Preface |
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v | |
1 Accounting in Business |
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2 | (50) |
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4 | (3) |
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Users of Accounting Information |
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4 | (1) |
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Opportunities in Accounting |
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5 | (2) |
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Fundamentals of Accounting |
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7 | (5) |
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7 | (1) |
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Generally Accepted Accounting Principles |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (3) |
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Business Transactions and Accounting |
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12 | (6) |
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12 | (2) |
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14 | (3) |
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17 | (1) |
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18 | (8) |
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18 | (2) |
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Statement of Retained Earnings |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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20 | (2) |
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Decision Anatris-Return on Assets |
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22 | (4) |
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Appendix 1A Return and Risk |
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26 | (1) |
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Appendix 1B Business Activities |
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26 | (24) |
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50 | (2) |
2 Accounting for Business Transactions |
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52 | (46) |
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54 | (4) |
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54 | (1) |
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The Account and Its Analysis |
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54 | (3) |
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Ledger and Chart of Accounts |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (2) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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Analyzing and Processing Transactions |
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60 | (9) |
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Journalizing and Posting Transactions |
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60 | (3) |
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Processing Transactions-An Illustration |
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63 | (4) |
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Summarizing Transactions in a Ledger |
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67 | (2) |
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69 | (5) |
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Preparing a Trial Balance |
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69 | (1) |
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Financial Statements Prepared from Trial Balance |
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70 | (4) |
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Decision Analysis-Debt Ratio |
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74 | (22) |
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96 | (2) |
3 Adjusting Accounts for Financial Statements |
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98 | (70) |
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100 | (2) |
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100 | (1) |
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Accrual Basis versus Cash Basis |
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100 | (1) |
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Recognizing Revenues and Expenses |
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101 | (1) |
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Framework for Adjustments |
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102 | (1) |
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Prepaid (Deferred) Expenses |
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102 | (5) |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (3) |
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Unearned (Deferred) Revenues |
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107 | (2) |
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Unearned Consulting Revenue |
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107 | (2) |
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109 | (2) |
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109 | (1) |
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110 | (1) |
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111 | (3) |
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112 | (1) |
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112 | (2) |
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Links to Financial Statements |
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114 | (1) |
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Trial Balance and Financial Statements |
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114 | (4) |
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114 | (1) |
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Preparing Financial Statements |
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115 | (3) |
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118 | (4) |
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Temporary and Permanent Accounts |
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118 | (1) |
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Recording Closing Entries |
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118 | (2) |
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Post-Closing Trial Balance |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (1) |
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123 | (4) |
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124 | (1) |
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Classification Categories |
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124 | (3) |
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Decision Analysis-Profit Margin and Current Ratio |
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127 | (4) |
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Appendix 3A Alternative Accounting for Prepayments |
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131 | (2) |
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Appendix 3B Work Sheet as a Tool |
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133 | (2) |
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Appendix 3C Reversing Entries |
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135 | (31) |
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166 | (2) |
4 Accounting for Merchandising Operations |
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168 | (58) |
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170 | (2) |
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Reporting Income for a Merchandiser |
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170 | (1) |
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Reporting Inventory for a Merchandiser |
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170 | (1) |
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Operating Cycle for a Merchandiser |
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171 | (1) |
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171 | (1) |
