Table of Cases |
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xxvii | |
Table of Statutes |
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xlvii | |
Table of Statutory Instruments |
|
lxii | |
Table of International Instruments |
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lxiv | |
Abbreviations |
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lxvi | |
1 Introduction To Family Law |
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1 | (28) |
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1.1 Families and family law in England and Wales today |
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1 | (2) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.1.2 What is family law? |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2 Themes and issues in contemporary family law |
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3 | (25) |
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1.2.1 A rights-based approach to the family? |
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3 | (8) |
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1.2.2 Rules versus discretion |
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11 | (2) |
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1.2.3 Women's and men's perspectives on family law |
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13 | (4) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (2) |
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20 | (2) |
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1.2.7 State intervention versus private ordering |
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22 | (6) |
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28 | (1) |
2 Family Relationships Between Adults |
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29 | (94) |
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29 | (2) |
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2.2 Family relationships in England and Wales |
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31 | (3) |
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2.2.1 Marriage and civil partnership |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (1) |
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2.2.3 Other relationships within and between households |
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34 | (1) |
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2.3 Gender identity and sexual orientation |
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34 | (20) |
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34 | (2) |
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2.3.2 Same-sex relationships: the road to same-sex marriage |
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36 | (18) |
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2.4 Status-based relationships: marriage and civil partnership |
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54 | (6) |
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2.4.1 The nature of marriage and civil partnership |
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54 | (2) |
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2.4.2 The significance of status |
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56 | (2) |
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2.4.3 A right to marry, or not to marry? |
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58 | (2) |
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2.5 Creating a valid marriage or civil partnership |
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60 | (6) |
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2.5.1 The law of nullity: void, voidable, and non-marriages |
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60 | (2) |
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2.5.2 The practical importance of the law of nullity |
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62 | (1) |
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2.5.3 Formal requirements for creating marriage and civil partnership |
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62 | (4) |
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2.6 Grounds on which a marriage or civil partnership is void |
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66 | (17) |
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2.6.1 Capacity to marry or form a civil partnership |
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66 | (11) |
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2.6.2 Disregard of formal requirements |
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77 | (6) |
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2.7 Grounds on which a marriage or civil partnership is voidable |
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83 | (22) |
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2.7.1 Lack of valid consent |
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84 | (11) |
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2.7.2 Mental disorder rendering person 'unfit' for marriage or civil partnership |
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95 | (1) |
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2.7.3 The respondent was pregnant by another at the time of the ceremony |
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96 | (1) |
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2.7.4 Grounds relating to gender recognition |
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96 | (1) |
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2.7.5 A ground unique to marriage: venereal disease |
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97 | (1) |
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2.7.6 Grounds unique to opposite-sex marriage: failure to consummate |
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98 | (7) |
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2.8 Non-formalized relationships: cohabitants and other 'family' |
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105 | (17) |
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2.8.1 Identifying 'family' |
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106 | (5) |
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111 | (6) |
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2.8.3 The platonic, non-conjugal family |
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117 | (5) |
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122 | (1) |
3 Family Property And Finances |
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123 | (88) |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (3) |
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125 | (1) |
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126 | (2) |
