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El. knyga: Functional Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neuroscience: Foundations for Understanding Disorders of Cognition and Behavior

4.33/5 (6 ratings by Goodreads)

Suzan Uysal (Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Neurology, Psychiatry, and Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai)

Formatas: 560 pages
Išleidimo metai: 02-Dec-2022
Leidėjas: Oxford University Press Inc
Kalba: eng
ISBN-13: 9780190943615

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Formatas: 560 pages
Išleidimo metai: 02-Dec-2022
Leidėjas: Oxford University Press Inc
Kalba: eng
ISBN-13: 9780190943615

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Neuropsychologists and other non-physician healthcare professionals who work in the field of neurology often struggle to develop a strong command of functional neuroanatomy and clinical neuroscience. Functional Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neuroscience fills this gap with a comprehensive introduction to functional neuroanatomy and clinical neuroscience. With a particular focus on disorders of human cognition and behavior, the book is especially suitable for clinical neuropsychology students, early career neuropsychologists, and other non-physician healthcare professionals who work with people who have brain diseases or injuries. Suzan Uysal's approach is unique in that it interleaves discussion of functional neuroanatomy, clinical neuroscience, and disorders of the human central nervous system with rich descriptions of neurocognitive and neurobehavioral syndromes. It also provides a comprehensive overview of key neuroanatomic concepts, clearly linking them to cognitive and
behavioral disorders. The chapters are organized hierarchically, helping the reader to build up a strong clinical knowledge base from more basic neuroscience concepts. The material progresses from functional neuroanatomy of brain structures and associated clinical syndromes, common neuropathologies, and domain-specific syndromes. The book ends with a section that gives concise descriptions of clinical assessment and neuroimaging methods. Covering challenging yet essential material in an accessible manner, this book will be an important reference for understanding clinical aspects of brain function in adults.

Recenzijos

The text, which is written for non-physician health care personnel working with patients suffering from various neurological conditions, provides a foundation for understanding diseases of the nervous system. Recommended. Graduate students and professionals. * Choice * The book is of value to psychologists seeking understanding of the etiology of behavior. Its precise definitions and references allow the reader to move quickly to more detailed reference literature and to relevant research literature...a useful book because of its clarity and capture of current thinking about neuroanatomy and neuroscience correlates of pathological conditions. * Dana Bevan, American Psychological Association's (APA) Division 44 * This book is highly recommended for health care professionals at whatever level. * Paul E. Tibbetts, The Quarterly Review of Biology *

Preface

xxiii

Acknowledgments

xxv

1 Neurons, Glia, and Basic Neuroanatomy

(13)

Introduction

(1)

Neurons

(1)

Structural and Functional Components of the Neuron

(1)

The Synapse

(1)

Neuron Classification

(1)

Glia

(1)

Oligodendrocytes

(1)

Schwann Cells

(1)

Astrocytes

(1)

Microglia

(1)

Ependymal Cells

(1)

Gliomas

(1)

Basic Neuroanatomical Terminology

(1)

Central vs. Peripheral Nervous System

(1)

Afferents vs. Efferents

(1)

Gray Matter vs. White Matter

(1)

Anatomical Terms of Direction and Planes of Section

(1)

Directional Terms

(1)

Planes of Section

(1)

Basic Brain Anatomy

(1)

Brainstem

(1)

Cerebellum

(1)

Cerebrum

(1)

Limbic System

(1)

Developmental Basis of the Major Brain Subdivisions

(1)

Neurodegenerative Disease

(1)

Summary

(2)

2 Electrical Signaling in Neurons

(10)

Introduction

(1)

Basic Chemistry Concepts Governing Diffusion

(1)

Concentration Gradients

(1)

Electrostatic Gradients

(1)

Balance of Concentration and Electrostatic Gradients

(1)

Membrane Structure and Permeability

(1)

Lipid Solubility

(1)

Membrane Transport Proteins

(1)

Membrane Potentials

(1)

The Resting Membrane Potential

(1)

The Action Potential

(2)

Postsynaptic Potentials

(1)

Clinical Considerations

(1)

Summary

(2)

3 Chemical Neurotransmission and Neuropsychopharmacology

(11)

Introduction

(1)

Synaptic Transmission

(1)

Neurotransmitters

(1)

Transmitter Release

(1)

Neurotransmitter Receptors

(2)

Removal of Neurotransmitter from the Synapse

(1)

Mechanisms of Drug Action

(1)

Neurotransmitter Systems

(1)

Acetylcholine

(1)

The Monoamines

(1)

The Amino Acid Neurotransmitters

(1)

The Neuropeptides

(1)

Neuropsychopharmacology

(1)

Drug Classification

(1)

Antipsychotics

(1)

Antidepressants

(1)

Anxiolytics

(1)

Anti-Manic Agents (Mood Stabilizers)

(1)

Psychostimulants

(1)

Sedative-Hypnotics

(1)

Summary

(1)

4 Cranium, Spine, Meninges, Ventricles, and Cerebrospinal Fluid

(14)

