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Fracking: Further Investigations into the Environmental Considerations and Operations of Hydraulic Fracturing 2nd edition [Kietas viršelis]

  • Formatas: Hardback, 952 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 10x10x10 mm, weight: 1516 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 03-Jul-2018
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-Scrivener
  • ISBN-10: 111936342X
  • ISBN-13: 9781119363422
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Fracking: Further Investigations into the Environmental Considerations and Operations of Hydraulic Fracturing 2nd editionDidesnis paveikslėlis
  • Formatas: Hardback, 952 pages, aukštis x plotis x storis: 10x10x10 mm, weight: 1516 g
  • Išleidimo metai: 03-Jul-2018
  • Leidėjas: Wiley-Scrivener
  • ISBN-10: 111936342X
  • ISBN-13: 9781119363422
Kitos knygos pagal šią temą:
Pastovi nuoroda: https://www.kriso.lt/db/9781119363422.html
Raktažodžiai:

Since the first edition of Fracking was published, hydraulic fracturing has continued to be hotly debated.  Credited with bringing the US and other countries closer to “energy independence,” and blamed for tainted drinking water and earthquakes, hydraulic fracturing (“fracking”) continues to be one of the hottest topics and fiercely debated issues in the energy industry and in politics. 

Covering all of the latest advances in fracking since the first edition was published, this expanded and updated revision still contains all of the valuable original content for the engineer or layperson to understand the technology and its ramifications.  Useful not only as a tool for the practicing engineer solve day-to-day problems that come with working in hydraulic fracturing, it is also a wealth of information covering the possible downsides of what many consider to be a very valuable practice.  Many others consider it dangerous, and it is important to see both sides of the argument, from an apolitical, logical standpoint. 

While induced hydraulic fracturing utilizes many different engineering disciplines, this book explains these concepts in an easy to understand format.  The primary use of this book shall be to increase the awareness of a new and emerging technology and what the various ramifications can be.  The reader shall be exposed to many engineering concepts and terms.  All of these ideas and practices shall be explained within the body.  A science or engineering background is not required.

Preface xv
List of Contributors xvii
An Introduction to Hydraulic Fracturing xix
1 Environmental Impact - Reality and Myth and Nero Did Not Fiddle While Rome Burned 1(4)
1.1 The Tower of Babel and How it Could be the Cause of Much of the Fracking Debate
2(3)
2 Production Development 5(6)
3 Fractures: Their Orientation and Length 11(4)
3.1 Fracture Orientation
11(2)
3.2 Fracture Length/ Height
13(2)
4 Casing and Cementing 15(4)
4.1 Blowouts
16(1)
4.2 Surface Blowouts
17(1)
4.3 Subsurface Blowouts
17(1)
4.4 Horizontal Drilling
18(1)
4.5 Fracturing and the Groundwater Debate
18(1)
5 Pre-Drill Assessments 19(4)
5.1 Basis of Design
21(2)
6 Well Construction 23(6)
6.1 Drilling
23(3)
6.2 Completion
26(3)
7 Well Operations 29(14)
7.1 Well Plug and Abandonment "P&A"
30(1)
7.2 Considerations
30(13)
8 Failure and Contamination Reduction 43(6)
8.1 Conduct Environmental Sampling Before and During Operations
43(1)
8.2 Disclose the Chemicals Being Used in Fracking Operations
44(1)
