One of the bestselling texts in the field, Introduction to Fluid Mechanics continues to provide students with a balanced and comprehensive approach to mastering critical concepts. The new eighth edition once again incorporates a proven problem solving methodology that will help students develop an orderly plan to finding the right solution. It starts with basic equations, then clearly states assumptions, and finally, relates results to expected physical behavior. Many of the steps involved in analysis are simplified by using Excel.
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION /1 1.1 Note to Students /3 1.2 Scope of
Fluid Mechanics /4 1.3 Definition of a Fluid /4 1.4 Basic Equations /5
1.5 Methods of Analysis /6 System and Control Volume /7 Differential
versus Integral Approach /8 Methods of Description /9 1.6 Dimensions
and Units /11 Systems of Dimensions /11 Systems of Units /11
Preferred Systems of Units /13 Dimensional Consistency and Engineering
Equations /14 1.7 Analysis of Experimental Error /15 1.8 Summary /16
Problems /17 CHAPTER 2 FUNDAMENTAL CONCEPTS /20 2.1 Fluid as a
Continuum /21 2.2 Velocity Field /23 One-, Two-, and Three-Dimensional
Flows /24 Timelines, Pathlines, Streaklines, and Streamlines /25 2.3
Stress Field /29 2.4 Viscosity /31 Newtonian Fluid /32 Non-Newtonian
Fluids /34 2.5 Surface Tension /36 2.6 Description and Classification
of Fluid Motions /38 Viscous and Inviscid Flows /38 Laminar and
Turbulent Flows /41 Compressible and Incompressible Flows /42 Internal
and External Flows /43 2.7 Summary and Useful Equations /44 References
/46 Problems /46 CHAPTER 3 FLUID STATICS /55 3.1 The Basic Equation
of Fluid Statics /56 3.2 The Standard Atmosphere /60 3.3 Pressure
Variation in a Static Fluid /61 Incompressible Liquids: Manometers /61
Gases /66 3.4 Hydraulic Systems /69 3.5 Hydrostatic Force on Submerged
Surfaces /69 Hydrostatic Force on a Plane Submerged Surface /69
Hydrostatic Force on a Curved Submerged Surface /76 *3.6 Buoyancy and
Stability /80 3.7 Fluids in Rigid-Body Motion (on the Web) /W-1 3.8
Summary and Useful Equations /83 References /84 Problems /84 CHAPTER
4 BASIC EQUATIONS IN INTEGRAL FORM FOR A CONTROL VOLUME /96 4.1 Basic Laws
for a System /98 Conservation of Mass /98 Newton s Second Law /98
The Angular-Momentum Principle /99 The First Law of Thermodynamics /99
The Second Law of Thermodynamics /99 4.2 Relation of System Derivatives to
the Control Volume Formulation /100 Derivation /101 Physical
Interpretation /103 4.3 Conservation of Mass /104 Special Cases /105
4.4 Momentum Equation for Inertial Control Volume /110 *Differential
Control Volume Analysis /122 Control Volume Moving with Constant Velocity
/126 4.5 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Rectilinear
Acceleration /128 4.6 Momentum Equation for Control Volume with Arbitrary
Acceleration (on the Web) /W-6 *4.7 The Angular-Momentum Principle /135
Equation for Fixed Control Volume /135 Equation for Rotating Control
Volume (on the Web) /W-11 4.8 The First Law of Thermodynamics /139 Rate
of Work Done by a Control Volume /140 Control Volume Equation /142 4.9
The Second Law of Thermodynamics /146 4.10 Summary and Useful Equations
/147 Problems /149 CHAPTER 5 INTRODUCTION TO DIFFERENTIAL ANALYSIS OF
FLUID MOTION /171 5.1 Conservation of Mass /172 Rectangular Coordinate
System /173 Cylindrical Coordinate System /177 *5.2 Stream Function for
Two-Dimensional Incompressible Flow /180 5.3 Motion of a Fluid Particle
(Kinematics) /184 Fluid Translation: Acceleration of a Fluid Particle in a
Velocity Field /185 Fluid Rotation /190 Fluid Deformation /194 5.4
Momentum Equation /197 Forces Acting on a Fluid Particle /198
Differential Momentum Equation /199 Newtonian Fluid: Navier-Stokes
Equations /199 *5.5 Introduction to Computational Fluid Dynamics /208
The Need for CFD /208 Applications of CFD /209 Some Basic CFD/Numerical
Methods Using a Spreadsheet /210 The Strategy of CFD /215
Discretization Using the Finite-Difference Method /216 Assembly of
Discrete System and Application of Boundary Conditions /217 Solution of
Discrete System /218 Grid Convergence /219 Dealing with Nonlinearity
/220 Direct and Iterative Solvers /221 Iterative Convergence /222
Concluding Remarks /223 5.6 Summary and Useful Equations /224
