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Forensic Biology 2nd edition [Minkštas viršelis]

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(John Jay College of Criminal Justice, New York, New York, USA)
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 568 pages, aukštis x plotis: 254x178 mm, weight: 1320 g, 413 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 30-Jun-2021
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 1032098791
  • ISBN-13: 9781032098791
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Forensic Biology 2nd editionDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Paperback / softback, 568 pages, aukštis x plotis: 254x178 mm, weight: 1320 g, 413 Illustrations, black and white
  • Išleidimo metai: 30-Jun-2021
  • Leidėjas: CRC Press
  • ISBN-10: 1032098791
  • ISBN-13: 9781032098791
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781032098791.html
Raktažodžiai:

Over the last several years, new research and developments in analysis methods and practice have led to rapid advancements in forensic biology. Identifying critical points of knowledge and new methodological approaches in the field, Forensic Biology, Second Edition focuses on forensic serology and forensic DNA analysis. It provides students and professionals with a scientific grounding in biological evidence—both the techniques used to identify it and the methodology to analyze it.



This second edition:







  • Introduces the language of forensic biology, enabling students to become comfortable with usage and terminology


  • Provides clear explanations of the principles of forensic identification and analysis of biological evidence


  • Explains forensic serology and DNA techniques used in the field and the laboratory


  • Discusses the benefits and limitations that apply to various forensic biology techniques


  • Includes schematic illustrations to clarify concepts


  • Presents three new chapters created for this edition


  • Adds more than two hundred new color figures




Covering the full scope of forensic biology, the book uses an accessible, straightforward style designed to enhance students’ education and training so they are prepared, both in the laboratory and in the field.





Focusing on forensic serology and forensic DNA analysis, this book introduces students to the methods and techniques utilized by forensic biology laboratories.

Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Author xix
Introduction xxi
SECTION I Biological Evidence
Chapter 1 Crime Scene Investigation Of Biological Evidence
3(32)
1.1 Protection of Crime Scene
3(1)
1.2 Recognition of Biological Evidence
3(4)
1.3 Searches
7(9)
1.4 Documentation
16(1)
1.5 Chain of Custody
17(1)
1.6 Collection of Biological Evidence
18(2)
1.7 Marking Evidence
20(1)
1.8 Packaging and Transportation
20(5)
1.9 Final Survey and the Release of the Crime Scene
25(4)
1.10 Crime Scene Reconstruction
29(1)
Bibliography
30(5)
Chapter 2 Crime Scene Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
35(18)
2.1 Basic Biological Properties of Human Blood
35(1)
2.2 Formation of Bloodstains
35(2)
2.3 Chemical Enhancement and Documentation of Bloodstain Evidence
37(2)
2.4 Analyzing Spatter Stains
39(5)
2.4.1 Velocity of Blood Droplets
39(1)
2.4.2 Determining the Directionality of the Stains
39(1)
2.4.3 Determining Angles of Impact
40(1)
2.4.4 Determining Area of Origin
41(3)
2.5 Types of Bloodstain Patterns
44(7)
2.5.1 Passive Bloodstains
44(2)
2.5.2 Transfer Bloodstains
46(1)
2.5.3 Projected Bloodstains
46(5)
Bibliography
51(2)
Chapter 3 Forensic Biology: A Subdiscipline Of Forensic Science
53(24)
3.1 Common Disciplines of Forensic Laboratory Services
53(1)
3.2 Laboratory Analysis of Biological Evidence
53(4)
3.2.1 Identification of Biological Evidence
53(1)
3.2.2 Comparison of Individual Characteristics of Biological Evidence
54(1)
3.2.3 Reporting Results and Expert Testimony
54(3)
3.3 Forensic Science Services Related to Forensic Biology
57(8)
3.3.1 Forensic Pathology
58(1)
3.3.2 Forensic Anthropology
58(2)
3.3.3 Forensic Entomology
60(4)
3.3.4 Forensic Odontology
64(1)
3.4 Brief History of the Development of Forensic Biology
65(5)
3.4.1 Antigen Polymorphism
65(1)
3.4.2 Protein Polymorphism
66(1)
3.4.3 DNA Polymorphism
66(1)
3.4.3.1 Genes and Related Sequences
66(1)
3.4.3.2 Intergenic Noncoding Sequences
66(2)
3.4.3.3 Human DNA Polymorphic Markers
68(1)
3.4.3.4 Forensic DNA Polymorphism Profiling
69(1)
Bibliography
70(7)
Chapter 4 Sources Of Biological Evidence
77(34)
4.1 Bodily Fluids
77(4)
4.1.1 Extracellular Nucleic Acids
77(4)
4.2 Cells
81(6)
4.2.1 Cell Surface Markers
81(1)
4.2.2 Nucleated Cells
81(2)
4.2.3 Mitochondria and Other Organelles
83(1)
4.2.4 Cytosol
84(1)
4.2.4.1 Messenger RNAs
84(1)
4.2.4.2 MicroRNAs
85(2)
4.3 Tissues
87(15)
4.3.1 Skin
87(1)
4.3.1.1 Biology of Skin
87(1)
4.3.1.2 Skin as Source of DNA Evidence
87(1)
4.3.2 Hair
88(1)
4.3.2.1 Biology of Hair
89(2)
4.3.2.2 Hair as Source of DNA Evidence
91(1)
4.3.3 Bone
92(1)
4.3.3.1 Biology of Bone
92(2)
4.3.3.2 Bone as Source of DNA Evidence
94(4)
4.3.4 Teeth
98(1)
4.3.4.1 Biology of Teeth
98(2)
4.3.4.2 Teeth as Source of DNA Evidence
100(2)
Bibliography
102(9)
SECTION II Basic Techniques in Forensic Biology
Chapter 5 Nucleic Acid Extraction
111(22)
5.1 Basic Principles of DNA Extraction
111(4)
5.1.1 Cell and Tissue Disruption
111(3)
5.1.2 Lysis of Cellular and Organelle Membranes
114(1)
5.1.3 Removal of Proteins and Cytoplasmic Constituents
114(1)
5.1.4 Storage of DNA Solutions
115(1)
5.1.5 Contamination
115(1)
5.2 Methods of DNA Extraction
