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El. knyga: Forests in Revolutionary France: Conservation, Community, and Conflict, 1669-1848

(University of Hawaii, Manoa)
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This book investigates the economic, strategic, and political importance of forests in early modern and modern Europe and shows how struggles over this vital natural resource both shaped and reflected the ideologies and outcomes of France's long revolutionary period. Until the mid-nineteenth century, wood was the principal fuel for cooking and heating and the primary material for manufacturing worldwide and comprised every imaginable element of industrial, domestic, military, and maritime activity. Forests also provided essential pasturage. These multifaceted values made forests the subject of ongoing battles for control between the crown, landowning elites, and peasantry, for whom liberty meant preserving their rights to woodland commons. Focusing on Franche-Comté, France's easternmost province, the book explores the fiercely contested development of state-centered conservation and management from 1669 to 1848. In emphasizing the environmental underpinnings of France's seismic sociopolitical upheavals, it appeals to readers interested in revolution, rural life, and common-pool-resource governance.

Recenzijos

'Kieko Matteson's beautifully written and painstakingly researched history of French forests will become the gold standard on the subject. Matteson shows that, while the end of the early modern period did not invent deforestation, this transitional time created some of the key conditions for the rapid privatization and clearance of forests that were once communally owned and managed. Her book has important things to tell us about the links between politics, society, and economy, and the history of (un)sustainable resource management at the dawn of the modern age.' Jeremy L. Caradonna, University of Alberta and University of Victoria 'Forests in Revolutionary France represents an impressive achievement. Kieko Matteson examines both the process of policy making by the French state and the response of local populations during a period of far-reaching socio-political change. It surveys a broad chronological time span and is at the same time grounded in a very specific geographical context, the Franche-Comté. Based on a wealth of archival material and primary documentation, it is well written and compellingly argued. It will be of great interest to historians of early modern and modern France and to environmental historians more generally.' Caroline Ford, University of California, Los Angeles 'Contests over woodland management in eighteenth-century France provide a vibrant setting for this brilliant and wide-ranging study. Forests in Revolutionary France vividly describes the wresting of forests from agrarian life and the making of communal resources into materials from which state power and elite fortunes are constructed. The locality is not idealized, its losses are carefully estimated, and the resulting history of forestry in France is deftly placed in relation to trends elsewhere in the modern world. This work will make an enduring impact in agrarian studies and environmental history.' K. Sivaramakrishnan, Yale University 'Kieko Matteson has written a lucid, very clearly presented and argued book on the history of social conflict over woodlands in early modern and revolutionary France Matteson provides a nuanced and sophisticated account, constantly reflecting on differentiation between and within peasant communities, careful not to idealize them, and avoiding caricatures of the intentions and methods of foresters and legislators it is hard to think of any work (certainly in English) on early modern European forest politics that tells its story so effectively and wide-rangingly; this is an enriching addition to a growing literature, and deserves to be widely read.' Paul Warde, European History Quarterly 'Matteson's clearly written account is sure to stimulate debate in a number of different ways among several groups that do not engage enough in dialogue. It belongs in every academic library.' Jeff Horn, The American Historical Review ' Matteson's book not only offers an important contribution to the growing body of literature on the cultural significance of forests and other national landscapes; it also problematizes environmental debates on forest protection.' Tanya Bakhmetyeva, Environmental History

Daugiau informacijos

This book investigates the economic, strategic, and political importance of forests in early modern and modern Europe.
List of Illustrations
ix
List of Maps
x
Abbreviations xi
Preface and Acknowledgments xiii
Introduction 1(14)
1 The Lay of the Land
15(35)
A Boundless Forest
16(4)
Early Modern Management, Organization, and Exploitation
20(9)
Forest Rights under Siege
29(3)
1678 and Its Aftermath: Conquest, Reform, and the 1669 Ordinance
32(6)
Forest Transformation in Franche-Comte
38(12)
2 "Agromania" and Silvicultural Science: Conservation's Intellectual Underpinnings
50(19)
Seventeenth-Century Origins
51(4)
Administrators, Local Interests, and Natural Philosophers
55(5)
The Impact of "Agromanie" and Physiocracy on the Forests
60(4)
Forest Improvers and Silvicultural Science
64(2)
Woodland Romantics and the Natural Ideal
66(3)
3 "A necessity as vital as bread": Forest Crisis on the Eve of the Revolution
69(37)
The Landscape of Discontent
73(6)
Seigneurial Usurpations
79(4)
Industrial Harm
83(3)
Resource Competition and Internal Friction
86(2)
The Failings of the Forest Administration
88(11)
A Salty Struggle
99(7)
4 "Seduced by the word liberty": Woodland Crisis and the Failure of Revolutionary Reform
106(48)
"Lend a hand to the officers charged with enforcing the laws"
109(6)
"At the disposal of the nation"
115(4)
"Such desirable benefits"
119(6)
"What makes the poor into slaves"
125(12)
Federalist Revolt and the Rebellion des Montagnes
137(8)
"Never was there a more favorable moment"
145(4)
"Violations everywhere"
149(2)
"The need for a new forestry organization is felt each passing day"
151(3)
5 "Nothing is more respected ... than the right of property": The Creation of the 1827 Forest Code
154(53)
"Today the Evil is at its Peak"
157(3)
"Let us ... keep in mind that we need to save our woods"
160(3)
"Extraordinary and frequent flooding"
163(2)
"Between penury and prevarication"
165(6)
Reining in "egoism and selfish motives"
171(5)
"The clearest enemy of the tree is the goat"
176(2)
Taming the Wild Countryside
178(6)
"Increased the obstacles rather than remedied the defects"
184(3)
"We have become poor": The Push for the Forest Code
187(3)
The Battle over Affouage
190(3)
Reconciling "the needs of all with the rights of each"?
193(4)
"The interest we must principally protect is ... that of the landowner"
197(6)
"Timber [ is] the principal aim of conservation"
203(4)
6 "Not even a branch of wood has been granted to us"
207(38)
Claims, Contestation, and Cantonnement: The Forest Code's Reception across France
209(6)
"Far from reestablishing public tranquility, [ it] has only made the problem worse"
215(3)
Tumult, Murder, and Mayhem: The Forest Code in the Jura
218(10)
"The masters of their woods"
228(5)
Seeking an End to "iniquitous custom"
233(10)
Uprooting the "guilty hopes" of Liberty
243(2)
Epilogue: "Homo is but Arbor Inversa"
245(20)
From Liberty Tree to President Pine
247(7)
Conservation's Achilles' Heel
254(11)
Bibliography 265(29)
Index 294
Kieko Matteson is Assistant Professor of History at the University of Hawaii, Mnoa. Her dissertation received the American Society for Environmental History's Rachel Carson Prize and Yale University's Henry A. Turner Prize for outstanding work in European history.