References /226 Problems /226 CHAPTER 6 INCOMPRESSIBLE INVISCID FLOW
/235 6.1 Momentum Equation for Frictionless Flow: Euler s Equation /237
6.2 Euler s Equations in Streamline Coordinates /238 6.3 Bernoulli
Equation: Integration of Euler s Equation Along a Streamline for Steady
Flow /241 *Derivation Using Streamline Coordinates /241 *Derivation
Using Rectangular Coordinates /242 Static, Stagnation, and Dynamic
Pressures /244 Applications /247 Cautions on Use of the Bernoulli
Equation /252 6.4 The Bernoulli Equation Interpreted as an Energy Equation
/253 6.5 Energy Grade Line and Hydraulic Grade Line /257 *6.6 Unsteady
Bernoulli Equation: Integration of Euler s Equation Along a Streamline (on
the Web) /W-16 *6.7 Irrotational Flow /259 Bernoulli Equation Applied
to Irrotational Flow /260 Velocity Potential /261 Stream Function and
Velocity Potential for Two-Dimensional, Irrotational, Incompressible Flow:
Laplace s Equation /262 Elementary Plane Flows /264 Superposition of
Elementary Plane Flows /267 6.8 Summary and Useful Equations /276
References /279 Problems /279 CHAPTER 7 DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS AND
SIMILITUDE /290 7.1 Nondimensionalizing the Basic Differential Equations
/292 7.2 Nature of Dimensional Analysis /294 7.3 Buckingham Pi Theorem
/296 7.4 Determining the Groups /297 7.5 Significant Dimensionless
Groups in Fluid Mechanics /303 7.6 Flow Similarity and Model Studies /305
Incomplete Similarity /308 Scaling with Multiple Dependent Parameters
/314 Comments on Model Testing /317 7.7 Summary and Useful Equations
/318 References /319 Problems /320 CHAPTER 8 INTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE
VISCOUS FLOW /328 8.1 Introduction /330 Laminar versus Turbulent Flow
/330 The Entrance Region /331 PART A. FULLY DEVELOPED LAMINAR FLOW /332
8.2 Fully Developed Laminar Flow Between Infinite Parallel Plates /332
Both Plates Stationary /332 Upper Plate Moving with Constant Speed, U /338
8.3 Fully Developed Laminar Flow in a Pipe /344 PART B. FLOW IN PIPES
AND DUCTS /348 8.4 Shear Stress Distribution in Fully Developed Pipe Flow
/349 8.5 Turbulent Velocity Profiles in Fully Developed Pipe Flow /351
8.6 Energy Considerations in Pipe Flow /353 Kinetic Energy Coefficient
/355 Head Loss /355 8.7 Calculation of Head Loss /357 Major Losses:
Friction Factor /357 Minor Losses /361 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers in
Fluid Systems /367 Noncircular Ducts /368 8.8 Solution of Pipe Flow
Problems /369 Single-Path Systems /370 *Multiple-Path Systems /383
PART C. FLOW MEASUREMENT /387 8.9 Direct Methods /387 8.10 Restriction
Flow Meters for Internal Flows /387 The Orifice Plate /391 The Flow
Nozzle /391 The Venturi /393 The Laminar Flow Element /394 8.11
Linear Flow Meters /397 8.12 Traversing Methods /399 8.13 Summary and
Useful Equations /400 References /402 Problems /403 CHAPTER 9
EXTERNAL INCOMPRESSIBLE VISCOUS FLOW /421 PART A. BOUNDARY LAYERS /423
9.1 The Boundary-Layer Concept /423 9.2 Boundary-Layer Thicknesses /425
9.3 Laminar Flat-Plate Boundary Layer: Exact Solution (on the Web) /W-19
9.4 Momentum Integral Equation /428 9.5 Use of the Momentum Integral
Equation for Flow with Zero Pressure Gradient /433 Laminar Flow /434
Turbulent Flow /439 Summary of Results for Boundary-Layer Flow with Zero
Pressure Gradient /441 9.6 Pressure Gradients in Boundary-Layer Flow /442
PART B. FLUID FLOW ABOUT IMMERSED BODIES /445 9.7 Drag /445 Pure
Friction Drag: Flow over a Flat Plate Parallel to the Flow /446 Pure
Pressure Drag: Flow over a Flat Plate Normal to the Flow /450 Friction and
Pressure Drag: Flow over a Sphere and Cylinder /450 Streamlining /456
9.8 Lift /459 9.9 Summary and Useful Equations /474 References /477
Problems /478 CHAPTER 10 FLUID MACHINERY /492 10.1 Introduction and
Classification of Fluid Machines /494 Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid
/494 Machines for Extracting Work (Power) from a Fluid /496 Scope of
Coverage /498 10.2 Turbomachinery Analysis /499 The Angular-Momentum
Principle: The Euler Turbomachine Equation /499 Velocity Diagrams /501
Performance Hydraulic Power /504 Dimensional Analysis and Specific Speed
/505 10.3 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers /510 Application of Euler