115(7)
5.2.1 Extraction with Phenol-Chloroform
115(1)
5.2.1.1 Cell Lysis and Protein Digestion
115(1)
5.2.1.2 Extraction with Organic Solvents
115(1)
5.2.1.3 Concentrating DNA
115(2)
5.2.2 Extraction by Boiling Lysis and Chelation
117(1)
5.2.2.1 Washing
117(1)
5.2.2.2 Boiling
117(1)
5.2.2.3 Centrifugation
117(1)
5.2.3 Silica-Based Extraction
118(1)
5.2.3.1 Cell Lysis and Protein Digestion
118(1)
5.2.3.2 DNA Adsorption onto Silica
118(1)
5.2.3.3 Washing
119(1)
5.2.3.4 ElutionofDNA
119(2)
5.2.4 Differential Extraction
121(1)
5.3 Essential Features of RNA
122(2)
5.4 Methods of RNA Extraction
124(3)
5.4.1 RNA--DNA Coextraction
124(1)
5.4.2 miRNA Extraction
124(3)
Bibliography
127(6)
Chapter 6 Dna Quantitation
133(10)
6.1 Slot Blot Assay
133(1)
6.2 Fluorescent Intercalating Dye Assay
134(3)
6.3 Quantitative PCR Assay
137(3)
6.3.1 Real-Time Quantitative PCR
137(1)
6.3.1.1 TaqMan Method
138(2)
Bibliography
140(3)
Chapter 7 Amplification By Polymerase Chain Reaction
143(16)
7.1 Denaturation and Renaturation of DNA
143(1)
7.2 Basic Principles of Polymerase Chain Reaction
143(2)
7.3 Essential PCR Components
145(2)
7.3.1 Thermostable DNA Polymerases
145(1)
7.3.2 PCR Primers
146(1)
7.3.3 Other Components
147(1)
7.4 Cycle Parameters
147(2)
7.5 Factors Affecting PCR
149(1)
7.5.1 Template Quality
149(1)
7.5.2 Inhibitors
149(1)
7.5.3 Contamination
149(1)
7.6 Reverse Transcriptase PCR for RNA-Based Assays
150(3)
7.6.1 Reverse Transcription
150(1)
7.6.2 Oligodeoxynucleotide Priming
151(1)
7.6.3 Reverse Transcriptase PCR
151(2)
Bibliography
153(6)
Chapter 8 Dna Electrophoresis
159(16)
8.1 Basic Principles
159(1)
8.2 Supporting Matrices
159(4)
8.2.1 Agarose
160(1)
8.2.2 Polyacrylamide
161(1)
8.2.2.1 Polymerization Reaction
161(1)
8.2.2.2 Cross-Linking Reaction
161(2)
8.2.2.3 Denaturing Polyacrylamide Electrophoresis
163(1)
8.3 Apparatus and Forensic Applications
163(5)
8.3.1 Slab Gel Electrophoresis
163(1)
8.3.1.1 Agarose Gel Electrophoresis
163(1)
8.3.1.2 Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis
164(1)
8.3.2 Capillary Electrophoresis
164(1)
8.3.3 Microfluidic Devices
165(2)
8.3.3.1 Modular Microfluidic Devices
167(1)
8.3.3.2 Integrated Microfluidic Devices
168(1)
8.4 Estimation of DNA Size
168(3)
8.4.1 Relative Mobility
168(2)
8.4.2 Local Southern Method
170(1)
Bibliography
171(4)
Chapter 9 Detection Methods
175(14)
9.1 Direct Detection of DNA in Gels
175(2)
9.1.1 Fluorescent Intercalating Dye Staining
175(1)
9.1.2 Silver Staining
175(2)
9.2 Detection of DNA Probes in Hybridization-Based Assays
177(5)
9.2.1 Radioisotope Labeled Probes
177(3)
9.2.2 Enzyme-Conjugated Probe with Chemiluminescence Reporting System
180(1)
9.2.3 Biotinylation of DNA with Colorimetric Reporting Systems
180(1)
9.2.3.1 Biotin
180(1)
9.2.3.2 Enzyme-Conjugated Avidin
180(1)
9.2.3.3 Reporter Enzyme Assay
181(1)
9.3 Detection Methods for PCR-Based Assays
182(4)
9.3.1 Fluorescence Labeling
182(1)
9.3.1.1 Fluorescent Dyes
182(1)
9.3.1.2 Labeling Methods
182(3)
9.3.1.3 Fluorophore Detection
185(1)
Bibliography
186(3)
Chapter 10 Serology Concepts
189(10)
10.1 Serological Reagents
189(4)
10.1.1 Immunogens and Antigens
189(1)
10.1.2 Antibodies
189(2)
