| Contributing Authors |
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xiii | |
| Foreword |
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xvi | |
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| Introduction |
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xviii | |
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Historical Perceptions and Uses of Forests |
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1 | (29) |
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Ragnhildur Sigurdardottir |
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The History of Reverence for the Forest |
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2 | (2) |
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The History of Fear and the Forest |
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4 | (1) |
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History of Forest Exploitation |
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5 | (7) |
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Forests and the formation of early civilizations |
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5 | (1) |
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The Sumerians (4000--2000 BCE) |
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6 | (2) |
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Easter Island (approx. 900 CE) |
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8 | (2) |
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European colonization and industrialization period (1200--1700 CE) |
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10 | (1) |
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The Portuguese (1200--1700 CE) |
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10 | (1) |
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The English (1450--1547 CE) |
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11 | (1) |
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Wooden Ships, Colonization and Controlling Access to Wood |
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12 | (1) |
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The Period of Forest Loss and Exploitation in North America (1770--1960 CE) |
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12 | (2) |
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Conservation and Regulations of Forest Uses |
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14 | (10) |
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Ancient civilizations (2500 BCE--700 CE) |
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14 | (1) |
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The Middle Ages and monks in Europe begin active forest management (500--1500 CE) |
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15 | (1) |
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The Portuguese audit forest uses: the roots of forest certification (1200--1300 CE) |
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16 | (1) |
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France becomes a dominant sea and economic power in Europe: building a navy while vigilant over forests (1665--1683 CE) |
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17 | (1) |
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French introduce scientific knowledge into forest reserves to reduce soil erosion (early to late 1700s CE) |
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18 | (1) |
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Forestry becomes a systematic science and a profession: links among German forestry, sustainable teak management in India, university training of professional foresters and the United States conservation movement (1850--mid 1900s CE) |
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18 | (2) |
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The maturation of models to conserve forests (1850--1900 CE) |
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20 | (2) |
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The role of the United States government in forestry (1900 CE to present) |
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22 | (2) |
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Search for Forest Resources and Scarcity after Over-exploitation at Regional Scales |
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24 | (1) |
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Global Scarcity Acknowledged in the Twentieth Century but also the Need for Verification of Sustainable Management of Forests |
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24 | (2) |
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A Trend towards More Intensive Management and Planting of Exotic Species in Commercially Managed Forests |
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26 | (2) |
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Case 1.1. A History of Forest Protected Areas |
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28 | (2) |
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Global Societies and Forest Legacies Creating Today's Forest Landscapes |
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30 | (30) |
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Ragnhildur Sigurdardottir |
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Human Uses of Terrestrial Global Systems |
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32 | (1) |
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Characteristics of Forest Biomes Determined their Utility for Human Survival in the Past |
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33 | (2) |
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Where are Forests in the World Today? |
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35 | (2) |
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Current Global Consumptive Uses of Forest Materials |
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37 | (3) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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What is the Current Capacity for Sustainable Production of Goods and Services from Forests, Given Past Human Uses? |
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40 | (2) |
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Forest Supply Capacity Increases by Linking Forests to Energy Production |
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42 | (2) |
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Case 2.1. Nepal, Community Forests and Rural Sustainability |
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44 | (3) |
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Case 2.2. The Impact of Indigenous People on Oak-Pine Forests of the Central Himalaya |
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47 | (3) |
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Case 2.3. Dead-wood Politics: Fuel Wood, Forests and Society in the Machu Picchu Historic Sanctuary |
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50 | (4) |
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Case 2.4. Icelanders and their Forest History: a Thousand-year-old Human and Nature History Controlling Resilience and Species Composition in Forests Today |
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54 | (6) |
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Human Dimensions of Forests: Democratization and Globalization of Forest Uses |
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60 | (51) |
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Ragnhildur Sigurdardottir |
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60 | (5) |
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The Definition of Best Management Practices Changes as Public Values Change |
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65 | (5) |
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Democratization of Forest Management and Uses: a Phenomenon in Industrialized Countries |
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70 | (6) |
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Democratization of decision-making in forests: the United States example |
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71 | (4) |
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The rise of environmentalism and conservation contributing to the democratization of forest uses |
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75 | (1) |
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Globalization of Forest Management and Uses |
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76 | (6) |
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Ecological Constraints on Society Dependent on Survival from Resource Extraction from Forests |
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82 | (12) |
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The ecological constraints of the tropics for humans |
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84 | (3) |
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International perceptions: a product of fallacies and misunderstanding of tropical forests |
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87 | (2) |
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Solutions introduced by international organizations for the tropics |
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89 | (3) |
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Forest products uses in the tropics: are they sustainable? |
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92 | (2) |
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Case 3.1. Debt-for-nature Swaps, Forest Conservation and the Bolivian Landscape |
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94 | (3) |
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Case 3.2. Cattle, Wildlife and Fences: Natural Disaster and Man-made Conflict in Northern Botswana |
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97 | (3) |
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Case 3.3. Forest Communities in China and Thailand |
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100 | (5) |
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Case 3.4. Indian Forest: Land in Trust |
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105 | (4) |
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Case 3.5. Forest Management and Indigenous Peoples in Western Canada |
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109 | (2) |
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Ecology and Conservation of Forests |
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111 | (32) |
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Introduction: the Interconnectivities of Forest Ecosystems |
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111 | (2) |
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One Tree is Not Just Like the Next Tree in an Ecosystem: Terminology, Taxonomy and Regeneration Trade-offs |