Turbomachine Equation to Centrifugal Pumps /510 Application of the Euler
Equation to Axial Flow Pumps and Fans /512 Performance Characteristics
/516 Similarity Rules /522 Cavitation and Net Positive Suction Head
/526 Pump Selection: Applications to Fluid Systems /529 Blowers and
Fans /541 10.4 Positive Displacement Pumps /548 10.5 Hydraulic Turbines
/552 Hydraulic Turbine Theory /552 Performance Characteristics for
Hydraulic Turbines /554 Sizing Hydraulic Turbines for Fluid Systems /558
10.6 Propellers and Wind-Power Machines /562 Propellers /563
Wind-Power Machines /571 10.7 Compressible Flow Turbomachines /581
Application of the Energy Equation to a Compressible Flow Machine /581
Compressors /582 Compressible-Flow Turbines /586 10.8 Summary and
Useful Equations /586 References /589 Problems /591 CHAPTER 11 FLOW
IN OPEN CHANNELS /600 11.1 Basic Concepts and Definitions /603
Simplifying Assumptions /604 Channel Geometry /605 Speed of Surface
Waves and the Froude Number /606 11.2 Energy Equation for Open-Channel
Flows /610 Specific Energy /613 Critical Depth: Minimum Specific Energy
/616 11.3 Localized Effect of Area Change (Frictionless Flow) /619 Flow
over a Bump /620 11.4 The Hydraulic Jump /625 Depth Increase Across a
Hydraulic Jump /627 Head Loss Across a Hydraulic Jump /628 11.5 Steady
Uniform Flow /631 The Manning Equation for Uniform Flow /633 Energy
Equation for Uniform Flow /639 Optimum Channel Cross Section /640 11.6
Flow with Gradually Varying Depth /641 Calculation of Surface Profiles
/644 11.7 Discharge Measurement Using Weirs /646 Suppressed Rectangular
Weir /646 Contracted Rectangular Weirs /647 Triangular Weir /648
Broad-Crested Weir /648 11.8 Summary and Useful Equations /650
References /652 Problems /653 CHAPTER 12 INTRODUCTION TO COMPRESSIBLE
FLOW /657 12.1 Review of Thermodynamics /659 12.2 Propagation of Sound
Waves /665 Speed of Sound /665 Types of Flow The Mach Cone /670
12.3 Reference State: Local Isentropic Stagnation Properties /673 Local
Isentropic Stagnation Properties for the Flow of an Ideal Gas /674 12.4
Critical Conditions /681 12.5 Summary and Useful Equations /681
References /683 Problems /683 CHAPTER 13 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW /689 13.1
Basic Equations for One-Dimensional Compressible Flow /691 13.2 Isentropic
Flow of an Ideal Gas: Area Variation /694 Subsonic Flow, M , 1 /697
Supersonic Flow, M . 1 /697 Sonic Flow, M 5 1 /698 Reference Stagnation
and Critical Conditions for Isentropic Flow of an Ideal Gas /699
Isentropic Flow in a Converging Nozzle /704 Isentropic Flow in a
Converging-Diverging Nozzle /709 13.3 Normal Shocks /715 Basic
Equations for a Normal Shock /716 Fanno and Rayleigh Interpretation of
Normal Shock /718 Normal-Shock Flow Functions for One-Dimensional Flow of
an Ideal Gas /719 13.4 Supersonic Channel Flow with Shocks /724 Flow in
a Converging-Diverging Nozzle /724 Supersonic Diffuser (on the Web) /W-24
Supersonic Wind Tunnel Operation (on the Web) /W-25 Supersonic Flow with
Friction in a Constant-Area Channel (on the Web) /W-26 Supersonic Flow
with Heat Addition in a Constant-Area Channel (on the Web) /W-26 13.5 Flow
in a Constant-Area Duct with Friction /727 Basic Equations for Adiabatic
Flow /727 Adiabatic Flow: The Fanno Line /728 Fanno-Line Flow Functions
for One-Dimensional Flow of an Ideal Gas /732 Isothermal Flow (on the Web)
/W-29 13.6 Frictionless Flow in a Constant-Area Duct with Heat Exchange
/740 Basic Equations for Flow with Heat Exchange /740 The Rayleigh Line
/741 Rayleigh-Line Flow Functions for One-Dimensional Flow of an Ideal Gas
/746 13.7 Oblique Shocks and Expansion Waves /750 Oblique Shocks /750
Isentropic Expansion Waves /759 13.8 Summary and Useful Equations /768
References /771 Problems /772 APPENDIX A FLUID PROPERTY DATA /785
APPENDIX B EQUATIONS OF MOTION IN CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES /796 APPENDIX C
VIDEOS FOR FLUID MECHANICS /798 APPENDIX D SELECTED PERFORMANCE CURVES FOR
PUMPS AND FANS /801 APPENDIX E FLOW FUNCTIONS FOR COMPUTATION OF
COMPRESSIBLE FLOW /816 APPENDIX F ANALYSIS OF EXPERIMENTAL UNCERTAINTY
/827 APPENDIX G SI UNITS, PREFIXES, AND CONVERSION FACTORS /834
APPENDIX H A BRIEF REVIEW OF MICROSOFT EXCEL (ON THE WEB) /W-33 Answers to
Selected Problems /836 Index /865
