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El. knyga: Foundations of Celestial Reckoning: Three Ancient Chinese Astronomical Systems

(Needham Research Institute, University of Cambridge, UK)
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The Foundations of Celestial Reckoning gives the reader direct access to the foundational documents of the tradition of calculation created by astronomers of the early Chinese empire between the late second century BCE and the third century CE. The paradigm they established was to shape East Asian thought and practice in the field of mathematical astronomy for centuries to come. It was in many ways radically different from better known traditions of astronomy in other parts of the ancient world.

This book includes full English translations of the first three systems of mathematical astronomy adopted for use by imperial astronomical officials, together with introductory material explaining the origin and nature of each system, and a general introduction to the work as a whole. The translations, which are accompanied by the original Chinese text, give a consistent rendering of all technical terms, and include detailed explanatory notes. The text in which the second of the three systems is found also includes a unique collection of documents compiled around 178 CE by two experts in the field, one of whom was the author of the third system translated in this book. Using material transcribed from government archives of the two preceding centuries, these scholars carefully document and review controversies and large-scale official debates on astronomical matters up to their own time. Nothing equivalent in detail and clarity has survived from any other ancient culture. The availability of the totality of this material in English opens new perspectives to all historians of pre-modern astronomy.

Recenzijos

Christopher Cullen's expert translations and commentaries provide long-needed access to three foundational texts of Chinese astronomy, and an opening to a much wider understanding of an ancient scientific tradition comparable in richness and sophistication to that of the Mesopotamians and Greeks.

- Alexander Jones, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York University, USA

"This book stands out as one of the notable landmarks in the progress of researching on Chinese systems. I highly recommend this important and well-written book for historians of science and all who are interested in Chinese mathematical astronomy."

- Tang Quan, Xianyang Normal University, Journal for the History of Astronomy, August 2017

"Cullen has provided another excellent contribution toward making Chinese astronomical texts available to a wider audience and giving the history of Chinese mathematical astronomy its well-deserved place within the general history of non-Western and premodern astronomy."

- Benno van Dalen, Isis journal, March 2018

"This volume will be a fundamental for the study of the history of ancient astronomy, not only Chinese, but also Arabic and, because of the transmission of Arabic astronomy to Byzantium in the late period Byzantine."

- Touwaide, Byzantinische Zeitschrift issue 110 (= 2017/4). Alexander Jones, Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, NYU

"This is an ideal volume for the new series Scientific Writings from the Ancient and Medieval World. The tradition of scientific astronomy in China rivals that of Mesopotamia and the Classical world in complexity and sophistication, but whereas almost all the central documents of Greek astronomy and a large part of those from Babylonia are accessible in good translations and commentaries, only a tiny fraction of the abundant Chinese astronomical literature can be consulted by scholars who do not read Chinese."











Michael Loewe, University of Cambridge

"It will form a most valuable contribution both for specialist readers in the sciences and in Chinese studies, by providing access to primary source material not easily known or readily understood. It will fill a deficiency in secondary writing that concerns both the history of science and Chinas own science and technology. The book is to be welcomed."

