| Introduction |
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1 | (20) |
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The Boom Years: The 1990's and Early Millennium Years |
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1 | (4) |
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5 | (3) |
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Grim Consequences for Many American Families |
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6 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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Sports: No Longer Recession Proof |
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8 | (5) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (3) |
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16 | (5) |
| Chapter 1 Operating in the New Economic Reality |
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21 | (28) |
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21 | (1) |
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Operating in a New Economic Reality |
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22 | (2) |
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Ferocious Competition for Consumers' Time and Money |
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24 | (1) |
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The Impact of Television on Live Attendance |
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25 | (5) |
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TV Ratings Up, Attendance Down |
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28 | (1) |
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Emergence of Regional Sports Networks |
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28 | (1) |
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TV's Complex Relationship with Sport |
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29 | (1) |
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Cutting Through the Clutter |
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30 | (1) |
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Growing Dependence on Affluent Households: $100k and Up |
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31 | (2) |
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32 | (1) |
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Can't go Back to the "Good Old Days" |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (1) |
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The Emergence of Mixed Martial Arts |
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35 | (5) |
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40 | (6) |
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46 | (1) |
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47 | (2) |
| Chapter 2 Challenges Facing College Sports |
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49 | (30) |
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The Financial Status of Intercollegiate Atheltics |
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49 | (6) |
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The Organization of College Sports |
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49 | (3) |
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Participation Patterns for Men and Women |
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52 | (3) |
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55 | (16) |
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The Cost Control Struggle |
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64 | (5) |
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69 | (2) |
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71 | (2) |
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73 | (3) |
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76 | (3) |
| Chapter 3 Challenges Facing Professional Sports |
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79 | (52) |
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Growth of Professional Sports |
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79 | (12) |
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79 | (2) |
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81 | (5) |
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The Status of Women's Professional Sports Leagues |
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86 | (4) |
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Other Successful Sports Properties |
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90 | (1) |
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The Economic Reality of Professional Sports |
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91 | (25) |
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Team Financial Statements |
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93 | (5) |
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98 | (18) |
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101 | (3) |
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National Basketball Association |
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104 | (7) |
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111 | (3) |
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114 | (2) |
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116 | (3) |
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Roster Depreciation Allowance |
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117 | (2) |
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119 | (2) |
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Drivers of Franchise Values |
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121 | (5) |
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126 | (2) |
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128 | (3) |
| Chapter 4 Trends in Sport Facility Financing |
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131 | (52) |
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131 | (17) |
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134 | (3) |
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Description of the Trend Tables |
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137 | (3) |
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The Evolution of Facility Funding |
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140 | (8) |
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148 | (5) |
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Cost Sharing Trends for Arenas |
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148 | (2) |
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Cost Sharing Trends for Stadiums |
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150 | (3) |
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Factors Contributing to Increased Team/Owner Investment in Major League Facilities |
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153 | (7) |
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156 | (4) |
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Factors Contributing to Continuing Public Subsidies |
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160 | (12) |
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161 | (4) |
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The Community Power Structure |
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165 | (7) |
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The Shift From General to Selective Taxes |
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172 | (1) |
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The Rational for Public Subsidy |
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172 | (2) |
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Trends in the Minor Leagues |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (2) |
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177 | (2) |
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179 | (4) |
| Chapter 5 Principles of Economic Impact Analysis |
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183 | (52) |
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The Rationale for Economic Impact Analysis |
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184 | (3) |
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A Study's Sponsors Expect to Get What They Pay For |
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187 | (3) |
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The Fundamental Principles of Economic Impact Studies |
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190 | (12) |
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Accurate Participation Numbers |
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192 | (1) |
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Exclusion of Local Residents and Local Sources of Funds |
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192 | (4) |
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196 | (2) |
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198 | (2) |
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Exclusion of Time Switchers and Casuals |
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200 | (2) |
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Use and Abuse of Multipliers |
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202 | (13) |
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204 | (2) |
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Constituent Elements of a Multiplier |
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206 | (1) |
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Operationalization of the Multiplier |
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207 | (1) |
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Influence of a Community's Size and Business Structure on Multipliers |
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208 | (3) |
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Interpreting Sales and Income Multipliers |
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211 | (2) |
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Interpreting Employment Multipliers |
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213 | (2) |
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Illustrations of the Implications of Abusing the Fundamental Principles of Economic Impact Analysis |
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215 | (7) |
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Mischievously Expanding the Project Scope |
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222 | (1) |