8.3 Ensure that Wellbore Casings are Properly Designed and Constructed
44(1)
8.4 Eliminate Venting and Work Toward Green Completions
44(1)
8.5 Prevent Flowback Spillage/Leaks
45(1)
8.6 Dispose/Recycle Flowback Properly
45(1)
8.7 Minimize Noise and Dust
45(1)
8.8 Protect Workers and Drivers
46(1)
8.9 Communicate and Engage
46(1)
8.10 Record and Document
47(2)
9 Frack Fluids and Composition 49(12)
9.1 Uses and Needs for Frack Fluids
50(1)
9.2 Common Fracturing Additives
50(3)
9.3 Typical Percentages of Commonly Used Additives
53(1)
9.4 Proppants
53(2)
9.5 Silica Sand
55(2)
9.6 Resin Coated Proppant
57(1)
9.7 Manufactured Ceramics Proppants
58(1)
9.8 Additional Types
58(1)
9.9 Slickwater
59(2)
10 So Where Do the Frack Fluids Go? 61(2)
11 Common Objections to Drilling Operations 63(22)
11.1 Noise
64(1)
11.2 Changes in Landscape and Beauty of Surroundings
65(1)
11.3 Increased Traffic
66(1)
11.4 Subsurface Contamination of Ground Water
67(1)
11.5 Impacts on Water Wells
67(1)
11.6 Water Analysis
67(3)
11.7 Types of Methane and What They Show Us
70(1)
11.8 Biogenic
71(1)
11.9 Thermogenic
71(1)
11.10 Possible Causes of Methane in Water Wells
71(1)
11.11 Surface Water and Soil Impacts
72(1)
11.12 Spill Preparation and Documentation
72(1)
11.13 Other Surface Impacts
73(1)
11.14 Land Use Permitting
73(1)
11.15 Water Usage and Management
74(1)
11.16 Flowback Water
74(1)
11.17 Produced Water
75(1)
11.18 Flowback and Produced Water Management
76(1)
11.19 Geological Shifts
76(1)
11.20 Induced Seismic Event
77(1)
11.21 Wastewater Disposal Wells
78(1)
11.22 Site Remediation
78(1)
11.23 Regulatory Oversight
78(1)
11.24 Federal Level Oversight
79(1)
11.25 State Level Oversight
79(1)
11.26 Municipal Level Oversight
80(1)
11.27 Examples of Legislation and Regulations
80(1)
11.28 Frack Fluid Makeup Reporting
81(1)
11.29 FracFocus
82(1)
11.30 Atmospheric Emissions
83(2)
12 Air Emissions Controls 85(14)
12.1 Common Sources of Air Emissions
87(1)
12.2 Fugitive Air Emissions
88(1)
12.3 Silica Dust Exposure
89(1)
12.4 Stationary Sources
89(1)
12.5 The Clean Air Act
90(1)
12.6 Regulated Pollutants
90(1)
12.7 NAAQS Criteria Pollutants
91(1)
12.8 Attainment Versus Non-attainment
91(1)
12.9 Types of Federal Regulations
92(1)
12.10 MACT/NESHAP HAPs
92(1)
12.11 NSPS Regulations: 40 CFR Part 60
92(1)
12.12 NSPS Subpart OOOO
93(1)
12.13 Facilities/Activities Affected by NSPS OOOO
93(2)
12.14 Other Types of Federal NSPS and NESHAP/MACT Regulations
95(1)
12.15 NSPS Subpart IIII
95(1)
12.16 NSPS Subpart JJJJ
95(1)
12.17 NSPS Subpart KKK
95(1)
12.18 MACT Subpart HH and Subpart HHH
95(1)
12.19 MACT Subpart ZZZZ
96(1)
12.20 Construction and Operating New Source Review Permits
96(1)
12.21 Title V Permits
96(3)
13 Chemicals and Products on Locations 99(24)
13.1 Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)
102(1)
13.2 Contents of an MSDS
103(1)
13.3 Product Identification
104(1)
13.4 Hazardous Ingredients of Mixtures
104(1)
13.5 Physical Data
105(1)
13.6 Fire and Explosion Hazard Data
106(1)
13.7 Health Hazard Data
106(1)
13.8 Emergency and First Aid Procedures
107(1)
13.9 Reactivity Data
107(1)
13.10 Spill, Leak, and Disposal Procedures
107(1)
13.11 Personal Protection Information
108(9)
13.12 HCS 2012 Safety Data Sheets (SDS)
117(6)
14 Public Perception, the Media, and the Facts 123(14)
14.1 Regulation or Policy Topics: Media Coverage and Public Perception
128(9)
15 Notes from the Field 137(16)
15.1 Going Forward
150(3)
16 Migration of Hydrocarbon Gases 153(108)