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113 | (3) |
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The terminology and taxonomy of trees |
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113 | (2) |
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The trade-offs of being a gymnosperm or an angiosperm |
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115 | (1) |
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Key Processes that Interconnect Organisms in Forest Ecosystems |
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116 | (6) |
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Plants capturing carbon from the atmosphere |
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116 | (1) |
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Minerals and water interconnect different organisms in an ecosystem |
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117 | (1) |
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117 | (1) |
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118 | (1) |
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119 | (1) |
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Intra- and interspecific interactions |
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120 | (2) |
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Environmental Change and Succession |
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122 | (3) |
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Why we should care about climate change |
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122 | (1) |
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Natural ecosystem dynamics: succession in forests |
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123 | (2) |
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Biodiversity: the Glue that Holds Ecosystems Together |
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125 | (4) |
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125 | (2) |
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Why is biodiversity relevant? |
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127 | (1) |
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Challenges in conserving biodiversity |
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127 | (2) |
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Case 4.1. Mycorrhizal Symbioses in Forest Ecosystems: the Ties that Bind |
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129 | (2) |
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Case 4.2. Small Mammals and their Relationship to Forests in the Pacific North-west United States |
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131 | (4) |
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Case 4.3. Puerto Rico and Hawaii: the Dilemma of Coqui Frog Conservation or Eradication in Wet Tropical Forests |
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135 | (2) |
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Case 4.4. Malaria and Land Modifications in the Kenyan Highlands |
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137 | (2) |
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Case 4.5. Salmon: Fish of the Forest |
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139 | (4) |
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Human and Natural Disturbances Impacting Forests |
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143 | (45) |
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143 | (1) |
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Recognition that Natural Disturbances Need to Occur |
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144 | (1) |
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145 | (1) |
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146 | (2) |
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Forest Disturbance Agents |
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148 | (12) |
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Natural disturbance agents |
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148 | (1) |
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148 | (1) |
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149 | (1) |
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Extremes of temperature and moisture |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (1) |
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151 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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152 | (1) |
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153 | (1) |
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153 | (2) |
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155 | (1) |
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156 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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157 | (1) |
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158 | (1) |
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Forest management activities |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (1) |
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Influence of Disturbance Agents on Forests |
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160 | (10) |
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Influence of fire and wind: a United States example |
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161 | (1) |
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The influence of introduced plants, pathogens and insects on forest health |
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162 | (1) |
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The influence of air pollution on forest health |
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163 | (1) |
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Effects of acid precipitation |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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166 | (4) |
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Disturbances in Forests and Human Health |
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170 | (5) |
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Specific environmental factors causing spread of contagious diseases |
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172 | (1) |
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172 | (1) |
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Moving into or through interior, remote forest areas |
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173 | (1) |
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173 | (1) |
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174 | (1) |
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Malaria, forests, environmental change and people |
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174 | (1) |
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175 | (2) |
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Case 5.2. Acid Rain, Air Pollution and Forest Decline |
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177 | (2) |
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Case 5.3. Wildfire in the Boreal Forests of Alaska |
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179 | (4) |
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Case 5.4. Habitat Fragmentation and Disease Ecology: the Case of Lyme Disease |
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183 | (5) |
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Forests and the Carbon Cycle |
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188 | (40) |
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Ragnhildur Sigurdardottir |
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188 | (2) |
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190 | (4) |
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The carbon cycle interconnects global processes |
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190 | (2) |
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Carbon pools in the global carbon cycle |
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192 | (2) |
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Forests as Interconnectors of the Carbon Cycle |
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194 | (9) |
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Trees as carbon interconnectors in ecosystems |
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195 | (1) |
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Photosynthesis and respiration: carbon dioxide and trees |
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196 | (1) |
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Net primary production: the amount of carbon produced annually by a forest |
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196 | (2) |
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How data are collected for determining NPP |
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198 | (1) |
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Forest age, tree species and carbon sequestration |
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199 | (2) |
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Why carbon accumulates in the soil |
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201 | (1) |
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Today managing the carbon storage pools in vegetation and soils is insufficient to allow forests to provide services and goods for society |
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202 | (1) |
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The Importance of Managing the Carbon Cycle and Mitigating Climate Change by Managing Plant Chemistry |
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203 | (4) |
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Tissue components: complex carbon compounds used in structure and function |
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203 | (1) |
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204 | (1) |
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205 | (1) |
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206 | (1) |
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Decomposition (and composting): converting complex carbon compounds into their molecular forms |
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206 | (1) |
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Natural Patterns of Storing and Cycling of Carbon by Forest Soils and Vegetation |
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207 | (4) |
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Natural patterns of carbon storage by forest climatic types |
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207 | (2) |
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Natural patterns of carbon storage capacity in soils |