10.1.2.1 Polyclonal Antibodies
191(1)
10.1.2.2 Monoclonal Antibodies
191(1)
10.1.2.3 Antiglobulins
192(1)
10.2 Strength of Antigen--Antibody Binding
193(1)
10.3 Antigen--Antibody Binding Reactions
193(5)
10.3.1 Primary Reactions
194(1)
10.3.2 Secondary Reactions
194(1)
10.3.2.1 Precipitation
195(2)
10.3.2.2 Agglutination
197(1)
Bibliography
198(1)
Chapter 11 Serology Techniques: Past, Current, And Future
199(32)
11.1 Introduction to Forensic Serology
199(2)
11.1.1 The Scope of Forensic Serology
199(1)
11.1.2 Class Characteristics and Individual Characteristics of Biological Evidence
199(1)
11.1.3 Presumptive and Confirmatory Assays
200(1)
11.1.4 Primary and Secondary Binding Assays
200(1)
11.2 Primary Binding Assays
201(3)
11.2.1 Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
201(1)
11.2.2 Immunochromatographic Assays
202(2)
11.3 Secondary Binding Assays
204(6)
11.3.1 Precipitation-Based Assays
204(1)
11.3.1.1 Immunodiffusion
204(2)
11.3.1.2 Immunoelectrophoretic Methods
206(2)
11.3.2 Agglutination-Based Assays
208(2)
11.4 DNA Methylation Assays for Bodily Fluid Identification
210(2)
11.5 Forensic Applications of RNA-Based Assays and RNA Profiling
212(3)
11.5.1 Messenger RNA-Based Assays
212(2)
11.5.2 MicroRNA-Based Assays
214(1)
11.6 Proteomic Approaches Using Mass Spectrometry for Bodily Fluid Identification
215(2)
11.6.1 Mass Spectrometric Instrumentation for Protein Analysis
215(1)
11.6.2 Analysis Strategies for Protein Identification
216(1)
11.7 Microbial DNA Analysis for Bodily Fluid Identification
217(3)
11.8 Nondestructive Assays for the Identification of Bodily Fluids
220(1)
Bibliography
221(10)
SECTION III Identification of Biological Evidence
Chapter 12 Identification Of Blood
231(14)
12.1 Biological Properties
231(1)
12.1.1 Red Blood Cells
231(1)
12.1.2 White Blood Cells
231(1)
12.1.3 Platelets
231(1)
12.2 Presumptive Assays for Identification
232(7)
12.2.1 Mechanisms of Presumptive Assays
232(2)
12.2.1.1 Oxidation--Reduction Reactions
234(1)
12.2.2 Colorimetric Assays
234(1)
12.2.2.1 Phenolphthalin Assay
234(1)
12.2.2.2 Leucomalachite Green (LMG) Assay
234(1)
12.2.2.3 Benzidine and Derivatives
234(2)
12.2.3 Chemiluminescence and Fluorescence Assays
236(1)
12.2.3.1 Luminol (3-Aminophthalhydrazide)
237(1)
12.2.3.2 Fluorescin
238(1)
12.2.4 Factors Affecting Presumptive Assay Results
238(1)
12.2.4.1 Oxidants
238(1)
12.2.4.2 Plant Peroxidases
239(1)
12.2.4.3 Reductants
239(1)
12.3 Confirmatory Assays for Identification
239(2)
12.3.1 Microcrystal Assays
239(1)
12.3.1.1 Hemochromagen Crystal Assay
239(1)
12.3.1.2 Hematin Crystal Assay
240(1)
12.3.2 Other Assays
240(1)
Bibliography
241(4)
Chapter 13 Species Identification
245(12)
13.1 General Considerations
245(2)
13.1.1 Types of Antibodies
245(1)
13.1.2 Titration of Antibodies
246(1)
13.1.3 Antibody Specificity
246(1)
13.1.4 Optimal Conditions for Antigen--Antibody Binding
247(1)
13.2 Assays
247(8)
13.2.1 Immunochromatographic Assays
247(1)
13.2.1.1 Identification of Human Hemoglobin Protein
247(1)
13.2.1.2 Identification of Human Glycophorin A Protein
248(3)
13.2.2 Double Immunodiffusion Assays
251(1)
13.2.2.1 Ring Assay
251(1)
13.2.2.2 Ouchterlony Assay
