This book is the definitive text for forensic scientists, police and lawyers who may be involved with the use of textile fibres to provide evidence in criminal cases. While covering the subject in detail from recovery of the evidence, through the different stages of laboratory examination, to evaulating the meaning of findings, it is written in such a way that it should be interesting and understandable to the beginner and to the layman, as well as to the expert.
Preface xi Notes on Contributors xiii Classification of Textile Fibres: Production, Structure, and Properties 1(32) Shantha K. David Michael T. Pailthorpe Introduction 1(1) Fibre-forming Polymers 2(1) Natural Fibres 3(12) Man-made Fibres 15(16) Acknowledgements 31(1) Additional Reading 31(2) The Structure of Textiles: an Introduction to the Basics 33(22) Franz-Peter Adolf Introduction 33(1) Manufacture of Textiles 34(1) Categories of Textiles 35(1) The Textile Market 36(2) Textile Threads 38(4) Textile Fabrics 42(8) Clothing 50(1) Carpeting 51(1) Conclusions 52(1) Acknowledgements 52(1) Additional Reading and Resources 52(3) Ropes and Cordage 55(10) Kenneth G. Wiggins Introduction 55(1) Terminology 55(2) Structure of Rope 57(1) Sample Handling and Identification 57(5) Conclusion 62(1) References 63(2) Examination of Damage to Textiles 65(24) Jane M. Taupin Franz-Peter Adolf James Robertson Introduction 65(1) Value 66(4) Types of Damage 70(7) Types of Material 77(3) Examination Protocol 80(3) Interpretation and Limitations 83(1) Conclusions 83(1) Acknowledgements 84(1) Glossary 84(1) References 85(4) Appendix 86(3) From the Crime Scene to the Laboratory 89(46) Transfer, Persistence and Recovery of Fibres 89(12) James Robertson Claude Roux Transfer 89(3) Persistence 92(2) Conclusions: Transfer and Persistence 94(1) Recovery of Fibres 95(2) Contamination 97(1) References 98(3) Collection of Fibre Evidence from Crime Scenes 101(15) Faye Springer Introduction 101(1) Crime Scene Processing 101(1) Evidence Collection Techniques 102(3) Known Samples 105(1) Contamination Issues 105(2) Assessment of the Crime Scene 107(1) Body Processing 108(1) Utility of Fibre Evidence 109(1) Serial Murder Cases 110(3) Conclusion 113(2) References 115(1) Protocols for Fibre Examination and Initial Preparation 116(19) James Robertson Introduction 116(1) Trace Fibre Evidence 116(8) Natural Fibres 124(9) References 133(2) Fibre Finder Systems 135(18) Thomas W. Biermann Introduction 135(1) Traditional Search for Fibre Traces 135(1) Automated Search for Fibre Traces 136(5) Applications 141(1) Fibre Finder Systems Currently Available 141(8) Fibre Finder Systems -- the Future 149(2) Contact Addresses 151(1) References 151(2) Microscopical Examination of Fibres 153(26) Samuel J. Palenik Introduction 153(1) The Tasks of Forensic Fibre Microscopy 153(2) Instruments for Forensic Fibre Microscopy 155(1) Bright-field Microscopy and Morphological Features 156(7) Polarized Light Microscopy and the Optical Properties of Man-made Fibres 163(8) Thermal Microscopy 171(1) Observing Colour on Fibres through the Microscope 172(3) Conclusion 175(1) Acknowledgements 176(1) References 176(3) Infrared Microspectroscopy of Fibres 179(44) Kenneth Paul Kirkbride Mary Widmark Tungol Introduction 179(1) Infrared Microspectroscopy 179(4) Spectral Accuracy 183(16) Recommended Techniques 199(10) Spectrum Interpretation 209(6) Raman Microspectroscopy 215(2) Strengths and Limitations 217(4) References 221(2) Instrumental Methods Used in Fibre Examination 223(28) Fibre Identification by Pyrolysis Techniques 223(16) John M. Challinor Outline 223(1) Introduction 223(1) Pyrolyzer Types 224(1) Gas Chromatography Considerations 224(1) Pyrolysis--Mass Spectrometry (Py-MS) 225(1) Laser Pyrolysis 226(1) Applications 226(9) Pyrolysis Mechanisms 235(1) Advantages and Disadvantages 