16.1 Introduction
153(1)
16.2 Geochemical Exploration for Petroleum
154(3)
16.3 Primary and Secondary Migration of Hydrocarbons
157(4)
16.3.1 Primary Gas Migration
157(2)
16.3.2 Secondary Gas Migration
159(1)
16.3.3 Gas Entrapment
159(2)
16.4 Origin of Migrating Hydrocarbon Gases
161(13)
16.4.1 Biogenic vs. Thermogenic Gas
161(6)
16.4.1.1 Sources of Migrating Gases
161(1)
16.4.1.2 Biogenic Methane
162(3)
16.4.1.3 Thermogenic Methane Gas
165(2)
16.4.2 Isotopic Values of Gases
167(1)
16.4.3 Nonhydrocarbon Gases
168(2)
16.4.4 Mixing of Gases
170(2)
16.4.5 Surface Gas Sampling
172(1)
16.4.6 Summary
172(2)
16.5 Driving Force of Gas Movement
174(18)
16.5.1 Density of a Hydrocarbon Gas under Pressure
174(2)
16.5.2 Sample Problem (Courtesy of Gulf Publishing Company)
176(1)
16.5.3 Other Methods of Computing Natural Gas Compressibility
177(4)
16.5.4 Density of Water
181(2)
16.5.5 Petrophysical Parameters Affecting Gas Migration
183(1)
16.5.6 Porosity, Void Ratio, and Density
184(4)
16.5.7 Permeability
188(1)
16.5.8 Free and Dissolved Gas in Fluid
189(2)
16.5.9 Quantity of Dissolved Gas in Water
191(1)
16.6 Types of Gas Migration
192(15)
16.6.1 Molecular Diffusion Mechanism
193(2)
16.6.2 Discontinuous-Phase Migration of Gas
195(3)
16.6.3 Minimum Height of Gas Column Necessary to Initiate Upward Gas Movement
198(1)
16.6.4 Buoyant Flow
199(1)
16.6.5 Sample Problem (Courtesy of Gulf Publishing Company)
200(1)
16.6.6 Gas Columns
201(2)
16.6.7 Sample Problem 2.2 (Courtesy of Gulf Publishing Company)
203(1)
16.6.8 Continuous-Phase Gas Migration
204(3)
16.7 Paths of Gas Migration Associated with Oilwells
207(10)
16.7.1 Natural Paths of Gas Migration
209(2)
16.7.2 Man-Made Paths of Gas Migration (boreholes)
211(2)
16.7.2.1 Producing Wells
211(1)
16.7.2.2 Abandoned Wells
212(1)
16.7.2.3 Repressured Wells
213(1)
16.7.3 Creation of Induced Fractures during Drilling
213(4)
16.8 Wells Leaking Due to Cementing Failure
217(5)
16.8.1 Breakdown of Cement
217(1)
16.8.2 Cement Isolation Breakdown (Shrinkage-Circumferential Fractures)
217(3)
16.8.3 Improper Placement of Cement
220(2)
16.9 Environmental Hazards of Gas Migration
222(5)
16.9.1 Explosive Nature of Gas
222(2)
16.9.2 Toxicity of Hydrocarbon Gas
224(3)
16.10 Migration of Gas from Petroleum Wellbores
227(1)
16.10.1 Effect of Seismic Activity
228(1)
16.11 Case Histories of Gas Migration Problems
228(21)
16.11.1 Inglewood Oilfield, CA
230(1)
16.11.2 Los Angeles City Oilfield, CA
231(3)
16.11.2.1 Belmont High School Construction
233(1)
16.11.3 Montebello Oilfield, CA
234(1)
16.11.3.1 Montebello Underground Gas Storage
234(1)
16.11.4 Playa Del Rey Oilfield, CA
235(3)
16.11.4.1 Playa Del Rey underground Gas Storage
235(3)
16.11.5 Salt Lake Oilfield, CA
238(3)
16.11.5.1 Ross Dress for Less Department Store Explosion/Fire, Los Angeles, CA
238(2)
16.11.5.2 Gilmore Bank
240(1)
16.11.5.3 South Salt Lake Oilfield Gas Seeps from Gas Injection Project
241(1)
16.11.5.4 Wilshire and Curson Gas Seep, Los Angeles, CA, 1999
241(1)
16.11.6 Santa Fe Springs Oilfield, CA
241(3)
16.11.7 El Segundo Oilfield, CA
244(1)
16.11.8 Honor Rancho and Tapia Oilfields, CA
244(1)
16.11.9 Sylmar, CA - Tunnel Explosion
244(3)
16.11.10 Hutchinson, KS - Explosion and Fires
247(1)
16.11.11 Huntsman Gas Storage, NE
247(1)
16.11.12 Mont Belvieu Gas Storage Field, TX
248(1)
16.11.13 Leroy Gas Storage Facility, WY
248(1)
16.12 Conclusions
249(3)
References and Bibliography
252(9)
17 Subsidence as a Result of Gas/Oil/Water Production 261(100)
