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El. knyga: Focus Manifestation in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese: A Comparative Perspective

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One prominent function of natural language is to convey information, and one peculiarity is that it does not do so randomly, but in a structured way, with information structuring formally recognized to be a component of grammar. Among all information structuring notions, focus is one primitive needed to account for all phenomena. Focus Manifestation in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese: A Comparative Perspective aims to examine from a semantic perspective how syntactic structures and focus adverbs in Mandarin Chinese and semantic particles in Cantonese, with particular focus given to co-occurrence of adverbs, verbal suffixes and sentence-final particles, conspire to encode focus structures and determine focus manifestation in Chinese-- One prominent function of natural language is to convey information. One peculiarity is that it does not do so randomly, but in a structured way, with information structuring formally recognized to be a component of grammar. Among all information structuring notions, focus is one primitive needed to account for all phenomena. Focus Manifestation in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese: A Comparative Perspective aims to examine from a semantic perspective how syntactic structures and focus adverbs in Mandarin Chinese and semantic particles in Cantonese conspire to encode focus structures and determine focus manifestation in Chinese. With both being tonal languages, Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese manifest different morpho-syntactic configurations to mark focus. A general principle governing focus marking in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese is given in the book, which aims to give a better understanding of the underlying principles the two use to mark additive and restrictive meanings, and related focus interpretations. Particular attention is also drawn to the co-occurrence of multiple forms of restrictive and additive particles in Cantonese, including adverbs, verbal suffixes and sentence-final particles. Linearity has been shown to be an important parameter to determine how focus is structured in Cantonese. This book is aimed at advanced graduate students, researchers, and scholars working on Chinese linguistics, syntax and semantics, and comparative dialectal grammar.
List of tables viii
Acknowledgements ix
List of abbreviations xi
1 Introduction 1(8)
1.1 The problem
1(2)
1.2 Scope of the study and major ideas to be proposed
3(5)
1.3 Organization
8(1)
2 Theoretical background 9(28)
2.1 Information structure and focus particles
9(4)
2.2 Focus representation and interpretation
13(9)
2.2.1 Association with focus
13(5)
2.2.2 Syntax-semantics mapping of focus
18(4)
2.3 What is special about Cantonese?
22(8)
2.3.1 Some basic facts about Cantonese
22(2)
2.3.2 Post-verbal particles in Cantonese
24(6)
2.4 The meaning of focus particles in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese: An overview
30(7)
2.4.1 Additives and restrictives in Mandarin
30(3)
2.4.2 Additives and restrictives in Cantonese
33(4)
3 Additive focus particles 37(66)
3.1 14troduction
37(1)
3.2 Additive focus adverbs in Mandarin Chinese
37(16)
3.2.1 Additive focus adverbs you 'again', ye 'also', hai 'still', and zai 'again'
38(7)
3.2.2 A comparison of Mandarin additive adverbs with their Cantonese counterparts
45(8)
3.3 Additive particles in Cantonese
53(45)
3.3.1 Additive Cantonese sentence-final particle tim1 'add'
53(17)
3.3.2 Cantonese additive adverb guu3 'enough'
70(26)
3.3.3 Additive verbal suffix -maai4 'also'
96(2)
3.4 Summary: What do Cantonese additives and Mandarin additives tell you?
98(5)
4 Restrictive focus particles 103(67)
4.1 Introduction
103(1)
4.2 Restrictive focus adverbs in Mandarin Chinese
103(17)
4.2.1 Restrictive focus adverbs cai 'only' and jiu 'only'
106(12)
4.2.2 Restrictive focus adverbs zhi (-you/-shi) 'only (-have/-be)'
118(2)
4.3 Cantonese restrictive sentence-final particles zaa3 'only' and ze1 'only'
120(24)
4.3.1 Previous analyses of the Cantonese restrictive SFPs zaa3 'only' and ze1 'only'
121(7)
4.3.2 Reanalysing zaa3 'only' and ze1 'only' under relativist semantic theory
128(11)
4.3.3 A comparison of zaa3 'only' and ze1 'only' with the Mandarin cal 'only'/jiu 'only' and the Cantonese adverb sin1 'only then'
139(5)
4.4 Cantonese restrictive verbal suffix -dak1 'only'
144(18)
4.4.1 Previous analyses of -dak1 'only'
145(5)
4.4.2 Unresolved issues of -dak1 'only'
150(2)
4.4.3 A unified account of -dak1 'only'
152(8)
4.4.4 Focused readings of -dak1
160(2)
4.5 Restrictive adverbs in Cantonese
162(5)
4.6 What can restrictive particles and additive particles in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese tell you?
167(3)
4.6.1 Restrictive particles in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese
167(1)
4.6.2 Generalizing the picture of focus particles in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese
168(2)
5 Distribution of additives and restrictives in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese 170(50)
5.1 Introduction
170(2)
5.2 Co-occurrence of additives in Mandarin and Cantonese and the linearity principle
172(7)
5.3 Distribution of additive adverbs and post-verbal particles in Mandarin and Cantonese
179(16)
5.3.1 A comparison among gau3 'enough', dou1 'also/even', -maai4 'also' and tim1 'add'
180(7)
5.3.2 A comparison with the Mandarin dou 'even/also', ye 'also', and hai 'still'
187(3)
5.3.3 The division of labour among Mandarin and Cantonese additives
190(5)
5.4 Co-occurrence of restrictives in Mandarin and Cantonese and the linearity principle
195(7)
5.5 Distribution of restrictive adverbs and post-verbal particles in Mandarin and Cantonese
202(6)
5.6 Deriving a general principle of focus marking in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese
208(12)
5.6.1 Shishi... (de) construction in Mandarin - the role of syntax in focus marking
209(8)
5.6.2 Generalizing a principle of focus marking in Mandarin Chinese and Cantonese
217(3)
6 Conclusions: Theoretical consequences and implications 220(15)
6.1 Summary of major findings
220(2)
6.2 Revisiting the general principle of focus marking in Mandarin and Cantonese: What does it imply?
222(6)
6.2.1 A matter of interface - Cantonese versus Mandarin
222(2)
6.2.2 Linearity in focus interpretation in Cantonese
224(4)
6.3 More on the role of syntax in focus manifestation in Mandarin and Cantonese
228(5)
6.4 Future research
233(2)
References 235(14)
Index 249
Peppina Po-lun Lee is Associate Professor in the Department of Linguistics and Translation at City University of Hong Kong. She has published more than 40 research papers in refereed journals and edited books. Her major publications have appeared in Lingua, Linguistics, Journal of Pragmatics, and Language and Linguistics, as well as ZhongguoYuwen (Studies of the Chinese Language) and Dangdai Yuyanxue (Contemporary Linguistics). Specializing in theoretical linguistics, her research interests cover semantics, syntax-semantics interface, and Chinese and Cantonese linguistics. She has worked on a variety of research topics, including focus and information structure, negation, eventuality, quantification, and particles.
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