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3.3 Family property systems: separate property |
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128 | (3) |
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3.3.1 The old law of husband and wife |
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128 | (1) |
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3.3.2 Reform: separate property and separate liability for spouses |
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129 | (2) |
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3.4 The current law: ascertaining ownership of land |
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131 | (37) |
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3.4.1 Transfers and express trusts: formal requirements |
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131 | (3) |
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3.4.2 Implied trusts of land and proprietary estoppel: introduction |
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134 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Implied trusts of land: the presumptions of resulting trust and advancement |
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134 | (2) |
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3.4.4 Implied trusts of land: 'common intention' constructive trusts |
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136 | (19) |
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3.4.5 Proprietary estoppel |
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155 | (2) |
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3.4.6 Improvement to property by spouse or civil partner |
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157 | (1) |
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3.4.7 Criticisms of the current law relating to ownership of land |
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157 | (11) |
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3.5 The current law: ascertaining ownership of other property |
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168 | (4) |
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3.5.1 Express trusts of other property |
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170 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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3.6 Family property systems: options for reform |
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172 | (14) |
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3.6.1 Basic questions for reform of family property law |
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172 | (2) |
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3.6.2 Community of property regimes |
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174 | (2) |
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3.6.3 Joint ownership of home, contents, and other assets |
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176 | (4) |
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3.6.4 But is community or joint ownership appropriate? |
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180 | (3) |
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3.6.5 Modified trusts law for the 'shared home' |
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183 | (1) |
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3.6.6 Should we focus on 'ownership' during relationships at all? |
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184 | (2) |
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3.7 Rights in relation to the family home and its contents |
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186 | (11) |
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3.7.1 Rights to occupy the family home |
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187 | (6) |
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3.7.2 Decision-making about sale and other transactions relating to the family home |
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193 | (3) |
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3.7.3 Protecting occupation against third parties |
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196 | (1) |
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3.7.4 Rights regarding the contents of the family home |
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196 | (1) |
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197 | (13) |
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198 | (3) |
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3.8.2 Families in the tax and benefit systems |
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201 | (9) |
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210 | (1) |
4 Domestic Violence |
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211 | (84) |
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211 | (2) |
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4.2 Background issues: domestic violence and key policy questions |
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213 | (15) |
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4.2.1 Defining 'domestic violence' |
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213 | (1) |
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4.2.2 Evidence about domestic violence |
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214 | (5) |
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4.2.3 Feminist critiques of domestic violence law, policy, and practice |
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219 | (4) |
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4.2.4 The human rights dimension |
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223 | (5) |
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4.3 The criminal law and domestic violence |
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228 | (4) |
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228 | (1) |
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4.3.2 The criminal justice system |
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229 | (3) |
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4.4 The civil law and domestic violence: introduction |
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232 | (1) |
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4.5 The Family Law Act 1996, Part IV |
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233 | (39) |
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4.5.1 The range of relationships covered: 'associated persons' |
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234 | (5) |
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4.5.2 Non-molestation orders |
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239 | (5) |
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244 | (22) |