Introduction

(1)

Cranium and Spine

(1)

Basic Anatomy of the Cranium

(2)

Basic Anatomy of the Spine

(1)

Meninges

(1)

Dura Mater

(2)

Arachnoid Membrane

(1)

Pia Mater

(1)

Ventricular System

(1)

Cerebrospinal Fluid

(1)

Production, Circulation, and Reabsorption

(1)

Clinical Considerations

(1)

Intracranial Pressure, Mass Effect, and Brain Herniation

(1)

Meningitis

(1)

Meningeal Headaches

(1)

Meningiomas

(1)

Arachnoid Cysts

(1)

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

(1)

Epidural and Subdural Hematomas

(2)

Lumbar Puncture

(1)

Hydrocephalus

(3)

Summary

(1)

5 Blood Supply of the Brain

(12)

Introduction

(1)

Circulation Overview

(1)

The Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations

(1)

Extracranial Origin of the Arteries That Supply the Brain

(1)

Arterial Supply of the Brain

(1)

The Internal Carotid Arterial System/Anterior Circulation

(1)

The Vertebrobasilar Arterial System/Posterior Circulation

(1)

Blood Supply of the Deep Structures

(1)

Watershed Zones

(1)

The Cerebral Arterial Circle (Circle of Willis)

(1)

Segmentation of the Major Cerebral Arteries

(1)

Brain Venous Blood Outflow

(1)

The Blood-Brain Barrier

(1)

Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism

(1)

Imaging of the Cerebrovasculature

(1)

Cerebrovascular Abnormalities

(1)

Arterial Stenosis

(1)

Brain Aneurysm

(1)

Arteriovenous Malformation

(1)

Moyamoya Disease

(1)

Summary

(1)

6 The Peripheral Nervous System

(14)

Introduction

(1)

Functional Subdivisions of the PNS

(1)

The Autonomic Nervous System

(2)

The Spinal Nerves

(1)

Dermatomes

(2)

Myotomes

(1)

Peripheral Nerves

(1)

Clinical Considerations

(1)

The Cranial Nerves

(3)

CN1 Olfactory Nerves

(1)

CN2 Optic Nerves

(1)

CN3 Oculomotor Nerves

(1)

CN4 Trochlear Nerves

(1)

CN5 Trigeminal Nerves

(1)

CN6 Abducens Nerves

(1)

CN7 Facial Nerves

(1)

CN8 Vestibulocochlear Nerves

(1)

CN9 Glossopharyngeal Nerves

(1)

CN10 Vagus Nerves

(1)

CN11 Accessory Nerves

(1)

CN12 Hypoglossal Nerves

(1)

Summary

(1)

7 The Spinal Cord

(9)

Introduction

(1)

Anatomy

(1)

External Gross Anatomy

(1)

Internal Gross Anatomy

(1)

Blood Supply

(1)

Segmental Organization

(1)

Regional Differences in Spinal Cord Anatomy

(1)

Functional Organization of the Spinal Cord

(1)

Spinal Cord Gray Matter

(1)

Spinal Cord White Matter

(1)

Spinal Reflexes

(1)

Spinal Cord Injury Syndromes

(1)

Epidural and Spinal Anesthesia

(1)

Summary

(2)

8 The Brainstem

(10)

Introduction

(1)

Basic Brainstem Anatomy

(1)

Ascending Somatosensory Tracts

(1)

Descending Motor Tracts

(1)

Brainstem Blood Supply

(1)

The Medulla

(1)

Somatosensory Nuclei

(1)

Cranial Nerve Nuclei

(1)

Nuclei Regulating Vital Life Functions

(1)

The Pons

(1)

The Ventral Pons

(1)

The Dorsal Pons

(1)

The Midbrain

(1)

The Midbrain Tectum

(1)

The Midbrain Tegmentum

(1)

The Cerebral Peduncles

(1)

The Reticular Formation

(1)

Consciousness and Sleep-Wake Cycle

(1)

Motor Function

(1)

Autonomic Functions

(1)

Sensory Modulation

(1)

Clinical Considerations

(1)

Summary

(3)

9 The Cerebellum

(14)

Introduction

(1)

Anatomy of the Cerebellum

(1)

Lobes and Lobules

(1)

Deep Cerebellar Nuclei

(1)

Zonal Organization

(1)

Cerebellar Peduncles

(1)

Cerebellar Circuitry

(1)

Blood Supply

(1)

Functional Divisions of the Cerebellum

(1)

The Vestibulocerebellum

(2)

The Spinocerebellum

100

(1)

The Cerebrocerebellum

100

(1)

Signs and Symptoms of Cerebellar Damage

101

(1)

Truncal Ataxia

102

(1)

Appendicular Ataxia

102

(1)

Ataxic Dysarthria

103

(1)

Nystagmus

103

(1)

Cerebellar Cognitive Affective Syndrome

104

(1)

Cerebellar Pathology

104

(1)

Cerebellar Infarction

104

(1)

Tumors

105

(1)

