Foreword |
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xv | |
Preface |
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xix | |
Table of cases |
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xxiii | |
Table of legislation |
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xxxiii | |
Table of orders, regulations and rules |
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xxxvii | |
Chapter 1 Introduction |
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1 | (6) |
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1 | (1) |
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When the principles relating to claims in foreign currency really matter |
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2 | (1) |
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The old law (pre-Miliangos) |
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2 | (1) |
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Exceptions to the 'breach-date' rule prior to Miliangos |
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3 | (1) |
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The decision in Miliangos |
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4 | (1) |
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The current law: contract |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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The current law: unjust enrichment and restitution |
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5 | (1) |
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The current law: insolvency |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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Claiming damages for foreign exchange losses |
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6 | (1) |
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Alternative currencies and the euro |
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6 | (1) |
Chapter 2 Basic concepts |
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7 | (13) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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Currency of account/currency of payment |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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ECU - the European Currency Unit |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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14 | (1) |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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17 | (1) |
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SDR - Special Drawing Right |
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18 | (1) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
Chapter 3 Sterling: its historical role, and the decline that led to a change in the law |
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20 | (17) |
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20 | (1) |
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Sterling before the 20th century |
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21 | (9) |
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Origin of the pound sterling |
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21 | (1) |
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Nominalism and legal tender: the Case de Mixt Moneys |
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22 | (1) |
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Foreign exchange: gold and silver coinage |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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24 | (1) |
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25 | (1) |
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Nominalism and inflation: some further remarks |
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26 | (3) |
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The background to Manners v Pearson |
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29 | (1) |
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Continued faith in sterling |
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29 | (1) |
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Sterling in the 20th century |
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30 | (5) |
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Sterling a victim of the Great War |
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30 | (1) |
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31 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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Sterling again a victim of war |
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32 | (1) |
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32 | (1) |
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Sterling devalues again, followed by the US dollar |
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33 | (1) |
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Sterling exchange controls relaxed |
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34 | (1) |
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Violent sterling/dollar swings |
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34 | (1) |
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Sterling and the European Exchange Rate Mechanism |
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35 | (1) |
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European Currency Unit ('ECU') |
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35 | (1) |
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Sterling in the 21st century |
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35 | (2) |
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35 | (2) |
Chapter 4 The euro zone |
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37 | (5) |
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The importance of the euro |
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37 | (1) |
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The euro: its introduction and its performance |
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37 | (1) |
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Effect of the introduction of the euro on claims |
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38 | (1) |
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Possible contraction of the euro zone |
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39 | (1) |
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Effect of a contraction of the euro zone |
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39 | (1) |
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Further adverse consequences |
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40 | (1) |
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Application of English law to post-euro claims |
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41 | (1) |
Chapter 5 The change in English law introduced by Miliangos and its forebears |
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42 | (21) |
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42 | (1) |
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Miliangos and the doctrine of precedent |
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42 | (1) |
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The state of English law before Miliangos |
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42 | (13) |
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Manners v Pearson: the perceived need for conversion into sterling |
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42 | (2) |
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The importance of the dates for assessment of damages and conversion into sterling |
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44 | (1) |
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Pre-Miliangos currency conversion for damages for breach of contract |
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45 | (1) |
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Pre-Miliangos currency conversion for damages in tort |
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46 | (4) |
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Currency conversion for debt: the early-20th-century cases |
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50 | (2) |
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A comment on the nature of money in light of the early-20th-century decisions |
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52 | (1) |
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Havana Railways: consolidating the treatment of foreign currency debts |
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53 | (2) |
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The evolution of a new doctrine |
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55 | (8) |
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Havana Railways challenged |
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55 | (3) |
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Miliangos: approval of the new regime |
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58 | (5) |
Chapter 6 Contract |
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63 | (65) |
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63 | (25) |
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Monetary contractual claims |
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63 | (1) |
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64 | (6) |
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The money of account, the money of payment and the lex monetae |
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70 | (6) |
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Identification of the money of account |
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76 | (5) |
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Identification of the money of payment |
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81 | (7) |
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88 | (24) |
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88 | (1) |
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89 | (6) |
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95 | (1) |
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96 | (16) |
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Particular aspects of contract suits |
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112 | (16) |
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113 | (2) |
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Damages in lieu of injunction or specific performance |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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Mitigation of damages and avoided loss |
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116 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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Money as a commodity or chattel |
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118 | (5) |