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Accounting for Merchandise Purchases |
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172 | (6) |
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Purchases without Cash Discounts |
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172 | (1) |
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Purchases with Cash Discounts |
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173 | (2) |
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Purchases with Returns and Allowances |
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175 | (1) |
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Purchases and Transportation Costs |
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176 | (2) |
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Accounting for Merchandise Sales |
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178 | (3) |
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Sales without Cash Discounts |
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178 | (1) |
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Sales with Cash Discounts |
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179 | (1) |
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Sales with Returns and Allowances |
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180 | (1) |
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Adjusting and Closing for Merchandisers |
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181 | (4) |
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Adjusting Entries for Merchandisers |
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182 | (1) |
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Preparing Financial Statements |
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183 | (1) |
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Closing Entries for Merchandisers |
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183 | (1) |
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Summary of Merchandising Entries |
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183 | (2) |
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More on Financial Statement Formats |
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185 | (4) |
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Multiple-Step Income Statement |
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185 | (1) |
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Single-Step Income Statement |
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186 | (1) |
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187 | (2) |
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Decision Analysis-Acid-Test and Gross Margin Ratios |
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189 | (5) |
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Appendix 4A Accounting under the Periodic System |
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194 | (4) |
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Appendix 4B Work Sheet-Perpetual System |
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198 | (1) |
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Appendix 4C Adjusting Entries under New Revenue Recognition Rules |
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199 | (3) |
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Appendix 4D Accounting under the Net Method |
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202 | (22) |
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224 | (2) |
5 Inventories and Cost of Sales |
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226 | (50) |
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228 | (1) |
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Determining Inventory Items |
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228 | (1) |
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Determining Inventory Costs |
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228 | (1) |
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Internal Controls and Taking a Physical Count |
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228 | (1) |
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Inventory Costing under a Perpetual System |
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229 | (9) |
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Inventory Cost Flow Assumptions |
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230 | (1) |
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Inventory Costing Illustration |
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230 | (1) |
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231 | (1) |
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232 | (1) |
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233 | (1) |
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233 | (2) |
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Financial Statement Effects of Costing Methods |
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235 | (3) |
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Valuing Inventory at LCM and the Effects of Inventory Errors |
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238 | (4) |
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238 | (1) |
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Financial Statement Effects of Inventory Errors |
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239 | (3) |
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Decision Analysis-Inventory Turnover and Days' Sales in Inventory |
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242 | (8) |
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Appendix 5A Inventory Costing under a Periodic System |
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250 | (4) |
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Appendix 6B Inventory Estimation Methods |
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254 | (21) |
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275 | (1) |
6 Cash, Fraud, and Internal Controls |
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276 | (44) |
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Fraud and Internal Control |
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278 | (5) |
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Purpose of Internal Control |
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278 | (1) |
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Principles of Internal Control |
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278 | (2) |
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Technology, Fraud, and Internal Control |
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280 | (1) |
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Limitations of Internal Control |
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281 | (2) |
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283 | (7) |
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Cash, Cash Equivalents, and Liquidity |
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283 | (1) |
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283 | (1) |
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284 | (1) |
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Control of Cash Disbursements |
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285 | (5) |
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Banking Activities as Controls |
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290 | (8) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (1) |
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293 | (5) |
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Decision Analysis-Days' Sales Uncollected |
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298 | (2) |
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Appendix 6A Documentation and Verification |
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300 | (78) |
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378 | |
7 Accounting for Receivables |
