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Forest Bioresource Utilisation in the Eastern Mediterranean Since Antiquity: A case study of the Makheras, Cyprus [Minkštas viršelis]

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Forest Bioresource Utilisation in the Eastern Mediterranean Since Antiquity: A case study of the Makheras, CyprusDidesnis paveikslėlis
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Many regional forest reserves are in decline in the Mediterranean as these dynamic ecosystems become increasingly threatened and affected by climate change and human activities. This study examines the forest resources of Cyprus through a case study based in the Makheras region of the eastern Troodos mountains.

Many regional forest reserves are in decline in the Mediterranean as these dynamic ecosystems become increasingly threatened and affected by climate change and human activities. This study examines the forest resources of Cyprus through a case study based in the Makheras region of the eastern Troodos mountains. Burnet presents the results of field survey carried out in this vast 4,054 hectare area, looking in particular at the relationship between archaeological sites and their contemporary environment. In more general terms, she reconstructs the ecological and economic landscape of the eastern Troodos and studies its long-term development asking questions such as what resources were available in prehistoric and historic times, how did man exploit these, what impact did this have and how can the resources be sustained in the future.
Table of Contents
i
Table of Figures
v
Chapter One Introduction
1(7)
The dynamic structure of vegetation
2(1)
Factors Contributing to Forest Succession
3(1)
Ecological History as Human Experience
4(1)
People as an evolutionary component
4(1)
Time-related values and human perceptions
5(3)
Chapter Two Philosophical Underpinning of Environmental Theories
8(9)
The omnipotence of complexity
11(2)
Problems within the Ecological Debate
13(1)
Universals and Particulars
14(1)
Psychological and cultural associations
14(1)
Conservation mythologies
15(2)
Chapter Three Field Methodology
17(11)
Environmental Setting
18(4)
Ecological Methods and Applications
22(1)
Forest Compartment Description Criteria
22(1)
Topographical and Geomorphological Recording
23(1)
Forest Stand Assessment
24(2)
Forest Injuries
26(1)
Forest Ecology
26(2)
Chapter Four Existing Forest Products
28(15)
Timber Resources
28(1)
Dominant Tree Species Distribution
28(3)
Hardwoods
31(3)
Mixed Conifers
34(1)
Mixed Hardwoods
34(1)
Mixed Conifers and Hardwoods
34(1)
Fuel
35(1)
Dyes
35(1)
Medicinal Plants
35(1)
Edible Shoots, Fruit, Tubers and Browse Plants
35(1)
Resin and Pitch
36(1)
Faunal Reserves
36(1)
Bird observations
36(2)
Small mammal observations
38(1)
Fox observations
39(2)
Fish
41(1)
Bees
41(1)
Geological Extractions from the Forest Reserves
41(1)
Passive Forest Reserves
41(1)
Special Provision for Ecological Enhancement
42(1)
Chapter Five Cypriot Wood Anatomy - Timber structure and Potential Use
43(13)
Pinus brutia
43(1)
Cedrus libani
43(1)
Cupressus sempervirens
44(1)
Pinus nigra
44(1)
Juniperus phoenicea, J. oxycedrus and J. excelsa
44(1)
Platanus orientalis
45(1)
Arbutus andrachne
45(1)
Olea europea
46(1)
Acer obtrusifolia
46(1)
Crataegus azarolus
47(1)
Characteristics of the genus Quercus
47(1)
Quercus lusitanica
48(1)
Characteristics of the genus Pistacia
48(1)
Timber Structure
49(1)
Timber utilisation
50(6)
Chapter Six Patterns of Ecological Complexity in the Makheras
56(14)
The Nature of Ecological Complexity
56(1)
Assessment and understanding of species variety
57(7)
Understanding variability
64(1)
Establishing a Biodiversity Index (bD)
65(1)
Canopy cover
65(1)
Faunal density
66(1)
Floral diversity
66(1)
Lichens and mosses
66(1)
Saplings
66(1)
Uneven aged stands
66(1)
Total scoring
67(3)
Chapter Seven The Cultural Transformation of Landscapes
70(15)
Environmental Archaeology
71(1)
Factors relating to historical interpretation
71(1)
Texts and Inscriptions
72(1)
Environmental context of early settlement on Cyprus
73(5)
Archaeobotanical Analysis from Excavations
78(7)
Chapter Eight Exploitation of Bioresources
85(10)
Chalcolithic extension of grazing and agricultural impacts on vegetation
85(1)
Bronze Age developments and forest utilisation
86(1)
Timber utilisation
86(1)
Forest products as trade commodities
86(1)
Construction timber
87(1)
Domestic wood use
87(1)
Funerary applications of timber
87(1)
Medicinal products from the forest sub-strata
88(1)
Impacts during the Classical Period
88(1)
Hellenistic demands on the forest resource
89(1)
Roman occupation and forest exploitation
90(1)
Byzantine occupation of the forest
91(1)
Cyprus as a Venetian colony
92(1)
Cyprus under Ottoman suzerainty
92(1)
Colonial reafforestation under British rule
92(3)
Chapter Nine Anthropogenic Impact on the Forest Resource
95(21)
Held's Predictions for Archaeological Locations
95(4)
Analysis of Site Type and Bioresources
99(1)
Tracks and Paths
100(1)
Hellenistic and Roman watchtowers
101(2)
Tombs
103(1)
Churches
104(1)
Forest Huts
104(1)
Kilns and Industrial sites
104(2)
Mandras or farmstead sites
106(4)
Mine sites
110(1)
Monastic sites
111(1)
Settlement
111(1)
Round stone arrangements
112(1)
Terracing
113(1)
Bridges
113(1)
Church sites outside the forest
113(3)
Chapter Ten Transformation of Ecosystem Components over Time
116(6)
Anthropogenic threats to the forest environment
117(1)
Biogeocenoses of the Forest
117(1)
Evolution and change through interaction
118(1)
The Fagus dominated canopy
118(1)
Quercus dominated forests
118(1)
Pine invasion
119(1)
Evergreen oak regeneration
119(1)
Magnitude of the transformation
119(1)
Natural Factors Determining Canopy Shifts
119(1)
Resource Utilisation Resulting in Disturbance
120(2)
Chapter Eleven Sustainable Development of the Forest Bioresource
122(5)
Potential for Sustainable Productivity
123(1)
Production Forest
123(1)
Research & educational value
124(1)
Recreation
124(1)
Pharmaceutical value
125(1)
Beekeeping
125(1)
Water catchment
125(1)
Responsibilities
125(1)
Summary
125(2)
Glossary 127(3)
Bibliography 130