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209 | (2) |
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The Altered Carbon Cycle due to Global Climate Change and the Connection to Forests |
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211 | (2) |
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How can Society Manage Carbon in Forests? |
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213 | (4) |
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Fossil-fuel combustion significant source of atmospheric carbon emissions and why climate-friendly forestry has a strong future |
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215 | (1) |
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New role for forest materials to produce energy and chemical commodities |
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216 | (1) |
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Global Management of Carbon |
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217 | (1) |
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UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol |
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217 | (1) |
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Case 6.1. Measuring Carbon in Forests Using High-resolution Digital Imagery |
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218 | (5) |
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Case 6.2. Carbon Sequestration in a Boreal Forest in Iceland: Effects of Native and Exotic Species |
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223 | (5) |
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Ragnhildur Sigurdardottir |
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Emerging Issues in Forests |
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228 | (56) |
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Ragnhildur Sigurdardottir |
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Continuing Challenge for Sustainability: Linking the Social and Natural Sciences and Codifying Indicators |
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228 | (8) |
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Developing a natural and social science for sustainable management of forests |
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228 | (1) |
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Understanding sustainable forestry as a natural science |
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229 | (2) |
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Indicators of sustainable forestry |
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231 | (1) |
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Biodiversity alone not a good indicator of forest sustainability |
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231 | (1) |
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The importance of dead trees |
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232 | (1) |
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The importance of disturbances in sustainable forestry |
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232 | (1) |
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Start of forest certification: difficulty of codifying acceptable indicators of sustainability that integrate the social and natural sciences |
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233 | (3) |
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A Challenge: Codification and Consensus in Measuring Sustainable Forestry |
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236 | (2) |
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Sustainable livelihoods dissociated from sustainable management |
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236 | (1) |
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What do communities in the industrialized and developing countries want from certification? |
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236 | (1) |
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Issues still confronting forest certification today |
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237 | (1) |
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A New Challenge to Sustainable Forestry: Managing Urban Forests and Reducing Deforestation at the Urban--Wild-land Interface |
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238 | (3) |
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Another New Challenge to Sustainable Forestry: Illegal Timber Harvesting |
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241 | (1) |
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A Solution for Sustainable Forestry: Manage Biomass Wastes to Produce Energy Sustainably |
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242 | (5) |
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Biomass wastes: trash in industrialized countries but income in many developing countries |
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242 | (1) |
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Wastes in developing countries |
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243 | (1) |
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Comparison of waste management in developing and developed countries |
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243 | (1) |
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Biomass wastes -- a disposal problem |
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244 | (1) |
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Is there enough biomass available to produce new products? |
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245 | (1) |
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Products possible from biomass |
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246 | (1) |
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New products from forest biomass that are climate-friendly technologies |
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246 | (1) |
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A Solution for the Future: Integrating Lessons Learned in Conservation and Sustainable Forestry |
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247 | (6) |
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Conservation literature calls for evaluations and improved accountability |
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247 | (4) |
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Acknowledge need for conservation accountability |
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251 | (1) |
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Include scale and context for sustainable conservation |
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251 | (1) |
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Linking conservation and resource uses not a global trend and sustainable forestry not being practised where needed |
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252 | (1) |
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Case 7.1. Restoration of Degraded Rainforest Sites in the Wet Tropics of North-east Australia |
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253 | (2) |
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Case 7.2. Forest Informatics: Need for a Framework for Synthesis, Data Sharing, Development of Information Infrastructure and Standards for Interoperability |
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255 | (1) |
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Case 7.3. Forest Certification, Laws and Other Societal-based Constructs: Tools to Include Social Values in Forest Sustainability |
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256 | (3) |
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Case 7.4. Tourism and Sustainability in a Forested Protected Area |
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259 | (3) |
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Case 7.5. The First Certified Community-based Forests in Indonesia: Stories from the Villages of Selopuro and Sumberejo, Wonogiri, Central Java |
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262 | (4) |
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Case 7.6. Non-timber Forest Products and Rural Economic Development in the Philippines |
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266 | (7) |
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Case 7.7. Importance of Scavenger Communities to the Paper Industry in Mexico |
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273 | (3) |
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Case 7.8. More Efficient Use of Trees to Produce Forest Products |
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276 | (4) |
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Case 7.9. Energy from Biomass |
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280 | (2) |
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Case 7.10. Integrating Conservation and Sustainable Forestry: a Pacific North-west United States Example |
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282 | (2) |
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It's a Small World After All |
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284 | (17) |
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Emerging Trends: Forest Decisions are Democratic at Local Levels but Globally Influenced |
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284 | (4) |
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Forest sustainability facing new challenges |
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285 | (3) |
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Grass-roots Movements and Common Visions at the Local Level for Sustainable Management of Human-dominated Landscapes |
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288 | (9) |
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Small places have big ideas -- Montgomery County, Ohio, United States |
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289 | (2) |
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Papua New Guinea and what we may learn from its past |
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291 | (1) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (2) |
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294 | (1) |
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294 | (2) |
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296 | (1) |
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What is the Future of Societies Enveloped by Global Markets? |
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297 | (4) |
| References |
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301 | (23) |
| Index |
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324 | |
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