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320 | (36) |
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Valuing Accounts Receivable |
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322 | (3) |
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325 | (1) |
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326 | (7) |
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329 | (1) |
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329 | (1) |
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Percent of Receivables Method |
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330 | (1) |
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Aging of Receivables Method |
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331 | (2) |
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333 | (5) |
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Computing Maturity and Interest |
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334 | (1) |
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Recording Notes Receivable |
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335 | (1) |
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Valuing and Settling Notes |
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335 | (2) |
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337 | (1) |
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Decision Analysis-Accounts Receivable Turnover |
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338 | (18) |
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8 Accounting for Long-Term Assets |
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356 | (44) |
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358 | (15) |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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360 | (1) |
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360 | (8) |
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Factors in Computing Depreciation |
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361 | (1) |
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361 | (5) |
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Partial-Year Depreciation |
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366 | (1) |
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Change in Estimates for Depreciation |
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366 | (1) |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (2) |
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369 | (1) |
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Betterments and Extraordinary Repairs |
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369 | (1) |
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Disposals of Plant Assets |
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370 | (3) |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (2) |
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Section 2 Natural Resources |
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373 | (1) |
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Cost Determination and Depletion |
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373 | (1) |
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Plant Assets Tied into Extracting |
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374 | (1) |
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Section 3 Intangible Assets |
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374 | (5) |
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Cost Determination and Amortization |
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375 | (1) |
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375 | (4) |
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Decision Analysis-Total Asset Turnover |
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379 | (4) |
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Appendix 8A Exchanging Plant Assets |
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383 | (16) |
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399 | (1) |
9 Accounting for Current Liabilities |
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400 | (46) |
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402 | (5) |
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Characteristics of Liabilities |
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402 | (2) |
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404 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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404 | (1) |
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405 | (2) |
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407 | (5) |
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Employee Payroll and Deductions |
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408 | (1) |
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409 | (1) |
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Internal Control of Payroll |
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410 | (1) |
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Multi-Period Known Liabilities |
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411 | (1) |
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412 | (3) |
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Health and Pension Benefits |
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412 | (1) |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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Multi-Period Estimated Liabilities |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (2) |
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Accounting for Contingent Liabilities |
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415 | (1) |
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Applying Rules of Contingent Liabilities |
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415 | (11) |
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Uncertainties That Are Not Contingencies |
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426 | |
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Decision Analysis-Times Interest Earned Ratio |
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417 | (3) |
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Appendix 9A Payroll Reports, Records, and Procedures |
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420 | (6) |
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Appendix 9B Corporate Income Taxes |
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426 | (19) |
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445 | (1) |
10 Accounting for Long-Term Liabilities |
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446 | (42) |
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448 | (2) |
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448 | (1) |
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449 | (1) |
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449 | (1) |
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450 | (1) |
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451 | (3) |
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451 | (1) |
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Issuing Bonds at a Discount |
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451 | (3) |
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454 | (4) |
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Issuing Bonds at a Premium |
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454 | (3) |
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457 | (1) |
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458 | (4) |
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459 | (1) |
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460 | (2) |
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Decision Analysis-Debt Features and the Debt-to-Equity Ratio |
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462 | (4) |
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Appendix 10A Bond Pricing |