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4.5.4 A human rights audit of the occupation order scheme |
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266 | (2) |
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4.5.5 Applications, orders, and undertakings |
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268 | (4) |
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4.6 Enforcement of orders under the FLA 1996 |
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272 | (14) |
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272 | (4) |
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4.6.2 Non-molestation orders |
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276 | (6) |
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4.6.3 Sanctions for breach in the family court |
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282 | (4) |
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4.7 Third party action to protect victims |
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286 | (6) |
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4.7.1 The CSA 2010: domestic violence protection notices and orders |
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287 | (1) |
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4.7.2 Pros and cons of third party action |
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288 | (4) |
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4.8 The future: integrated domestic abuse proceedings? |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (1) |
5 Ending Relationships: Divorce And Separation |
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295 | (70) |
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295 | (2) |
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297 | (3) |
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5.2.1 Divorces in England and Wales |
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297 | (2) |
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299 | (1) |
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5.3 The nature, function, and limits of divorce law |
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300 | (4) |
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5.3.1 Regulation or regularization? |
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300 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Fault or 'no-fault'? |
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301 | (1) |
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5.3.3 'Easier' or 'harder' divorce and supporting the institution of marriage |
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301 | (1) |
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5.3.4 Can divorce law affect marital and divorcing behaviour? |
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302 | (1) |
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5.3.5 A legal or non-legal approach? |
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303 | (1) |
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5.4 A brief history of divorce law to 1969 |
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304 | (1) |
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5.5 The present law of divorce and judicial separation |
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305 | (38) |
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5.5.1 The ground for divorce: irretrievable breakdown of marriage |
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306 | (1) |
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5.5.2 The facts: adultery by the respondent |
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307 | (3) |
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5.5.3 The facts: behaviour of the respondent |
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310 | (8) |
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5.5.4 The facts: desertion for two years by the respondent |
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318 | (3) |
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5.5.5 The separation facts |
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321 | (6) |
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5.5.6 Bars and other restrictions on divorce |
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327 | (5) |
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5.5.7 The procedure for divorce |
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332 | (8) |
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5.5.8 The facts in practice |
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340 | (2) |
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5.5.9 Judicial separation |
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342 | (1) |
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5.6 Evaluation of the current law |
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343 | (5) |
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5.7 Options for reform of divorce law and the process of divorce |
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348 | (11) |
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5.7.1 Reaffirming the centrality of fault? |
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349 | (4) |
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5.7.2 Divorce by mutual consent? |
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353 | (1) |
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5.7.3 Divorce on unilateral demand? |
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354 | (1) |
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5.7.4 Divorce as a process over time |
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355 | (4) |
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5.8 Where next for English divorce law? |
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359 | (4) |
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5.8.1 The fate of the FLA 1996 scheme |
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359 | (2) |
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5.8.2 Recent divorce reform proposals |
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361 | (2) |
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363 | (2) |
6 Financial Provision For Children |
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365 | (78) |
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365 | (3) |
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6.2 A brief history of financial provision for children |
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368 | (7) |
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6.2.1 Public and private law obligations to maintain children prior to 1993 |
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368 | (2) |