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The Magnitude of Economic Impact From Sport Projects |
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223 | (7) |
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Professional Sport Franchises |
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223 | (4) |
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227 | (2) |
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Community Sports Tournaments |
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229 | (1) |
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230 | (2) |
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232 | (3) |
| Chapter 6 Costs: The Rest of the Economic Impact Story |
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235 | (32) |
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Costs: The Rest of the Ecomic Story |
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235 | (3) |
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238 | (2) |
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Strategic Underestimation of Capital Costs and Overestimation of Revenue Streams |
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240 | (1) |
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Omission of Interest Costs |
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241 | (1) |
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Land and Infrastructure Costs |
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242 | (2) |
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244 | (1) |
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Operation and Maintenance Costs |
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245 | (2) |
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247 | (3) |
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250 | (6) |
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251 | (1) |
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252 | (2) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (1) |
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256 | (5) |
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260 | (1) |
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261 | (2) |
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263 | (4) |
| Chapter 7 Alternate Justifications for Public Subsidy: Structural Capital |
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267 | (20) |
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267 | (1) |
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The Concept of Structural Capital |
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268 | (2) |
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The Principle of Cumulative Attraction |
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270 | (4) |
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274 | (2) |
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Rejunation Through Mega Events |
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276 | (4) |
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Integration: A Key to Effective Rejuvention |
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280 | (4) |
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The Conflicting Goals of Public and Private Interests |
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282 | (2) |
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284 | (1) |
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285 | (2) |
| Chapter 8 The Alternate Justifications for Public Subsidy: Social Capital |
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287 | (42) |
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287 | (1) |
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Enhancing a Community's Brand Equity |
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287 | (11) |
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287 | (2) |
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289 | (2) |
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The Role of Major League Status in Image Creation |
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291 | (2) |
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Competency and Excellence Transfer |
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293 | (3) |
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The Mediating Role of the Media |
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296 | (2) |
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298 | (3) |
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Attraction From Increased Awareness |
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298 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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Facilitated Networking at Sport Facilities |
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299 | (1) |
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Facilitated Networking at Mega Events |
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300 | (1) |
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301 | (2) |
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303 | (6) |
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309 | (3) |
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Measuring Social Capital Benefits |
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312 | (8) |
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The Contingent Valuation Method |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (4) |
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Direct Payment: An Alternate Approach to Paying for Social Capital |
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319 | (1) |
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320 | (3) |
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323 | (6) |
| Chapter 9 Sources of Public Sector Funding |
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329 | (62) |
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330 | (8) |
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330 | (7) |
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337 | (1) |
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338 | (8) |
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339 | (1) |
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340 | (2) |
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342 | (1) |
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342 | (3) |
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345 | (1) |
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346 | (37) |
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The Use of Tax-exempt Bonds |
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349 | (7) |
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Full-faith and Credit Obligations |
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356 | (5) |
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356 | (2) |
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Conducting a Bond Campaign |
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358 | (3) |
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Certificates of Obligation |
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361 | (1) |
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361 | (22) |
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362 | (5) |
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Certificates of Participation |
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367 | (2) |
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369 | (1) |
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The Public-Private Partnership Model |
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370 | (1) |
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Tax Increment Financing (TIF) Bonds |
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370 | (9) |
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Taxable Private Activity Bonds |
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379 | (1) |
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Asset-backed Revenue Bonds |
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380 | (3) |
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Mechanics of Selling Bonds |
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383 | (3) |
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383 | (2) |
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Financial and Legal Advisors |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (3) |
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389 | (2) |
| Chapter 10 Implementation of Public-Private Partnerships |
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391 | (56) |
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391 | (1) |
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Challenges in Facilitating Public Private Partnerships |
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391 | (14) |
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Reconciling Value Systems |
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392 | (3) |
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The Unfair Competition Issue |
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395 | (10) |
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Legal Principles Relating to Unfair Competition by the Public Sector |
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400 | (1) |
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Legal Principles Relating to Unfair Competition by Nonprofit Organizations |
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401 | (4) |
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The Complementary Assets of Public Agencies and Private Sports Enterprises |
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405 | (16) |
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406 | (8) |
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406 | (4) |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (1) |
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Control Over Permit and Zoning Processes |
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411 | (3) |
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414 | (7) |
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414 | (4) |
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418 | (1) |
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Adaptability to Scale of Service |
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419 | (1) |
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420 | (1) |
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Public-Private Partnership Models |