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466 | (2) |
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Appendix 10B Effective Interest Amortization |
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468 | (1) |
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Appendix 10C Leases and Pensions |
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469 | (17) |
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486 | (2) |
11 Corporate Reporting and Analysis |
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488 | (44) |
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Corporate Form of Organization |
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490 | (3) |
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Characteristics of Corporations |
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490 | (1) |
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Corporate Organization and Management |
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491 | (1) |
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Stockholders of Corporations |
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491 | (1) |
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492 | (1) |
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493 | (3) |
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493 | (1) |
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Issuing No-Par Value Stock |
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494 | (1) |
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Issuing Stated Value Stock |
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495 | (1) |
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Issuing Stock for Noncash Assets |
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495 | (1) |
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496 | (4) |
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496 | (1) |
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497 | (2) |
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499 | (1) |
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500 | (5) |
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Issuance of Preferred Stock |
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501 | (1) |
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Dividend Preference of Preferred Stock |
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501 | (1) |
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Reasons for Issuing Preferred Stock |
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502 | (3) |
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505 | (2) |
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Purchasing Treasury Stock |
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505 | (1) |
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506 | (1) |
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507 | (2) |
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Statement of Retained Earnings |
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507 | (1) |
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Statement of Stockholders' Equity |
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508 | (1) |
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Decision Analysis-Earnings per Share, Price-Earnings Ratio, Dividend Yield, and Book Value per Share |
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509 | (22) |
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531 | (1) |
12 Reporting Cash Flows |
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532 | (54) |
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Basics of Cash Flow Reporting |
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534 | (5) |
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Purpose of the Statement of Cash Flows |
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534 | (1) |
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534 | (1) |
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Measurement of Cash Flows |
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534 | (1) |
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Classification of Cash Flows |
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534 | (2) |
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Noncash Investing and Financing |
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536 | (1) |
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Format of the Statement of Cash Flows |
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536 | (1) |
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Preparing the Statement of Cash Flows |
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537 | (2) |
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Cash Flows from Operating |
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539 | (6) |
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Indirect and Direct Methods of Reporting |
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539 | (1) |
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Applying the Indirect Method |
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540 | (3) |
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Summary Adjustments for Indirect Method |
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543 | (2) |
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Cash Flows from Investing |
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545 | (1) |
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Three-Stage Process of Analysis |
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545 | (1) |
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Analyzing Noncurrent Assets |
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545 | (1) |
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Analyzing Additional Assets |
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546 | (1) |
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Cash Flows from Financing |
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546 | (4) |
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Three-Stage Process of Analysis |
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547 | (1) |
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Analyzing Noncurrent Liabilities |
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547 | (1) |
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547 | (1) |
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548 | (2) |
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550 | (1) |
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Decision Analysis-Cash Flow Analysis |
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551 | (5) |
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Appendix 12A Spreadsheet Preparation of the Statement of Cash Flows |
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556 | (2) |
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Appendix 12B Direct Method of Reporting Operating Cash Flows |
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558 | (27) |
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585 | (1) |
13 Analysis of Financial Statements |
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586 | (44) |
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588 | (1) |
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588 | (1) |
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Building Blocks of Analysis |
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588 | (1) |
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588 | (1) |
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Standards for Comparisons |
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589 | (1) |
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589 | (1) |
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589 | (5) |
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589 | (3) |
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592 | (2) |
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594 | (4) |
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594 | (1) |
