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El. knyga: Formulas and Calculations for Drilling, Production, and Workover: All the Formulas You Need to Solve Drilling and Production Problems

(Technical Learning Advisor, Chevron, Houston, TX, USA), (Former technical training instructor in oilfield courses), (Chevron's Clear Leader Center, Houston, TX, USA)
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 25-Jan-2023
  • Leidėjas: Gulf Publishing Company
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323984751
  • Formatas: EPUB+DRM
  • Išleidimo metai: 25-Jan-2023
  • Leidėjas: Gulf Publishing Company
  • Kalba: eng
  • ISBN-13: 9780323984751

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Updated for today’s engineer, Formulas and Calculations for Drilling, Production, and Workover, Fifth Edition delivers the quick answers for daily petroleum challenges. Starting with a review of basic equations, calculations, and many worked examples, this reference offers a quick look up of topics such as drilling fluids, pressure control, and air and gas calculations. The formulas and calculations are provided in either English field units or in metric units. Additional topics include cementing, subsea considerations, well hydraulics, hydraulic fracturing methods, and drill string design limitations. New formulas include geothermal drilling, horizontal wells, and temperature workover. Formulas and Calculations for Drilling, Production, and Workover, Fifth Edition continues to save time and money for the oilfield worker and manager on the job with an easy layout and organization, helping you confidently conduct operations and evaluate the performance of your wells.
  • Updated to include geothermal drilling calculations for lower emission operations
  • Offers detailed calculations for the most common daily challenges
  • Compact with only the most useful information whether you’re in the office or the field
Preface ix
Prologue xi
1 Basic equations
1.1 Terminology
1(2)
1.2 Mud weight MW (lb/ft3), mud weight MW (ppg), and specific gravity (SG)
3(1)
1.3 Hydrostatic pressure (P) and (p)
4(2)
1.4 Pressure gradient V (psi/ft), G (ppg)
6(1)
1.5 Mud pump output q (bbl/stk) and Q (gpm)
7(3)
1.6 Hydraulic horsepower
10(1)
1.7 Estimated weight of drill collars in AIR
11(1)
1.8 Open hole and tubular capacity and displacement formulas
12(8)
1.9 Amount of cuttings drilled per foot of hole
20(1)
1.10 Annular velocity (AV)
21(2)
1.11 Pump output required in GPM for a desired annular velocity, ft/min
23(1)
1.12 Bottoms-up formula
24(1)
1.13 Pump pressure/pump stroke relationship (the Roughneck's formula)
24(1)
1.14 Buoyancy factor (BF)
25(1)
1.15 Formation temperature (Tf)
26(1)
1.16 Temperature conversion formulas
27(2)
Appendix: Supplementary material
28(1)
2 RIG calculations
2.1 Accumulator capacity
29(3)
2.2 Slug calculations
32(5)
2.3 Bulk density of cuttings using the mud balance
37(1)
2.4 Drill string design
38(16)
2.5 Depth of a washout in a drill pipe
54(1)
2.6 Stuck pipe calculations
55(6)
2.7 Calculations required for placing spotting pills in an open hole annulus
61(6)
2.8 Line size for a low pressure system
67(2)
Appendix: Supplementary material
68(1)
References
68(1)
Bibliography
68(1)
3 Pressure control
3.1 Normal kill sheet
69(3)
3.2 Pressure chart: Prepare a chart with pressure and strokes
72(3)
3.3 Kill sheet with a tapered string
75(2)
3.4 Kill sheet for a highly deviated well
77(3)
3.5 Maximum anticipated surface pressure
80(2)
3.6 Trip margin (TM)
82(1)
3.7 Sizing the diverter line
83(1)
3.8 Fracture gradient (FG)
83(10)
3.9 Formation pressure tests
93(8)
3.10 Kick tolerance (KT)
101(2)
3.11 Kick analysis
103(4)
3.12 Gas cut mud weight measurement calculations
107(3)
3.13 Gas migration in a shut-in well
110(1)
3.14 Hydrostatic pressure decrease at TD caused by formation fluid influx due to a kick
111(2)
3.15 Maximum pressures when circulating out a kick (Moore equations)
113(7)
3.16 Gas flow into the wellbore
120(1)
3.17 Pressure analysis
121(3)
3.18 Stripping/snubbing calculations
124(6)
3.19 Subsea considerations
130(10)
3.20 Workover operations
140(5)
3.21 Controlling gas migration
145(2)
3.22 Gas lubrication
147(1)
3.23 Annular stripping procedures
148(3)
3.24 Barite plug
151(6)
Appendix: Supplementary material
154(1)
Bibliography
154(1)
Various Well Control Schools/Courses/Manuals
155(2)
4 Drilling fluids
4.1 Mud density increase and volume change
157(10)
4.2 Mud weight reduction with base liquid dilution
167(1)
4.3 Mixing fluids of different densities
168(1)
4.4 Oil-based mud calculations
169(5)
4.5 'Solids analysis
174(4)
4.6 Solids fractions (barite treated muds)
178(1)
4.7 Dilution of mud system
179(2)
4.8 Evaluation of hydrocyclones
181(3)
4.9 Evaluation of centrifuge
184(3)
4.10 Mud volume required to drill 1000ft of hole
187(2)
4.11 Determine the downhole density of the base oil or brine in the mud at depth of interest in ppg
189(4)
Appendix: Supplementary material
192(1)
Bibliography
192(1)
5 Cementing calculations
5.1 Cement additive calculations
193(4)
5.2 Water requirements
197(1)
5.3 Field cement additive calculations
198(2)
5.4 Weighted cement calculations
200(1)
5.5 Calculate the number of sacks required for cement job
201(4)
5.6 Calculations for the number of feet to be cemented
205(2)
5.7 Setting a balanced cement plug
207(4)