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421 | (19) |
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421 | (2) |
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Leaseback From the Private Sector |
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423 | (6) |
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429 | (1) |
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430 | (1) |
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Private-sector Pump Priming |
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431 | (2) |
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Expansion of Existing Public Facilities |
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433 | (2) |
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435 | (5) |
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440 | (2) |
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442 | (5) |
| Chapter 11 Revenue Sources From Sports Venues |
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447 | (52) |
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447 | (1) |
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448 | (14) |
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450 | (3) |
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Illustrations of the Most Recent Premium Seating Options |
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453 | (5) |
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Challenges in Premium Seating |
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458 | (4) |
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Person Seating Licenses (PSLS) |
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462 | (8) |
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The Growth and Magnitude of Seat License Programs |
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462 | (3) |
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465 | (5) |
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470 | (24) |
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Professional Sports Venues |
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470 | (1) |
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The Growing Value of Naming Rights Agreements |
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471 | (4) |
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475 | (4) |
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Shirt and Team Naming Rights |
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479 | (3) |
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College Sports Venue Naming Rights |
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482 | (3) |
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High School Venue Naming Rights |
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485 | (1) |
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Why Companies Buy Naming Rights |
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485 | (3) |
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The Potential for Controversy |
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488 | (1) |
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Key Elements of Naming Rights Agreements |
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489 | (4) |
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490 | (2) |
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492 | (1) |
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The Impact of Naming Rights' Partner Failings |
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493 | (1) |
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494 | (3) |
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497 | (2) |
| Chapter 12 Ticket Sales and Operation |
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499 | (26) |
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499 | (2) |
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501 | (1) |
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The Evoulution of Ticketing |
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502 | (3) |
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Ticketing Moves Into the Electronics Age |
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505 | (4) |
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Ticket Sales Department Organization |
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509 | (2) |
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511 | (5) |
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511 | (1) |
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512 | (2) |
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514 | (1) |
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515 | (1) |
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Pricing Tactics: Moving From Cost Recovery to Demand-Oriented Focus |
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516 | (5) |
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521 | (1) |
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521 | (1) |
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Customer Relationship Management |
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522 | (1) |
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523 | (1) |
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524 | (1) |
| Chapter 13 Commercializing Media Rights |
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525 | (32) |
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525 | (2) |
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The Business of Television and Media |
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527 | (6) |
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Television Ratings and Shares |
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528 | (4) |
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532 | (1) |
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533 | (7) |
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National Broadcast and Cable Networks |
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533 | (2) |
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535 | (2) |
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Digital Media: Broadband, Wireless, and Tablets |
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537 | (2) |
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539 | (1) |
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Local Television and Radio |
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539 | (1) |
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Marketing and Managing Broadcast Rights |
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540 | (5) |
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541 | (1) |
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542 | (1) |
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543 | (2) |
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Sports Television and Media Contracts |
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545 | (8) |
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545 | (1) |
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546 | (1) |
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National Basketball Association |
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547 | (1) |
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548 | (1) |
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548 | (1) |
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National Collegiate Athletic Association |
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549 | (1) |
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550 | (2) |
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552 | (1) |
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Boxing and Mixed Martial Arts |
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552 | (1) |
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553 | (1) |
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553 | (2) |
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555 | (2) |
| Chapter 14 The Sale of Licensed Merchandise |
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557 | (21) |
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557 | (5) |
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559 | (2) |
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561 | (1) |
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562 | (1) |
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Professional Sports League Licensing |
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563 | (3) |
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Licensing Administration Models |
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566 | (4) |
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566 | (1) |
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566 | (2) |
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566 | (1) |
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567 | (1) |
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567 | (1) |
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Administration and Oversight |
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568 | (2) |
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570 | (1) |
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570 | (3) |
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572 | (1) |
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572 | (1) |
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572 | (1) |
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573 | (1) |
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Corporate Social Responsibility |
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573 | (1) |
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574 | (2) |
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576 | (1) |
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577 | (1) |
| Appendix: Sample Provisions of a License Agreement |
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578 | |
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578 | (1) |
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579 | (1) |
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580 | (1) |
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Approval of Products and Promotional Materials |
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580 | (1) |
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581 | (2) |
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583 | (1) |
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583 | (1) |
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583 | |