251(1)
13.2.3 Crossed-Over Electrophoresis
251(4)
Bibliography
255(2)
Chapter 14 Identification Of Semen
257(20)
14.1 Biological Characteristics
257(3)
14.1.1 Spermatozoa
257(2)
14.1.2 Acid Phosphatase
259(1)
14.1.3 Prostate-Specific Antigen
259(1)
14.1.4 Seminal Vesicle--Specific Antigen
259(1)
14.2 Analytical Techniques for Identifying Semen
260(11)
14.2.1 Presumptive Assays
260(1)
14.2.1.1 Lighting Techniques for Visual Examination of Semen Stains
260(1)
14.2.1.2 Acid Phosphatase Techniques
261(3)
14.2.2 Confirmatory Assays
264(1)
14.2.2.1 Microscopic Examination of Spermatozoa
264(1)
14.2.2.2 Identification of Prostate-Specific Antigen
265(4)
14.2.2.3 Identification of Seminal Vesicle-Specific Antigen
269(1)
14.2.2.4 RNA-Based Assays
270(1)
Bibliography
271(6)
Chapter 15 Identification Of Saliva
277(12)
15.1 Biological Characteristics of Saliva
277(2)
15.1.1 Amylases
277(2)
15.2 Analytical Techniques for Identification of Saliva
279(7)
15.2.1 Presumptive Assays
279(1)
15.2.1.1 Visual Examination
279(1)
15.2.1.2 Determination of Amylase Activity
279(2)
15.2.2 Confirmatory Assays
281(1)
15.2.2.1 Identification of Human Salivary a-Amylase
281(4)
15.2.2.2 RNA-Based Assays
285(1)
Bibliography
286(3)
Chapter 16 Identification Of Vaginal Secretions And Menstrual Blood
289(18)
16.1 Identification of Vaginal Stratified Squamous Epithelial Cells
289(4)
16.1.1 Lugol's Iodine Staining and Periodic Acid--Schiff Method
290(3)
16.1.2 Dane's Staining Method
293(1)
16.2 Identification of Vaginal Acid Phosphatase
293(1)
16.3 Identification of Vaginal Bacteria
294(1)
16.4 Outlook for Confirmatory Assays of Vaginal Secretions
295(1)
16.5 Menstruation
295(4)
16.5.1 Uterine Cycle
296(2)
16.5.2 Uterine Endometrial Hemostasis
298(1)
16.6 D-dimer Assay
299(2)
16.7 Lactate Dehydrogenase Assay
301(1)
16.8 RNA-Based Assays
302(1)
Bibliography
303(4)
Chapter 17 Identification Of Urine, Sweat, Fecal Matter, And Vomitus
307(24)
17.1 Identification of Urine
307(9)
17.1.1 Urine Formation
307(1)
17.1.2 Presumptive Assays
308(1)
17.1.2.1 The Identification of Urea
308(6)
17.1.2.2 Identification of Creatinine
314(1)
17.1.3 Confirmative Assays
315(1)
17.1.3.1 Identification of Tamm--Horsfall Protein
315(1)
17.1.3.2 Identification of 17-Ketosteroids
315(1)
17.2 Identification of Sweat
316(2)
17.2.1 Biology of Perspiration
316(1)
17.2.2 Sweat Identification Assays
317(1)
17.3 Identification of Fecal Matter
318(6)
17.3.1 Fecal Formation
319(1)
17.3.2 Fecal Matter Identification Assays
319(1)
17.3.2.1 Macroscopic and Microscopic Examination
320(2)
17.3.2.2 Urobilinoids Tests
322(2)
17.3.2.3 Fecal Bacterial Identification
324(1)
17.4 Identification of Vomitus
324(2)
17.4.1 Biology of Gastric Fluid
324(1)
17.4.2 Vomitus Identification Assays
325(1)
Bibliography
326(5)
SECTION IV Individualization of Biological Evidence
Chapter 18 Blood Group Typing And Protein Profiling
331(22)
18.1 Blood Group Typing
331(7)
18.1.1 Blood Groups
331(1)
18.1.2 ABO Blood Group System
331(2)
18.1.2.1 Biosynthesis of Antigens
333(1)
18.1.2.2 Molecular Basis of the ABO System
333(2)
18.1.2.3 Secretors
335(1)
18.1.2.4 Inheritance of A and B Antigens
336(1)