236(1) Future Developments 236(1) References 237(2) Scanning Electron Microscopy and Elemental Analysis 239(12) Claude Roux Introduction 239(1) Scanning Electro Microscopy as an Imaging Tool 239(4) Elemental Analysis of Fibres 243(5) Conclusions 248(1) Acknowledgements 248(1) References 248(3) Microspectrophotometry/Colour Measurement 251(40) Franz-Peter Adolf James Dunlop Introduction 251(1) History 252(2) Physical and Chemical Fundamentals 254(5) Colour and Psychophysiological Fundamentals 259(3) Numerical Colour Coding -- Colorimetry 262(6) Instrumentation 268(4) Spectral Measurement 272(6) Evaluation of the Technique 278(8) Conclusions 286(1) Acknowledgement 287(1) References 287(4) Thin Layer Chromatographic Analysis for Fibre Dyes 291(20) Kenneth G. Wiggins Introduction 291(1) Basic Theory of Colour and Colourants 291(1) Classification of Fibre Dyes 292(3) Fibre/Dye Combinations 295(1) Dye Classification and Extraction 296(5) Dye Analysis by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) 301(7) Conclusions 308(1) Acknowledgement 308(1) References 309(2) Other Methods of Colour Analysis 311(32) High-Performance Liquid Chromatography 311(17) Ruth Griffin James Speers Introduction 311(1) Column Choice 312(1) Column Dimensions 313(1) Detection Systems 313(2) HPLC Analysis of Fibre Dyes 315(8) Sensitivity of HPLC Analysis 323(1) Conclusions 323(2) References 325(3) Capillary Electrophoresis 328(9) James Robertson Background 328(1) Introduction 328(2) Capillary Zone Electrophoresis (CZE) 330(1) Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography (MEKC) 331(1) Comparison of CE with Other Separation Techniques 332(1) Applications for Dye Analysis 333(2) Acknowledgement 335(1) References 336(1) Surface Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering Spectroscopy 337(6) Peter White Introduction 337(1) Raman Spectroscopy 338(1) In Situ Analysis of Fibre Dyes 339(1) Conclusions 340(1) Acknowledgements 341(1) References 342(1) Interpretation of Fibres Evidence 343(56) Influential Factors, Quality Assurance, Report Writing and Case Examples 343(21) Michael Grieve Introduction 343(2) The Influence of Case Circumstances 345(1) Fibre Frequency 346(2) Target Fibres and Case Strategy 348(1) The Influence of Discrimination within a Generic Type 349(4) The Number of Matching Fibres Recovered 353(1) Quality Assurance 354(2) Report Writing 356(1) Examples of Casework Findings 357(4) Conclusions 361(1) References 361(3) Aids to Interpretation 364(15) Martin Webb-Salter Kenneth G. Wiggins Introduction 364(1) Fibre Reference Collections 364(1) Data Collections on Fibre Frequency 365(2) Target Fibre Studies 367(1) Population Studies 367(3) Industrial Enquiries 370(1) Methods of Tracing Manufacturers 371(1) Examples of Industrial Enquiries 372(3) Conclusions 375(1) Acknowledgement 376(1) References 376(3) The Bayesian Approach 379(20) Christophe Champod Franco Taroni Introduction 379(1) Interpretation of Evidence 380(1) Likelihood Ratios for the Evaluation of Transferred Trace Evidence 381(2) Estimation of Likelihood Ratios in Various Scenarios 383(12) Conclusions 395(1) Acknowledgements 396(1) References 396(3) New Fibre Types 399(22) Michael Grieve Introduction 399(1) Fibres from Natural Polymers 400(3) Fibres from Synthetic Polymers 403(5) Bicomponent Fibres and Microfibres 408(7) Industrial Fibres 415(1) References 416(5) The Future for Fibre Examinations 421(10) Michael Grieve James Robertson Introduction 421(1) Improving Analytical Capability 422(2) Interpretation 424(1) Case Management 425(1) International Cooperation 426(1) Conclusion 426(1) Acknowledgements 427(1) References 427(4) Glossary of Terms Associated with Fibre Examinations 431(2) Index 433
Robertson; James R. Forensic Science Centre, Australia,Grieve; Michael General Secretary of the European Fibres Group,