List of figures
ix
List of tables
x
1 General introduction
1(31)
1.1 The World Of Early Imperial China
2(4)
1.2 What Was A Li, And What Did It Do?
6(9)
1.2.1 Calculating a calendar
7(5)
1.2.2 Beyond the calendar: calibrating the seasons and graduating the heavens
12(3)
1.3 How Did A Li Work?
15(5)
1.3.1 A Note on the planets
17(3)
1.4 Dates
20(1)
1.5 How Was A Li Calculated?
21(2)
7.5.1 Elimination of completed cycles
21(1)
1.5.2 Means of calculation, and scaling to avoid fractions
22(1)
1.6 How Were The Data Of A Li Determined?
23(2)
1.7 A Note On Translating Computational Procedures
25(4)
1.8 Arrangement Of The Text
29(1)
1.9 Acknowledgements
30(2)
2 The Triple Concordance system: San tong li
32(106)
2.1 Introduction
32(7)
2.1.1 An astronomical system and its creator
32(2)
2.1.2 Structure of the system
34(3)
2.1.3 Organisation of the text
37(2)
2.1.4 Text used
39(1)
2.2 Text, Translation And Comments
39(99)
2.2.1 Concordance constants
39(10)
2.2.2 Sequence constants
49(22)
2.2.3 The Five Pacers
71(18)
2.2.4 Concordance workings
89(11)
2.2.5 Sequence workings
100(8)
2.2.6 Year workings
108(4)
2.2.7 [ The 12 stations]
112(6)
2.2.8 [ The 28 lodges]
118(2)
2.2.9 [ The Nine Roads]
120(1)
2.2.10 [ Concordances and Rule Heads]
121(12)
2.2.11 Appendix 1: intercalations in theory and practice
133(5)
3 The Han Quarter Remainder system: Han si fen li
138(97)
3.1 Introduction
138(3)
3.1.1 The system and its background
138(1)
3.1.2 Authorship of the text
139(1)
3.1.3 Structure of the system
140(1)
3.1.4 Organisation of the text
140(1)
3.1.5 Methods of calculation
141(1)
3.1.6 Text used
141(1)
3.2 Text, Translation And Comments
141(94)
3.2.1 Methods for [ astronomical] systems
142(12)
3.2.2 [ Basic solar and lunar constants]
154(3)
3.2.3 [ Lunar eclipse constants]
157(2)
3.2.4 [ Procedures for sun and moon]
159(28)
3.2.5 [ Planetary constants]
187(10)
3.2.6 [ Planetary procedures]
197(9)
3.2.7 [ Planetary motions]
206(14)
3.2.8 [ Months, qi and lodges]
220(4)
3.2.9 [ The solar table]
224(7)
3.2.10 [ The system origin]
231(1)
3.2.11 Discussion
232(3)
4 The Uranic Manifestation system: Qian xiang li
235(121)
4.1 Introduction
235(5)
4.1.1 Liu Hong and his work
235(1)
4.1.2 The historical background of Liu Hong's work
235(1)
4.1.3 The structure of the system
236(1)
4.1.4 Organisation of the text
237(1)
4.1.5 The question of `months' and the finding of true lunar motion
238(2)
4.1.6 Text used
240(1)
4.2 Text, Translation And Comments
240(116)
4.2.1 [ System origin]
241(1)
4.2.2 [ Basic solar and lunar constants]
241(6)
4.2.3 [ Predicting times of lunar and solar events]
247(8)
4.2.4 [ Predicting positions of sun and moon]
255(6)
4.2.5 [ Lunar eclipses]
261(2)
4.2.6 [ Predicting hexagrams and phases in effect]
263(3)
4.2.7 [ Finding times of day of events]
266(1)
4.2.8 [ Advance and retardation]
267(1)
4.2.9 [ Retardation and acceleration of lunar motion]
268(3)
4.2.10 [ Lunar speed sequence]
271(4)
4.2.11 [ Lunar speed constants]
275(1)
4.2.12 [ Calculating true lunar motion]
276(17)
4.2.13 [ Lunar latitude]
293(9)
4.2.14 [ Constants for lunar latitude]
302(1)
4.2.15 [ Calculating lunar latitude]
303(8)
4.2.16 [ System origin; repeated]
311(1)
4.2.17 Predictions for the five planets [ general principles and common constants]
312(8)
4.2.18 [ Constants for the five planets]
320(8)
4.2.19 Predictions for the five planets [ conjunctions]
328(6)
4.2.20 [ Planetary phases]
334(7)
4.2.21 [ Planetary motions]
341(15)
5 Han discussions of astronomical systems and their development: Two texts
356(65)
5.1 Introduction
356(9)
5.2 Ban Gu On Li C. 90 Ce
365(9)
5.2.1 [ Astronomical systems from High Antiquity to Qin]
365(2)
5.2.2 [ The Grand Inception reform]
367(4)
5.2.3 [ Zhang Shouwang]
371(2)
5.2.4 [ Liu Xiang and Liu Xin]
373(1)
5.3 The Documentary Collection Of Cai Yong And Liu Hong, 178 Ce
374(47)
5.3.1 [ Materials presented]
374(1)
5.3.2 [ Failure of the Grand Inception system in early Eastern Han; proposals for revision deferred]
375(1)
5.3.3 [ Observed errors in lunar eclipse predictions in 62--69 CE lead to experiments in partial use of Quarter Remainder methods]
375(1)
5.3.4 [ The fruitless discussions of 66 CE; increased divergence of prediction from observation; Zhangdi's commission of 85 CE to Bian Xin and Li Fan]
376(1)
5.3.5 [ The edict of March 18, 85 CE, reviews the imperative need for revision, and commands use of the Quarter Remainder system]
377(3)
5.3.6 [ Bian Xin and Li Fan propose use of an initial long month; Jia Kui successfully controverts this]
380(1)
5.3.7 [ The memorial of Jia Kui, 92 CE]
381(7)
5.3.8 [ 103 CE: the edict to construct Jia Kui's instrument; failure of officials to use it]
388(2)
5.3.9 [ Jia Kui on the varying speed of lunar motion]
390(1)
5.3.10 [ Editorial note on two late Eastern Han attempts to reconstruct a `Nine Roads' procedure for the moon]
391(1)
5.3.11 [ Seasonal changes in clepsydra graduations]
391(2)
5.3.12 [ Eastern Han disputes on system origin]
393(17)
5.3.13 [ Lunar eclipses: Eastern Han discussions]
410(11)
Bibliography 421(5)
Index 426
Christopher Cullen is Emeritus Director of the Needham Research Institute, Emeritus Fellow of Darwin College, and Emeritus Honorary Professor of the University of Cambridge. He is editor of the Needham Research Institute Series (Routledge).
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