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6.2.2 The birth, development, and demise of the Child Support Agency |
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370 | (2) |
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6.2.3 The new scheme and the CMS |
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372 | (3) |
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6.3 Overview of the current law |
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375 | (1) |
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6.3.1 The parties' relationships |
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375 | (1) |
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376 | (1) |
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6.4 Child support: the current law |
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376 | (25) |
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6.4.1 The relevant parties |
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377 | (1) |
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378 | (1) |
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379 | (1) |
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6.4.4 The maintenance calculation |
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380 | (5) |
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385 | (3) |
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6.4.6 Termination of the calculation |
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388 | (1) |
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6.4.7 Enforcement of child maintenance |
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388 | (12) |
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6.4.8 Challenging CMS decisions |
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400 | (1) |
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6.5 Court-based provision: the current law |
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401 | (16) |
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6.5.1 Lump sum and property-related orders |
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401 | (1) |
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6.5.2 Periodical payments |
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401 | (4) |
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6.5.3 The statutory schemes |
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405 | (3) |
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6.5.4 The grounds for orders and the courts' discretion |
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408 | (2) |
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6.5.5 Principles from the case law |
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410 | (7) |
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6.5.6 Enforcement of court orders |
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417 | (1) |
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6.6 'Family-based arrangements' and other private ordering |
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417 | (3) |
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6.6.1 Private ordering of maintenance |
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417 | (3) |
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6.6.2 Private ordering of other financial issues for children |
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420 | (1) |
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6.7 Policy questions relating to financial support of children |
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420 | (22) |
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6.7.1 Children's rights or parents' responsibilities? |
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421 | (3) |
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424 | (6) |
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6.7.3 Legal and social parenthood |
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430 | (7) |
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6.7.4 The policy choices behind the formula |
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437 | (3) |
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6.7.5 Rules or discretion? |
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440 | (2) |
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442 | (1) |
7 Property And Finances When Relationships End |
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443 | (94) |
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444 | (1) |
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444 | (2) |
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7.3 Remedies on divorce: the orders available |
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446 | (5) |
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7.3.1 Financial provision |
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447 | (1) |
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7.3.2 Property adjustment and orders for sale |
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448 | (2) |
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7.3.3 Orders relating to pensions |
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450 | (1) |
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7.3.4 When may orders be made? |
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450 | (1) |
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451 | (1) |
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7.4 The principles governing the grant of relief: an introduction |
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451 | (5) |
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452 | (2) |
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7.4.2 The current law: the statutory discretion |
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454 | (2) |
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7.5 Exercising the statutory discretion: principles from the case law |
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456 | (42) |
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7.5.1 First consideration: the welfare of the children |
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458 | (1) |
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7.5.2 The 'everyday case': meeting the parties' material needs |
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458 | (10) |
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7.5.3 Compensation: relationship-generated economic disadvantage |
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468 | (5) |
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7.5.4 Entitlement: equal sharing |
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473 | (17) |
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490 | (3) |