17.1 Introduction
261(3)
17.2 Theoretical Compaction Models
264(6)
17.3 Theoretical Modeling of Compaction
270(9)
17.3.1 Terzaghi's Compaction Model
272(2)
17.3.2 Athy's Compaction Model
274(1)
17.3.3 Hedberg's Compaction Model
275(1)
17.3.4 Weller's Compaction Model
275(1)
17.3.5 Teodorovich and Chernov's Compaction Model
276(1)
17.3.6 Beall's Compaction Model
277(1)
17.3.7 Katz and Ibrahim Compaction Model
277(2)
17.4 Subsidence Over Oilfields
279(13)
17.4.1 Rate of Subsidence
281(1)
17.4.2 Effect of Earthquakes on Subsidence
282(1)
17.4.3 Stress and Strain Distribution in Subsiding Areas
283(3)
17.4.4 Calculation of Subsidence in Oilfields
286(3)
17.4.5 Permeability Seals for Confined Aquifers
289(1)
17.4.6 Fissures Caused by Subsidence
290(2)
17.5 Case Studies of Subsidence over Hydrocarbon Reservoirs
292(58)
17.5.1 Los Angeles Basin, CA, Oilfields, Inglewood Oilfield, CA
292(5)
17.5.1.1 Baldwin Hills Dam Failure
294(3)
17.5.1.2 Proposed Housing Development
297(1)
17.5.2 Los Angeles City Oilfield, CA
297(2)
17.5.2.1 Belmont High School Construction
297(2)
17.5.3 Playa Del Rey Oilfield, CA
299(2)
17.5.3.1 Playa Del Rey Marina Subsidence
299(2)
17.5.4 Torrance Oilfield, CA
301(1)
17.5.5 Redondo Beach Marina Area, CA
302(1)
17.5.6 Salt Lake Oilfield, CA
303(2)
17.5.7 Santa Fe Springs Oilfield, CA
305(1)
17.5.8 Wilmington Oilfield, Long Beach, CA
306(12)
17.5.9 North Stavropol Oilfield, Russia
318(6)
17.5.10 Subsidence over Venezuelan Oilfields
324(11)
17.5.10.1 Subsidence in the Bolivar Coastal Oilfields of Venezuela
325(3)
17.5.10.2 Subsidence of Facilities
328(7)
17.5.11 Po-Veneto Plain, Italy
335(8)
17.5.11.1 Po Delta
336(7)
17.5.12 Subsidence Over the North Sea Ekofisk Oilfield
343(5)
17.5.12.1 Production
345(1)
17.5.12.2 Ekofisk Field Description
346(2)
17.5.12.3 Enhanced Oil Recovery Projects
348(1)
17.5.13 Platform Sinking
348(2)
17.6 Concluding Remarks
350(1)
References and Bibliography
351(10)
18 Effect of Emission of CO2 and CH4 into the Atmosphere 361(28)
18.1 Introduction
361(2)
18.2 Historic Geologic Evidence
363(10)
18.2.1 Historic Record of Earth's Global Temperature
363(3)
18.2.2 Effect of Atmospheric Carbon Content on Global Temperature
366(4)
18.2.3 Sources of CO2
370(3)
18.3 Adiabatic Theory
373(12)
18.3.1 Modeling the Planet Earth
373(2)
18.3.2 Modeling the Planet Venus
375(5)
18.3.3 Anthropogenic Carbon Effect on the Earth's Global Temperature
380(3)
18.3.4 Methane Gas Emissions
383(2)
18.3.5 Monitoring of Methane Gas Emissions
385(1)
References
385(4)
19 Fracking in the USA 389(340)
Appendix A: Chemicals Used in Fracking 729(178)
Appendix B: State Agency Web Addresses 907(4)
Bibliography: 911(2)
Index 913
Michael D. Holloway has worked in industry for 35 years in research and development, technical marketing, equipment reliability and sales. He has written books on spend analysis, specification development, failure interpretation as well as process plant equipment operations, control, and reliability, the Dictionary of Industrial Terms and recently a bestseller on Hydraulic Fracturing. He holds a BS in chemistry, a BA in philosophy and a MS in engineering. Holloway is a Certified Lubrication Specialist (CLS), Oil Monitoring Analyst (OMA I) through Society of Tribology and Lubrication Engineers, a Level I Machinery Lubrication Technician (MLT I) and a Machinery Lubrication Analyst (MLA I) through International Council for Machinery Lubrication as well as an elected member of the Russian Academy of Natural Science.