5.8 Differential hydrostatic pressure between cement in the annulus and mud inside the casing
211(1)
5.9 Hydraulicing casing
212(4)
5.10 Pump strokes to bump the plug
216(3)
Appendix: Supplementary material
218(1)
Bibliography
218(1)
6 Well hydraulics
6.1 System pressure losses
219(17)
6.2 Equivalent circulating "density" ECD (ppg)
236(1)
6.3 Surge and swab pressure loss
237(9)
6.4 Equivalent spherical diameter for drilled cuttings size used in slip velocity equations
246(2)
6.5 Slip velocity of cuttings in the annulus
248(3)
6.6 Carrying capacity index
251(1)
6.7 Pressure required to break circulation
252(2)
6.8 Initial gel strength guidelines for top hole drilling in high angle wells (after Zamora)
254(1)
6.9 Bit nozzle selection---Optimized hydraulics
255(6)
6.10 Hydraulic analysis
261(2)
6.11 Minimum flowrate for PEC bits
263(1)
6.12 Critical RPM: RPM to avoid due to excessive vibration (accurate to approximately 15%)
264(3)
Appendix: Supplementary material
264(1)
Bibliography
265(2)
7 Drilling and completion calculations
7.1 Control drilling---Maximum drilling rate (MDR) when drilling large diameter holes (14% in. and larger) in ft/h
267(1)
7.2 Mud effects on rate of penetration
268(3)
7.3 Cuttings concentration % by volume
271(3)
7.4 "d" Exponent and corrected "d" exponent
274(1)
7.5 Cost per foot
275(1)
7.6 Rig loads
276(4)
7.7 Ton-mile (TM) calculations
280(5)
7.8 Hydrostatic pressure decrease when pulling pipe out of the hole
285(3)
7.9 Loss of overbalance due to falling mud level
288(1)
7.10 Lost circulation
289(4)
7.11 Core analysis technique
293(2)
7.12 Temperature correction for brines
295(1)
7.13 Tubing stretch
296(2)
7.14 Directional drilling calculations
298(6)
7.15 Hole washout
304(3)
Appendix: Supplementary material
305(1)
Bibliography
305(2)
8 Air and gas calculations
8.1 Static gas column
307(1)
8.2 Direct circulation: Flow up the annulus (from annulus bottomhole to exit)
308(3)
8.3 Direct circulation: Flow down the inside of the drill pipe (from the bottom of the inside of the drill string to the injection at the top of the drill string)
311(1)
8.4 Reverse circulation: Flow up the inside of tubing string
312(3)
8.5 Reverse circulation: Flow down the annulus
315(2)
8.6 Reverse circulation: Adjusting for reservoir pressure
317(4)
Appendix: Supplementary material
319(1)
Bibliography
319(2)
Appendix A 321(12)
Appendix B Conversion factors 333(4)
Appendix C Average annual atmospheric conditions 337(2)
Index 339
Mr. Carter has over fifty five years' experience in domestic and international engineering and management positions in the area of drilling, completion and E&P waste management with Conoco, Baroid, and several other drilling contractors. He has conducted seminars and schools on fluids, rig equipment, and drilling engineering related subjects associated with drilling optimization, cost reduction, and well control. Tom has served as Chairman of the API standardization committee (SC 13) on Drilling and Completion Fluid Materials. He was a SPE Distinguished Lecturer in 1993 and served as the Editor of the SPE reprint series book on drilling fluids. Currently, he is a member of the Chevron Clear Leader Center serving as a Technical Learning Advisor in Houston. He coordinates and has teaching participation in several subject areas such as Coiled Tubing Operations, Directional Drilling, Drilling Fluids, Drilling Practices, Fundamentals for Drilling and Completion, HPHT Drilling and Completions, and Solids Control and Waste Management. He is still active in several industry organizations and was President of the Houston chapter of the American Association of Drilling Engineers, Coordinator for the SPE North American Forum Series, Membership Chairman of the editorial committee for the Journal of Petroleum Technology and on the Board of Directors for the Ocean Energy Center Society (Ocean Star rig museum in Galveston). He has published 20 technical publications and holds five U.S. patents. He graduated with a BS in Geology from Centenary College in Shreveport, Louisiana in 1963. William C. Lyons, Ph.D., P.E. (retired), holds nine patents in industrial drilling and has been responsible for the development of several important innovations in drilling and production technology. He is the lead Editor of the Standard Handbook of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, 3rd edition, publishing with Elsevier and co-author of several other professional books in drilling and production engineering for the petroleum industry. Dr. Lyons was a Professor in Petroleum Engineering and in Mechanical Engineering at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology for 30 years. He also served two one-year tours as a Distinguished Visiting Professor in Mechanical Engineering at the U.S. Air Force Academy in Colorado Springs during his academic career. Since retiring from teaching, Dr. Lyons is currently a Technical Learning Advisor with Chevron's Clear Leader Center in Houston, TX. Norton J. Lapeyrouse was a technical training instructor in oilfield courses with international experience. He developed numerous training programs, courses, and manuals designed for supervisory and field personnel. He was a member of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME., the American Society for Teaching and Development, and the IADC. subcommittee of Well Control Trainers Roundtable.