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7.5.6 The parties' conduct |
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493 | (5) |
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7.6 Achieving finality on divorce |
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498 | (7) |
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7.6.1 Terminating ongoing financial relations between the parties |
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498 | (3) |
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7.6.2 The clean break in practice |
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501 | (1) |
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7.6.3 Applications to set aside and for leave to appeal final orders |
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502 | (3) |
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7.7 Private ordering: marital agreements |
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505 | (20) |
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505 | (4) |
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7.7.2 Separation and maintenance agreements |
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509 | (4) |
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7.7.3 Post-nuptial agreements |
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513 | (1) |
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7.7.4 Pre-nuptial agreements |
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514 | (6) |
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520 | (5) |
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7.8 Remedies on other types of family relationship breakdown |
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525 | (11) |
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7.8.1 The general law applies |
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525 | (1) |
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7.8.2 Remedies for the benefit of children |
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525 | (1) |
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7.8.3 Disputes regarding the former family home |
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526 | (3) |
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529 | (3) |
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7.8.5 New statutory remedies for cohabitants? |
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532 | (4) |
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536 | (1) |
8 Fundamental Principles In The Law Relating To Children |
|
537 | (60) |
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538 | (1) |
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8.2 The welfare principle |
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539 | (16) |
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8.2.1 The paramountcy of the child's welfare |
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539 | (7) |
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8.2.2 Criticisms of the welfare principle |
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|
546 | (9) |
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8.3 Alternatives to the welfare principle |
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555 | (1) |
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8.3.1 Re-conceptualizing the welfare principle |
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|
555 | (4) |
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8.4 A rights-based approach to child-related disputes |
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|
559 | (9) |
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8.4.1 Establishing a 'right' under Article 8(1) |
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559 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Establishing a breach of Article 8(1) |
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560 | (1) |
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8.4.3 Justifying a breach under Article 8(2) |
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|
561 | (1) |
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8.4.4 Can the paramountcy principle be reconciled with Article 8? |
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|
561 | (7) |
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568 | (22) |
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8.5.1 Are children's rights important? |
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|
569 | (3) |
|
8.5.2 The theoretical foundations of children's rights |
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572 | (5) |
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8.5.3 The development of children's rights in English law |
|
|
577 | (2) |
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8.5.4 Children's rights in the courts |
|
|
579 | (10) |
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8.5.5 Children's rights and the ECHR |
|
|
589 | (1) |
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8.6 Non-intervention in private family life |
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|
590 | (5) |
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8.7 The inherent jurisdiction of the High Court |
|
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595 | (1) |
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596 | (1) |
9 Becoming A Legal Parent And The Consequences Of Legal Parenthood |
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597 | (69) |
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598 | (1) |
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9.2 Concepts of parenthood and possible approaches to determining legal parenthood |
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|
599 | (6) |
|
9.2.1 What is a 'parent'? |
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|
599 | (2) |
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9.2.2 The importance of legal parenthood |
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|
601 | (1) |
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9.2.3 Competing approaches to determining a child's legal parents |
|
|
602 | (3) |
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9.3 Determining parenthood in the context of natural reproduction |
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|
605 | (18) |
|
9.3.1 Establishing maternity |
|
|
605 | (1) |
|
9.3.2 Establishing paternity |
|
|
606 | (17) |
|
9.4 Determining parenthood in the context of assisted reproduction |
|
|
623 | (30) |
|
9.4.1 The brave new world of assisted reproduction |
|
|
623 | (2) |
|
9.4.2 Access to treatment: is parenthood a right or a privilege? |
|
|
625 | (10) |
|
9.4.3 Determining parenthood under the HFEA 2008 |
|
|
635 | (10) |
|
9.4.4 The child's right to know his or her genetic parentage |