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Gold clauses, protective clauses and other similar protective measures |
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123 | (5) |
Chapter 7 Tort |
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128 | (54) |
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128 | (3) |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (3) |
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Early uncertainty for tort claims following Miliangos |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (3) |
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The relevance of the Rome II Regulation for tort claims |
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131 | (3) |
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134 | (14) |
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134 | (1) |
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The Despina R: the issues |
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135 | (1) |
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The Despina R: the Court of Appeal's decision |
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136 | (1) |
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The Despina R: observations on the Court of Appeal's judgment |
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137 | (3) |
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The Despina R: the House of Lords - the choices |
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140 | (1) |
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The Despina R: the final decision - the claimants' currency |
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141 | (2) |
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The Despina R: principles drawn from the case |
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143 | (1) |
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Arguments against assessment in a particular currency |
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144 | (1) |
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The benefit of the decision in The Despina R |
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145 | (1) |
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Unresolved issues relating to an agent's currency |
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146 | (2) |
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Arrangement of final sections |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (9) |
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Multiple currency holdings |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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Notional use of own currency |
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150 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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Owners' currency depreciates against agents' currency: The Lash Atlantico |
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151 | (5) |
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Exchange control and windfalls: The Nicos V |
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156 | (2) |
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158 | (3) |
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158 | (1) |
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Specific examples of destruction of chattels |
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159 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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Summary for conversion claims |
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160 | (1) |
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161 | (2) |
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161 | (1) |
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161 | (1) |
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162 | (1) |
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Other tortious claims for financial losses |
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163 | (1) |
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Non-economic loss: Personal injury and defamation claims |
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163 | (6) |
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163 | (1) |
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Personal injury occurring in the United Kingdom with a foreign currency element |
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164 | (2) |
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Personal injury occurring outside the United Kingdom |
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166 | (2) |
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Summary for personal injury claims where English domestic law governs the assessment of damages |
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168 | (1) |
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168 | (1) |
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Summary for defamation claims |
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169 | (1) |
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Multiple foreign claimants |
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169 | (4) |
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Personal and company claims |
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169 | (2) |
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171 | (2) |
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Foreign law: Where an English court applies a foreign law to a tort claim under Rome II |
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173 | (5) |
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173 | (5) |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (2) |
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Foreign currency and mitigation |
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178 | (2) |
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180 | (2) |
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Summary of the effect of the new regime for tort claims |
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180 | (2) |
Chapter 8 Restitution and unjust enrichment |
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182 | (15) |
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182 | (1) |
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Restitution of unjust enrichment |
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183 | (7) |
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Where defendant D's enrichment is money |
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185 | (1) |
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Where defendant D's enrichment consists of services or goods provided pursuant to a contract |
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185 | (2) |
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Where the defendant's enrichment consists of goods or services and there is no contractual guidance as to the appropriate currency in which to make restitution |
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187 | (2) |
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Where C has discharged D's liability |
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189 | (1) |
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The change of position defence |
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189 | (1) |
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190 | (3) |
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191 | (2) |
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Breach of contract, equitable wrongs |
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193 | (1) |
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Disgorgement for civil wrongs |
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193 | (1) |
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194 | (3) |
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Personal claims at law after tracing |
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195 | (1) |
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Proprietary claims after tracing at equity |
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196 | (1) |
Chapter 9 The law of trusts and fiduciaries |
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197 | (16) |
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197 | (1) |
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Claims available to a beneficiary against a trustee |
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197 | (8) |
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Substitute performance claims |
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200 | (2) |
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202 | (3) |
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Summary of the applicable principles |
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205 | (1) |
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Claims by a beneficiary against third parties |
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205 | (5) |
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205 | (2) |
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207 | (1) |
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207 | (1) |
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The doctrine in Re Diplock |
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208 | (1) |
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Summary of the applicable principles |
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208 | (2) |
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210 | (1) |
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Fiduciaries and receipt of a bribe, secret profit or commission |
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211 | (2) |
Chapter 10 Claims against limited or common funds |
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213 | (25) |
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213 | (5) |
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218 | (2) |
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219 | (1) |
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219 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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220 | (1) |
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221 | (4) |
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221 | (1) |
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222 | (2) |
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224 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (1) |
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Interrelationship with other internationally agreed limits |
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227 | (1) |
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228 | (2) |
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230 | (4) |
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Determining the currency of the adjustment |
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230 | (2) |
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232 | (2) |
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Currency of values and expenses |