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595 | (3) |
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598 | (10) |
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598 | (4) |
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602 | (1) |
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603 | (1) |
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604 | (1) |
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605 | (3) |
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Decision Analysis-Analysis Reporting |
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608 | (3) |
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Appendix 13A Sustainable Income |
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611 | (18) |
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629 | (1) |
14 Managerial Accounting Concepts and Principles |
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630 | (40) |
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Managerial Accounting Basics |
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632 | (4) |
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Purpose of Managerial Accounting |
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632 | (1) |
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Nature of Managerial Accounting |
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632 | (2) |
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Managerial Decision Making |
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634 | (1) |
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Fraud and Ethics in Managerial Accounting |
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634 | (1) |
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Careers in Managerial Accounting |
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635 | (1) |
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636 | (3) |
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Types of Cost Classifications |
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636 | (2) |
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Identification of Cost Classifications |
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638 | (1) |
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Cost Concepts for Service Companies |
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639 | (1) |
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639 | (5) |
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640 | (1) |
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640 | (1) |
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Prime and Conversion Costs |
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641 | (1) |
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Costs and the Balance Sheet |
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641 | (1) |
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Costs and the Income Statement |
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642 | (2) |
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Cost Flow and Cost of Goods Manufactured |
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644 | (6) |
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Flow of Manufacturing Activities |
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644 | (1) |
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Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured |
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645 | (3) |
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Trends in Managerial Accounting |
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648 | (2) |
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Decision Analysis-Raw Materials Inventory Turnover and Days' Sales in Raw Materials Inventory |
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650 | (19) |
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669 | (1) |
15 Job Order Costing and Analysis |
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670 | (44) |
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672 | (3) |
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672 | (1) |
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672 | (1) |
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Job Order vs. Process Operations |
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672 | (1) |
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Production Activities in Job Order Costing |
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673 | (1) |
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673 | (1) |
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674 | (1) |
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Materials and Labor Cost Flows |
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675 | (5) |
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Materials Cost Flows and Documents |
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675 | (3) |
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Labor Cost Flows and Documents |
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678 | (2) |
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680 | (7) |
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Set Predetermined Overhead Rate |
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681 | (1) |
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681 | (1) |
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682 | (2) |
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684 | (1) |
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Using Job Cost Sheets for Managerial Decisions |
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685 | (1) |
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Schedule of Cost of Goods Manufactured |
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686 | (1) |
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687 | (2) |
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687 | (1) |
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Adjust Underapplied or Overapplied Overhead |
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687 | (1) |
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Job Order Costing of Services |
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688 | (1) |
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Decision Analysis-Pricing for Services |
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689 | (24) |
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713 | (1) |
16 Process Costing and Analysis |
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714 | (50) |
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716 | (3) |
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Organization of Process Operations |
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716 | (1) |
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Comparing Process and Job Order Costing Systems |
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716 | (2) |
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Equivalent Units of Production |
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718 | (1) |
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Process Costing Illustration |
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719 | (6) |
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Overview of GenX Company's Process Operation |
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719 | (1) |
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Step 1: Determine Physical Flow of Units |
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720 | (1) |
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Step 2: Compute Equivalent Units of Production |
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721 | (1) |
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Step 3: Compute Cost per Equivalent Unit |
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722 | (1) |
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Step 4: Assign and Reconcile Costs |
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722 | (1) |