18.1.3 Forensic Applications of Blood Group Typing
336(1)
18.1.4 Blood Group Typing Techniques
336(1)
18.1.4.1 Lattes Crust Assay
336(2)
18.1.4.2 Absorption-Elution Assay
338(1)
18.2 Forensic Protein Profiling
338(7)
18.2.1 Methods
339(1)
18.2.1.1 Matrices Supporting Protein Electrophoresis
340(1)
18.2.1.2 Separation by Molecular Weight
340(1)
18.2.1.3 Separation by Isoelectric Point
341(1)
18.2.2 Erythrocyte Protein Polymorphisms
342(1)
18.2.2.1 Erythrocyte Isoenzymes
342(1)
18.2.2.2 Hemoglobin
342(2)
18.2.3 Serum Protein Polymorphisms
344(1)
Bibliography
345(8)
Chapter 19 Variable Number Tandem Repeat Profiling
353(16)
19.1 Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism
353(10)
19.1.1 Restriction Endonuclease Digestion
354(2)
19.1.2 Southern Transfer
356(1)
19.1.3 Hybridization with Probes
357(1)
19.1.3.1 Multilocus Probe Technique
357(1)
19.1.3.2 Single-Locus Probe Technique
358(1)
19.1.4 Detection
359(1)
19.1.5 Factors Affecting RFLP Results
360(1)
19.1.5.1 DNA Degradation
360(1)
19.1.5.2 Restriction Digestion-Related Artifacts
361(1)
19.1.5.3 Electrophoresis and Blotting Artifacts
362(1)
19.2 Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism
363(1)
Bibliography
364(5)
Chapter 20 Autosomal Short Tandem Repeat Profiling
369(38)
20.1 Characteristics of STR Loci
369(2)
20.1.1 Core Repeat and Flanking Regions
369(1)
20.1.2 Repeat Unit Length
370(1)
20.1.3 Repeat Unit Sequences
370(1)
20.2 STR Loci Commonly Used for Forensic DNA Profiling
371(4)
20.3 Forensic STR Analysis
375(1)
20.3.1 Determining the Genotypes of STR Fragments
376(1)
20.3.2 Interpretation of STR Profiling Results
376(1)
20.3.2.1 Inclusion (Match)
376(1)
20.3.2.2 Exclusion
376(1)
20.3.2.3 Inconclusive Result
376(1)
20.4 Factors Affecting Genotyping Results
376(8)
20.4.1 Mutations
377(1)
20.4.1.1 Mutations at STR Core Repeat Regions
377(3)
20.4.1.2 Chromosomal and Gene Duplications
380(1)
20.4.1.3 Point Mutations
381(1)
20.4.2 Amplification Artifacts
382(1)
20.4.2.1 Stuttering
382(1)
20.4.2.2 Nontemplate Adenylation
383(1)
20.4.2.3 Heterozygote Imbalance
383(1)
20.4.2.4 Allelic Dropout
383(1)
20.4.3 Electrophoretic Artifacts
384(1)
20.4.3.1 Pull-Up Peaks
384(1)
20.4.3.2 Spikes
384(1)
20.5 Genotyping of Challenging Forensic Samples
384(5)
20.5.1 Degraded DNA
384(2)
20.5.2 Low Copy Number DNA Testing
386(1)
20.5.3 Mixtures
386(3)
Bibliography
389(18)
Chapter 21 Sex Chromosome Haplotyping And Gender Identification
407(30)
21.1 Y Chromosome Haplotyping
407(5)
21.1.1 Human Y Chromosome Genome
407(1)
21.1.1.1 Pseudoautosomal Region
407(1)
21.1.1.2 Male-Specific Y Region
407(1)
21.1.1.3 Polymorphic Sequences
408(1)
21.1.2 Y-STR
409(1)
21.1.2.1 Core Y-STR Loci
410(1)
21.1.2.2 Multilocal Y-STR Loci
411(1)
21.1.2.3 Rapidly Mutating Y-STR
411(1)
21.2 X Chromosome Haplotyping
412(4)
21.3 Sex Typing for Gender Identification
416(3)
21.3.1 Amelogenin Locus
416(2)
21.3.2 Other Loci
418(1)
Bibliography
419(18)
Chapter 22 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Profiling
437(24)
22.1 Basic Characteristics of SNPs
437(1)
22.2 Forensic Applications of SNP Profiling
438(6)
22.2.1 HLA-DQA1 Locus
438(1)
22.2.1.1 DQα AmpliType and Polymarker Assays
438(2)
