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ix | |
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xiii | |
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xv | |
Preface |
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xvii | |
Taxonomy of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Referred to in this Book |
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xxi | |
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1 Challenges to Agriculture Systems |
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1.1 Current and Future Challenges to Agriculture Systems |
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1 | (4) |
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1.2 The Approach to Meeting the Challenges to World Agriculture |
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5 | (9) |
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14 | (2) |
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2 Agronomic Opportunities to Modify Cropping Systems and Soil Conditions Considered Supportive of an Abundant, Diverse AMF Population |
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2.1 Components of Cropping Systems |
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16 | (19) |
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16 | (9) |
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25 | (3) |
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2.1.3 Application and Use of Mineral Fertilizers, Organic, and Inorganic Amendments in Crop Production |
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28 | (6) |
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2.1.4 The Application of Pesticides |
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34 | (1) |
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2.2 Key Aspects of Agricultural Systems on Diversity of Mycorrhiza |
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35 | (3) |
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38 | (1) |
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3 The Roles of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza and Current Constraints to Their Intentional Use in Agriculture |
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3.1 Benefits of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza |
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39 | (15) |
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3.1.1 Acquisition of Mineral Nutrients |
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41 | (8) |
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3.1.2 Defense Against Abiotic Stresses |
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49 | (1) |
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3.1.3 Defense Against Biotic Stresses |
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50 | (2) |
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3.1.4 Water Relations in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Plants |
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52 | (2) |
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3.2 Constraints to Intentional Use of AMF in Agriculture |
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54 | (4) |
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58 | (3) |
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4 Diversity in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi |
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4.1 Ecological Roles of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi |
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61 | (1) |
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4.2 Basis of Functional Diversity in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi |
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62 | (4) |
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4.2.1 Taxonomy of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi |
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62 | (2) |
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4.2.2 Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Related to Growth Habit |
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64 | (1) |
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4.2.3 Interaction Between the Genotypes of Fungi and Host Plants and the Diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza |
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65 | (1) |
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4.3 Functional Diversity Associated With Host-Plant Benefits |
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66 | (9) |
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4.3.1 Acquisition of Mineral Nutrients |
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67 | (2) |
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4.3.2 Protection Against Abiotic Stresses |
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69 | (4) |
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4.3.3 Protection Against Biotic Stresses |
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73 | (1) |
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4.3.4 Improvement in Soil Structure |
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74 | (1) |
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4.4 AMF Diversity Associated With the Management of Different Ecosystems |
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75 | (3) |
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78 | (4) |
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5 Impacts on Host Plants of Interactions Between AMF and Other Soil Organisms in the Rhizosphere |
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5.1 Interactions Between AMF and Other Soil Microbes |
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82 | (25) |
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5.1.1 The Tripartite Interaction Between AMF, Rhizobia, and Legumes |
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85 | (18) |
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5.1.2 Other Interactions With Bacteria |
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103 | (4) |
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5.2 Interactions Between AMF and Other Fungi |
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107 | (1) |
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5.3 Interactions Between AMF and Soil Fauna |
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107 | (2) |
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5.3.1 Interactions With Arthropods |
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107 | (1) |
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5.3.2 Interactions With Earthworms |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (3) |
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6 The Significance of an Intact Extraradical Mycelium and Early Root Colonization in Managing Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi |
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6.1 Importance of Early Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Colonization |
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112 | (2) |
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6.2 Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculum Sources |
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114 | (5) |
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114 | (2) |
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6.2.2 Colonized Root Fragments |
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116 | (1) |
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6.2.3 Extraradical Mycelium |
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116 | (3) |
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6.3 ERM as an Effective Arbuscular Mycorrhiza Inoculum Source for Field Crops |
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119 | (7) |
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6.3.1 Persistence of Infective Extraradical Mycelium in Soil |
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119 | (1) |
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6.3.2 AMF Taxonomic Cluster Colonizing Strategies |
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120 | (3) |
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6.3.3 The Presence of Adequate Host Plants and ERM Integrity: Crop Rotations and Tillage Regime |
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123 | (3) |
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6.4 Multiple Roles of ERM and Common Mycorrhizal Networks |
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126 | (3) |
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6.4.1 Transfer of Nutrients Between Plants |
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126 | (2) |
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6.4.2 Communication Between Plants |
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128 | (1) |
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6.4.3 Development of Soil Structure |
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128 | (1) |
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129 | (3) |
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7 New Tools to Investigate Biological Diversity and Functional Consequences |
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132 | (4) |
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7.1.1 Small Ribosomal Subunit |
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132 | (1) |
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7.1.2 Large Ribosomal Subunit |
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133 | (1) |
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7.1.3 Delineation of Operational Taxonomic Units |
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134 | (1) |
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7.1.4 Mitochondrial Large Ribosomal Subunit |
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135 | (1) |
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136 | (1) |
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136 | (4) |
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140 | (6) |
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8 Management of Biological and Functional Diversity in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Within Cropping Systems |
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8.1 Managing Indigenous AMF in Agroecosystems |
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146 | (22) |
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8.1.1 Managing Indigenous AMF to Overcome Abiotic Stresses |
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146 | (15) |
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8.1.2 Managing Indigenous AMF to Overcome Biotic Stresses |
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161 | (5) |
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8.1.3 Discussion of the Results from the Case Studies |
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166 | (2) |
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8.2 Opportunities to Develop ERM From Indigenous AMF Within the Cropping System |
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168 | (5) |
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8.2.1 Criteria to Select Developer Plants |
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171 | (2) |
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173 | (2) |
References |
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175 | (48) |
Index |
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223 | |