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723 | (2) |
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Accounting and Reporting for Process Costing |
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725 | (7) |
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Accounting for Materials Costs |
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726 | (1) |
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Accounting for Labor Costs |
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727 | (1) |
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Accounting for Factory Overhead |
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727 | (2) |
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729 | (1) |
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Trends in Process Operations |
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730 | (2) |
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Decision Analysis-Hybrid Costing System |
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732 | (4) |
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Appendix 16A FIFO Method of Process Costing |
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|
736 | (27) |
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763 | (1) |
17 Activity-Based Costing and Analysis |
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764 | (42) |
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766 | (6) |
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Alternative Methods of Overhead Allocation |
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766 | (1) |
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Plantwide Overhead Rate Method |
|
|
766 | (2) |
|
Departmental Overhead Rate Method |
|
|
768 | (2) |
|
Comparing Plantwide and Departmental Overhead Rate Methods |
|
|
770 | (2) |
|
|
772 | (6) |
|
Steps in Activity-Based Costing |
|
|
772 | (1) |
|
Applying Activity-Based Costing |
|
|
772 | (5) |
|
Assessing Activity-Based Costing |
|
|
777 | (1) |
|
Activity-Based Management |
|
|
778 | (3) |
|
Activity Levels and Cost Management |
|
|
778 | (1) |
|
|
779 | (1) |
|
|
780 | (1) |
|
ABC for Service Providers |
|
|
780 | (1) |
|
Decision Analysis-Customer Profitability |
|
|
781 | (24) |
|
|
805 | (1) |
18 Cost Behavior and Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis |
|
806 | (42) |
|
Identifying Cost Behavior |
|
|
808 | (3) |
|
|
808 | (1) |
|
|
808 | (1) |
|
|
809 | (1) |
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
|
810 | (1) |
|
|
811 | (3) |
|
|
812 | (1) |
|
|
812 | (1) |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
Comparing Cost Estimation Methods |
|
|
813 | (1) |
|
Contribution Margin and Break-Even Analysis |
|
|
814 | (4) |
|
Contribution Margin and Its Measures |
|
|
814 | (1) |
|
|
815 | (1) |
|
|
816 | (2) |
|
Applying Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis |
|
|
818 | (7) |
|
|
818 | (1) |
|
Computing Income from Sales and Costs |
|
|
819 | (1) |
|
Computing Sales for a Target Income |
|
|
820 | (1) |
|
|
821 | (1) |
|
|
822 | (2) |
|
Assumptions in Cost-Volume-Profit Analysis |
|
|
824 | (1) |
|
Decision Analysis-Degree of Operating Leverage |
|
|
825 | (2) |
|
Appendix 18A Using Excel to Estimate Least- Squares Regression |
|
|
827 | (1) |
|
Appendix 18B Variable Costing and Performance Reporting |
|
|
828 | (19) |
|
|
847 | (1) |
19 Variable Costing and Analysis |
|
848 | (34) |
|
Introducing Variable Costing and Absorption Costing |
|
|
850 | (2) |
|
Computing Unit Product Cost |
|
|
850 | (2) |
|
Income Reporting Implications |
|
|
852 | (5) |
|
Units Produced Equal Units Sold |
|
|
852 | (1) |
|
Units Produced Exceed Units Sold |
|
|
853 | (1) |
|
Units Produced Are Less Than Units Sold |
|
|
854 | (2) |
|
Summarizing Income Reporting |
|
|
856 | (1) |
|
Converting Income under Variable Costing to Absorption Costing |
|
|
857 | (1) |
|
Comparing Variable Costing and Absorption Costing |
|
|
857 | (5) |
|
|
857 | (2) |
|
|
859 | (1) |
|
|
859 | (1) |
|
|
860 | (1) |
|
Variable Costing for Service Firms |
|
|
860 | (2) |
|
Decision Analysis-Pricing Special Orders |
|
|
862 | (19) |
|
|
881 | (1) |
20 Master Budgets and Performance Planning |
|
882 | (54) |
|
Budget Process and Administration |
|
|
884 | (3) |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
|
884 | (1) |
|
Budgeting and Human Behavior |
|
|
885 | (1) |
|
Budget Reporting and Timing |
|
|
885 | (2) |
|
|
887 | (12) |
|
|
887 | (1) |
|
|
887 | (7) |
|
|
894 | (1) |
|
|
895 | (4) |
|
Budgeted Financial Statements |
|
|
899 | (3) |
|
Budgeted Income Statement |
|
|
899 | (1) |
|
|
900 | (1) |
|
|
900 | (1) |
|
Budgeting for Service Companies |
|
|
901 | (1) |
|
Decision Analysis-Activity-Based Budgeting |
|
|
902 | (7) |
|
Appendix 20A Merchandise Purchases Budget |
|
|
909 | (26) |
|
|
935 | (1) |
21 Flexible Budgets and Standard Costs |
|
936 | (50) |
|
Section 1 Fixed And Flexible Budgets |
|
|
938 | (6) |
|
|
938 | (2) |
|
Fixed Budget Performance Report |
|
|
938 | (1) |
|
Budget Reports for Evaluation |
|
|
939 | (1) |
|
|
940 | (4) |
|
Purpose of Flexible Budgets |
|
|
940 | (1) |
|
Preparation of Flexible Budgets |
|
|
940 | (2) |
|
Flexible Budget Performance Report |
|
|
942 | (2) |
|
|
944 | (12) |
|
Materials and Labor Standards |
|
|
944 | (6) |
|
|
945 | (1) |
|
|
945 | (2) |
|
Computing Materials and Labor Variances |
|
|
947 | (3) |
|
Overhead Standards and Variances |
|
|
950 | (38) |
|
Flexible Overhead Budgets |
|
|
950 | (1) |
|
|
950 | (2) |
|
Computing Overhead Cost Variances |
|
|
952 | (3) |
|
Standard Costing-Management Considerations |
|
|
955 | (1) |
|
Decision Analysis-Sales Variances |
|
|
956 | (5) |
|
Appendix 21A Expanded Overhead Variances and Standard Cost Accounting System |
|
|
961 | (24) |
|
|
985 | (1) |
22 Performance Measurement and Responsibility Accounting |
|
986 | (46) |
|
Responsibility Accounting |
|
|
988 | (3) |
|
|
988 | (1) |
|
Controllable versus Uncontrollable Costs |
|
|
988 | (1) |
|
Responsibility Accounting for Cost Centers |
|
|
989 | (2) |
|
|
991 | (6) |
|
Direct and Indirect Expenses |
|
|
991 | (1) |
|
|
991 | (2) |
|
Departmental Income Statements |
|
|
993 | (2) |
|
Departmental Contribution to Overhead |
|
|
995 | (2) |
|
|
997 | (5) |
|
Financial Performance Evaluation Measures |
|
|
997 | (3) |
|
Nonfinancial Performance Evaluation Measures |
|
|
1000 | (1) |
|
|
1001 | (1) |
|
Decision Analysis-Cycle Time and Cycle Efficiency |
|
|
1002 | (4) |
|
Appendix 22A Cost Allocations |
|
|
1006 | (2) |
|
Appendix 22B Transfer Pricing |
|
|
1008 | (1) |
|
Appendix 22C Joint Costs and Their Allocation |
|
|
1009 | (22) |
|
|
1031 | (1) |
23 Relevant Costing for Managerial Decisions |
|
1032 | (32) |
|
Decisions and Information |
|
|
1034 | (1) |
|
|
1034 | (1) |
|
Relevant Costs and Benefits |
|
|
1034 | (1) |
|
Managerial Decision Scenarios |
|
|
1035 | (9) |
|
|
1035 | (2) |
|
|
1037 | (1) |
|
|
1038 | (1) |
|
|
1039 | (1) |
|
Sales Mix Selection When Resources Are Constrained |
|
|
1040 | (2) |
|
|
1042 | (1) |
|
Keep or Replace Equipment |
|
|
1043 | (1) |
|
Decision Analysis-Product Pricing |
|
|
1044 | (19) |
|
|
1063 | (1) |
24 Capital Budgeting and Investment Analysis |
|
1064 | |
|
Methods Not Using Time Value of Money |
|
|
1067 | (4) |
|
|
1067 | (2) |
|
Accounting Rate of Return |
|
|
1069 | (2) |
|
Methods Using Time Value of Money |
|
|
1071 | (7) |
|
|
1071 | (4) |
|
|
1075 | (2) |
|
Comparison of Capital Budgeting Methods |
|
|
1077 | (1) |
|
Decision Analysis-Break-Even Time |
|
|
1078 | (3) |
|
Appendix 24A Using Excel to Compute Net Present Value and Internal Rate of Return |
|
|
1081 | (15) |
|
|
1096 | |
Appendix A Financial Statement Information |
|
A-1 | |
|
|
A-2 | |
|
|
A-10 | |
|
|
A-14 | |
Appendix B Time Value of Money |
|
B | |
Appendix C Investments |
|
C | |
Appendix D Partnership Accounting |
|
Index |
|
IND-1 | |
Chart of Accounts |
|
CA | |
Brief Review |
|
|
Managerial Analyses and Reports |
|
|
BR-1 | |
|
Financial Reports and Tables |
|
|
BR-2 | |
|
Selected Transactions and Relations |
|
|
BR-3 | |
|
Fundamentals and Analyses |
|
|
BR-4 | |