22.2.1.2 Allele-Specific Oligonucleotide Hybridization
440(3)
22.2.2 Current and Potential Applications of SNP Analysis
443(1)
22.2.2.1 Application of SNP Analysis for Forensic Identification
443(1)
22.2.2.2 Potential Applications of SNPs for Phenotyping
444(1)
22.3 SNP Techniques
444(7)
22.3.1 Next-Generation Sequencing Technologies
444(2)
22.3.2 DNA Samples, Sequencing Library, and Template Preparation
446(1)
22.3.3 NGS Chemistry
447(1)
22.3.4 NGS Coverage
447(4)
Bibliography
451(10)
Chapter 23 Mitochondrial Dna Profiling
461(24)
23.1 Human Mitochondrial Genome
461(2)
23.1.1 Genetic Contents of Mitochondrial Organelle Genomes
461(2)
23.1.2 Maternal Inheritance of mtDNA
463(1)
23.2 mtDNA Polymorphic Regions
463(2)
23.2.1 Hypervariable Regions
463(1)
23.2.2 Heteroplasmy
463(2)
23.3 Forensic mtDNA Testing
465(9)
23.3.1 General Considerations
465(1)
23.3.2 mtDNA Screen Assay
466(1)
23.3.3 mtDNA Sequencing
467(1)
23.3.3.1 PCR Amplification
467(1)
23.3.3.2 DNA Sequencing Reactions
468(3)
23.3.3.3 Electrophoresis, Sequence Analysis, and Mitotype Designations
471(1)
23.3.4 Interpretation of mtDNA Profiling Results
472(2)
23.3.4.1 Exclusion
474(1)
23.3.4.2 Cannot Exclude
474(1)
23.3.4.3 Inconclusive Result
474(1)
Bibliography
474(11)
SECTION V Forensic Issues
Chapter 24 Forensic Dna Databases: Tools For Crime Investigations
485(18)
24.1 Brief History of Forensic DNA Databases
485(1)
24.2 Infrastructure of CODIS
485(2)
24.3 Indexes of CODIS
487(2)
24.4 Database Entries
489(1)
24.5 Database Expansion
490(1)
24.6 DNA Profiles
491(1)
24.7 Routine Database Searches for Forensic Investigations
492(3)
24.7.1 Case-to-Offender Searches
492(1)
24.7.2 Case-to-Case Searches
493(1)
24.7.3 Search Stringency and Partial Matches
493(2)
24.8 Familial Searches
495(3)
24.8.1 Legal and Ethical Issues of Familial Search
495(1)
24.8.2 Familial Search Strategies
496(1)
24.8.2.1 Identity-by-State and Kinship Index Method
496(1)
24.8.2.2 Focusing on Rare Alleles
496(2)
24.8.2.3 Excluding Candidates through Y-STR Screening
498(1)
Bibliography
498(5)
Chapter 25 Evaluation Of The Strength Of Forensic Dna Profiling Results
503(20)
25.1 A Review of Basic Principles of Genetics
503(9)
25.1.1 Mendelian Genetics
503(1)
25.1.2 Population Genetics
504(1)
25.1.2.1 Allele Frequency
504(1)
25.1.2.2 Genotype Frequency
504(1)
25.1.2.3 Heterozygosity
504(1)
25.1.2.4 Hardy-Weinberg Principle
505(1)
25.1.2.5 Testing for HW Proportions of Population Databases
505(6)
25.1.2.6 Probability of Match
511(1)
25.2 Statistical Analysis of DNA Profiling Results
512(6)
25.2.1 Genotypes
513(1)
25.2.1.1 Profile Probability
513(3)
25.2.1.2 Likelihood Ratio
516(1)
25.2.2 Haplotypes
516(2)
25.2.2.1 Mitotypes Observed in Database
518(1)
25.2.2.2 Mitotype Not Observed in Database
518(1)
Bibliography
518(5)
Chapter 26 Quality Assurance And Quality Control
523(10)
26.1 US Quality Standards
523(1)
26.2 International Quality Standards
524(1)
26.3 Laboratory Accreditation
525(1)
26.4 Laboratory Validation
525(1)
26.5 Proficiency Testing
526(1)
26.6 Certification
526(1)
26.7 Forensic DNA Analyst Qualifications
527(1)
26.8 Code of Ethics of Forensic Scientists
528(1)
Bibliography
529(4)
Index 533