|
|
645 | (8) |
|
|
653 | (11) |
|
9.5.1 Early attitudes to surrogacy |
|
|
653 | (1) |
|
9.5.2 The statutory framework for surrogacy |
|
|
654 | (10) |
|
|
664 | (1) |
|
|
664 | (2) |
10 Parental Responsibility |
|
666 | (62) |
|
|
667 | (1) |
|
10.2 What is parental responsibility? |
|
|
668 | (6) |
|
10.2.1 From rights to responsibility |
|
|
668 | (5) |
|
10.2.2 Defining parental responsibility |
|
|
673 | (1) |
|
10.3 How is parental responsibility obtained? |
|
|
674 | (16) |
|
|
674 | (1) |
|
10.3.2 Fathers and second female parents under ss 42 and 43 of the HFEA 2008 |
|
|
675 | (7) |
|
10.3.3 'Alternative families' |
|
|
682 | (3) |
|
|
685 | (2) |
|
10.3.5 Holders of a child arrangements order |
|
|
687 | (2) |
|
|
689 | (1) |
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|
689 | (1) |
|
|
689 | (1) |
|
|
690 | (1) |
|
10.4 Who should have parental responsibility? |
|
|
690 | (11) |
|
10.4.1 The arguments for further reform |
|
|
691 | (1) |
|
10.4.2 Arguments against conferring equal status on unmarried fathers |
|
|
692 | (6) |
|
10.4.3 Reviewing the current position |
|
|
698 | (3) |
|
10.5 Exercising parental responsibility |
|
|
701 | (20) |
|
10.5.1 A duty to consult or a right of unilateral action? |
|
|
701 | (7) |
|
10.5.2 Limitations on the exercise of parental responsibility |
|
|
708 | (10) |
|
10.5.3 Would a rights-based approach be preferable? |
|
|
718 | (3) |
|
10.6 Terminating parental responsibility |
|
|
721 | (4) |
|
10.6.1 Mothers, married fathers, and second female parents under s 42 of the HFEA 2008 |
|
|
721 | (1) |
|
10.6.2 Unmarried fathers, second female parents under s 43 of the HFEA 2008, and step-parents |
|
|
722 | (3) |
|
10.6.3 Guardians, special guardians, and others |
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
10.7 Caring for children without parental responsibility |
|
|
725 | (1) |
|
|
726 | (2) |
11 Private Disputes Over Children |
|
728 | (92) |
|
|
729 | (1) |
|
11.2 Private law orders under the Children Act 1989 |
|
|
730 | (1) |
|
11.3 Procedural matters germane to all s 8 orders |
|
|
731 | (12) |
|
11.3.1 When may a s 8 order be made? |
|
|
731 | (1) |
|
11.3.2 Who may apply for a s 8 order? |
|
|
731 | (5) |
|
11.3.3 The participation of children in private law disputes |
|
|
736 | (7) |
|
11.4 General principles applicable to all s 8 orders |
|
|
743 | (2) |
|
11.5 Child arrangements orders: introduction |
|
|
745 | (1) |
|
11.6 Child arrangements orders: living arrangements |
|
|
746 | (39) |
|
11.6.1 A 'presumption' in favour of the mother? |
|
|
746 | (4) |
|
11.6.2 A `presumption' in favour of the status quo? |
|
|
750 | (2) |
|
11.6.3 Victims of gender discrimination: mothers, fathers, or both? |
|
|
752 | (2) |
|
11.6.4 Other important considerations in disputes between parents |
|
|
754 | (6) |
|
11.6.5 Shared living arrangements |
|
|
760 | (14) |
|
11.6.6 An alternative approach: a 'primary carer' presumption? |
|
|
774 | (1) |
|
11.6.7 A 'presumption' in favour of a natural parent? |
|
|
775 | (7) |
|
11.6.8 Effect of a child arrangements order which determines living arrangements |
|
|
782 | (3) |
|
11.7 Child arrangements orders: spending time and otherwise having contact with people |
|
|
785 | (24) |
|
11.7.1 A 'presumption' in favour of orders to spend time or have contact? |
|
|
785 | (9) |
|
11.7.2 Displacing the 'presumption' |
|
|
794 | (8) |
|
11.7.3 Enforcing orders to spend time or have contact |
|
|
802 | (5) |
|
11.7.4 Taking contact out of the courts |
|
|
807 | (2) |
|
11.8 Specific issue and prohibited steps orders |
|
|
809 | (1) |
|
|
809 | (9) |
|
11.9.1 International relocation cases |
|
|
810 | (6) |
|
11.9.2 Relocation within the UK |
|
|
816 | (2) |
|
11.10 Terminating s 8 orders |
|
|
818 | (1) |
|
|
818 | (2) |
12 Child Protection |
|
820 | (83) |
|
|
820 | (2) |
|
12.2 Principles of state intervention into family life |
|
|
822 | (5) |
|
12.2.1 Competing approaches and the Children Act 1989 |
|
|
822 | (3) |
|
12.2.2 The human rights dimension |
|
|
825 | (2) |
|
12.2.3 The problem of resources |
|
|
827 | (1) |
|
12.3 State support for children and families under Part III |
|
|
827 | (12) |
|
12.3.1 The general duty to children in need: s 17 |
|
|
828 | (2) |
|
12.3.2 Providing accommodation for a child |
|
|
830 | (6) |
|
12.3.3 Local authority duties with respect to looked after children |
|
|
836 | (3) |
|
12.3.4 Part III: a success? |
|
|
839 | (1) |
|
12.4 The child protection system: investigating allegations of child abuse |
|
|
839 | (4) |
|
12.4.1 Section 47 investigation |
|
|
839 | (3) |
|
12.4.2 Section 37 investigation |
|
|
842 | (1) |
|
12.5 Care and supervision proceedings under Part IV |
|
|
843 | (46) |
|
12.5.1 Who may apply for a care or supervision order? |
|
|
843 | (1) |
|
12.5.2 When may a care or supervision order be made? |
|
|
843 | (2) |
|
12.5.3 The threshold criteria |
|
|
845 | (21) |
|
|
866 | (7) |
|
|
873 | (7) |
|
12.5.6 Effect of a care order |
|
|
880 | (1) |
|
12.5.7 Contact with a child in care |
|
|
881 | (4) |
|
12.5.8 Effect of a supervision order |
|
|
885 | (3) |
|
|
888 | (1) |
|
12.6 Emergency protection under Part V |
|
|
889 | (7) |
|
12.6.1 Police protection powers |
|
|
889 | (3) |
|
12.6.2 Emergency protection orders |
|
|
892 | (4) |
|
12.7 Interim care and supervision orders |
|
|
896 | (5) |
|
12.8 Challenging local authority decisions |
|
|
901 | (1) |
|
|
902 | (1) |
13 Adoption |
|
903 | (86) |
|
|
904 | (1) |
|
|
905 | (3) |
|
13.3 The changing face of adoption |
|
|
908 | (9) |
|
13.3.1 From childless couples and trouble-free babies... |
|
|
908 | (2) |
|
13.3.2 Looked after children: does adoption offer the best solution? |
|
|
910 | (3) |
|
13.3.3 Adopting children out of care: new challenges |
|
|
913 | (4) |
|
13.4 ACA 2002: the core principles |
|
|
917 | (10) |
|
13.4.1 The welfare principle |
|
|
917 | (3) |
|
|
920 | (4) |
|
13.4.3 Rights, welfare, reform, and the fundamental principles of adoption |
|
|
924 | (3) |
|
13.5 The adoption process |
|
|
927 | (24) |
|
13.5.1 Making arrangements for the adoption of a child |
|
|
927 | (1) |
|
13.5.2 Finding prospective adopters |
|
|
928 | (5) |
|
13.5.3 Placing the child for adoption |
|
|
933 | (10) |
|
13.5.4 The adoption application |
|
|
943 | (1) |
|
|
944 | (7) |
|
13.6 In the best interests of the child? Controversial issues |
|
|
951 | (15) |
|
13.6.1 Birth family v the 'perfect' adoptive couple |
|
|
951 | (3) |
|
13.6.2 Trans-racial adoption |
|
|
954 | (7) |
|
13.6.3 Step-parent adoption |
|
|
961 | (3) |
|
13.6.4 Adoption by a sole natural parent |
|
|
964 | (2) |
|
13.7 Post-adoption issues |
|
|
966 | (17) |
|
|
966 | (13) |
|
13.7.2 Post-adoption support |
|
|
979 | (4) |
|
13.8 Alternatives to adoption: special guardianship |
|
|
983 | (5) |
|
|
988 | (1) |
Bibliography |
|
989 | (64) |
Index |
|
1053 | |