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234 | (4) |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (2) |
Chapter 11 Set-off |
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238 | (23) |
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238 | (5) |
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238 | (3) |
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The need for foreign currency set-off |
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241 | (2) |
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Pre-insolvency set-off in foreign currency judgments |
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243 | (10) |
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Procedure developed in Admiralty; The Despina R |
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243 | (1) |
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Summary of the Brandon Rule for set-off between Admiralty claims |
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243 | (1) |
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Application of the Brandon Rule for set-off: The Nicos V |
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244 | (1) |
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244 | (1) |
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Effect of interest on the Brandon Rule: The Lu Shan |
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244 | (2) |
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246 | (1) |
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Set-off where there is unequal division of blame |
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246 | (2) |
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Summary: set-off procedure where there is unequal division of blame, with subsequent assessment of claims |
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248 | (1) |
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Set-off where claims are assessed before liability is determined |
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248 | (1) |
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Summary: set-off procedure where liability is apportioned after assessment of claims |
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249 | (1) |
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Set-off following payments on account |
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249 | (1) |
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Summary: set-off procedure where payments on account have been made |
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249 | (1) |
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Equitable set-off in general: Fearns v Anglo-Dutch Paint |
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250 | (3) |
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Summary: procedure for equitable set-off |
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253 | (1) |
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Contractual, banker's and legal set-off |
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253 | (1) |
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Alternative pre-insolvency set-off ideas |
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253 | (6) |
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253 | (1) |
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Substantive defence distinguished from cross-claim |
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254 | (1) |
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Interest based on notional daily set-off |
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255 | (2) |
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Serial set-off between principal elements |
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257 | (1) |
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Set-off under UNIDROIT Principles 2010 |
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258 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (1) |
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260 | (1) |
Chapter 12 Interest |
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261 | (16) |
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261 | (1) |
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The purpose of awarding interest |
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262 | (1) |
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262 | (3) |
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Before Sempra Metals: the general position |
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262 | (1) |
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Before Sempra Metals: exceptions to the general principle |
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263 | (1) |
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The decision in Sempra Metals |
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264 | (1) |
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265 | (1) |
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The availability of interest |
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266 | (1) |
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Claiming interest: procedural requirements |
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266 | (1) |
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267 | (6) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (3) |
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Individuals and personal injury |
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270 | (1) |
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The relationship between the currency of the damages awarded and the rate of interest |
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270 | (2) |
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The appropriate non-sterling rate of interest |
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272 | (1) |
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The period for which interest is awarded |
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273 | (2) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (2) |
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275 | (1) |
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276 | (1) |
Chapter 13 Are currency exchange losses recoverable as damages? |
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277 | (15) |
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277 | (11) |
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277 | (1) |
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Majority view and a dissenting view |
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277 | (1) |
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277 | (2) |
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279 | (2) |
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281 | (1) |
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English law's opposition to exchange loss claims |
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282 | (3) |
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The foreseeability objection |
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285 | (1) |
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286 | (1) |
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Procedural considerations: pleading and proving foreign currency losses |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (4) |
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Contract: recoverable exchange loss - the problem |
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288 | (3) |
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291 | (1) |
Chapter 14 Procedure and evidence |
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292 | (39) |
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292 | (2) |
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292 | (1) |
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Neutrality of currency principles |
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293 | (1) |
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294 | (37) |
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295 | (1) |
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295 | (6) |
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301 | (4) |
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305 | (4) |
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309 | (1) |
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310 | (1) |
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311 | (7) |
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318 | (1) |
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Interpleader/stakeholder proceedings |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (1) |
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322 | (2) |
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Enforcement of English judgments |
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324 | (5) |
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Enforcement of judgments and awards other than those of the English courts |
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329 | (1) |
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330 | (1) |
Chapter 15 Fiat money, legal tender and alternative money |
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331 | (12) |
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Fiat money and legal tender |
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331 | (3) |
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331 | (1) |
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Legal tender in England and Wales |
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332 | (2) |
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334 | (9) |
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Forms of alternative money |
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334 | (1) |
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Historical accounts and myths relating to alternative money |
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335 | (2) |
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Dealings in alternative money |
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337 | (1) |
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Disputes relating to alternative money |
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337 | (1) |
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Remedies in relation to alternative money schemes |
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338 | (1) |
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Risks of alternative money schemes |
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338 | (1) |
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Digital currencies, particularly Bitcoin |
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338 | (1) |
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Legal and regulatory issues relating to Bitcoin |
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339 | (4) |
Index |
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343 | |