puberty
62(10)
Adulthood
72(5)
Findings and Recommendations
77(2)
Sex Affects Behavior and Perception
79(38)
Sex Differences in Behavior and Cognitive Abilities
79(10)
Effects of Hormones on Behavior and Cognition
89(16)
Sex Differences in Perception of Pain
105(7)
Animal Models of Cerebrovascular and Cardiovascular Diseases
112(3)
Findings and Recommendations
115(2)
Sex Affects Health
117(56)
Sex Differences in Response to Therapeutic Agents: Diagnostic and Therapeutic Interventions
118(12)
Metabolism, Lifestyle, and Physical Performance
130(12)
Sex Differences in Autoimmune Conditions
142(16)
A Spectrum of Sex Differences Across a Disease: Coronary Heart Disease
158(12)
Findings and Recommendations
170(3)
The Future of Research on Biological Sex Differences: Challenges and Opportunities
173(12)
Terminology
174(2)
Research Tools and Resources
176(5)
Interdisciplinary and Collaborative Research
181(2)
Non-Health-Related Implications of Research on Sex Differences in Health
183(2)
REFERENCES 185(70)
APPENDIXES
A Data Sources and Acknowledgments
229(4)
B Physiological and Pharmacological Differences Between the Sexes
233(6)
C Glossary
239(4)
D Committee and Staff Biographies
243(12)
Index 255


Theresa M. Wizemann and Mary-Lou Pardue, Editors, Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences, Board on Health Sciences Policy