Acute Alcohol Intoxication and Chronic Alcoholism

105

(1)

The Spinocerebellar Ataxias

105

(1)

Congenital Malformations

105

(1)

Summary

106

(2)

10 The Diencephalon

108

(15)

Introduction

108

(1)

Thalamus

108

(1)

Anatomy

108

(2)

Blood Supply

110

(1)

Thalamic Nuclei and Thalamic Function

111

(1)

Thalamic Pathology

112

(1)

Hypothalamus

113

(1)

Anatomy

113

(2)

Function

115

(1)

Autonomic Function

115

(1)

Endocrine Function and the Pituitary Gland

115

(2)

Motivated Behaviors

117

(3)

Thermoregulation

120

(1)

Circadian Rhythms

121

(1)

Hypothalamic Syndromes

121

(1)

Summary

121

(2)

11 The Basal Ganglia

123

(15)

Introduction

123

(1)

Anatomy

123

(1)

Blood Supply

124

(1)

Basal Ganglia Circuits

125

(1)

The Sensorimotor Basal Ganglia Circuit

125

(1)

The Associative Basal Ganglia Circuit

125

(1)

Clinical Syndromes Resulting from Basal Ganglia Pathology

126

(1)

Parkinson's Disease

126

(1)

Resting Tremor

127

(1)

Rigidity

127

(1)

Hypokinesia and Bradykinesia

127

(1)

Postural Instability and Gait Impairment

127

(1)

Myerson's Sign

127

(1)

Non-Motor Features

128

(1)

Pathology

128

(1)

Genetics of Parkinson's Disease

129

(1)

Treatment

129

(1)

Other Causes of Parkinsonism

130

(1)

Parkinson Plus Syndromes

131

(1)

Diffuse Lewy Body Disease

131

(1)

Progressive Supranuclear Palsy

132

(2)

Corticobasal Syndrome

134

(1)

Multisystem Atrophy

134

(1)

Huntington's Disease

135

(1)

Wilson's Disease

136

(1)

Sydenham's Chorea

136

(1)

Basal Ganglia Calcification

136

(1)

Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation

137

(1)

Summary

137

(1)

12 Limbic Structures

138

(12)

Introduction

138

(1)

History

138

(1)

The Cingulate Cortex

139

(1)

Blood Supply

140

(1)

Cingulotomy

140

(1)

The Amygdala: Fear, Anxiety, and Aggression

140

(1)

Anatomy

140

(1)

Kluver-Bucy Syndrome

141

(1)

Aggression

141

(1)

Fear and Anxiety

142

(1)

The Nucleus Accumbens: Reward and Pleasure

143

(1)

Anatomy

143

(1)

Reward

143

(2)

The Septal Region

145

(1)

Anatomy

145

(1)

Function

145

(1)

Limbic Encephalitis

146

(1)

Herpes Simplex Virus Limbic Encephalitis

146

(1)

Autoimmune Limbic Encephalitis

146

(1)

Deep Brain Stimulation for Psychiatric Disorders

147

(1)

Addiction

147

(1)

Major Depressive Disorder

147

(1)

Summary

147

(3)

13 The Cerebral Cortex

150

(18)

Introduction

150

(1)

Comparative Neuroanatomy

150

(1)

Cortical Anatomy

151

(1)

Major Landmarks and Lobes

151

(1)

Lateral Surface

152

(1)

Medial Surface

153

(1)

Inferior Surface

154

(1)

Cortical Connections

154

(1)

Projection Fibers

154

(1)

Commissural Fibers

155

(1)

Association Fibers

156

(1)

Cortical Localization

157

(1)

History

157

(1)

Functional Maps of the Cerebral Cortex

158

(1)

Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Cortical Zones

159

(2)

Cytoarchitecture of the Cerebral Cortex

161

(1)

Cortical Cells

161

(1)

Cortical Layers

161

(1)

Types of Cerebral Cortex Based on Microstructure of Cortical Layers

162

(1)

Cytoarchitectural Maps

162

(1)

Columnar Organization

162

(1)

Cortical Disconnections

163

(1)

Corpus Callosotomy

163

(2)

Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum

165

(1)

Summary

166

(2)

14 The Occipital Lobes and Visual Processing

168

(16)

Introduction

168

(1)

Basic Anatomy of the Occipital Lobes

168

(1)

The Retina

169

(1)

The Receptive Field

170

(1)

Pattern Processing within the Retina

170

(1)

Color Coding

171

(1)

The Visual Field

171

(1)

The Visual Pathways

172

(1)

From the Retina to the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus

172

(1)

From the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus to the Primary Visual Cortex

173

(1)

The Retinotopic Map

173

(1)

Secondary Visual Cortex

173

(1)

The Extrageniculate Pathways

174

(1)

Visual Field Defects and Cerebral Blindness

174

(2)

Disorders of Higher-Order Visual Processing: Visual Agnosia

176

(1)

The Concept of Visual Agnosia

176

(1)

Apperceptive Visual Agnosia

176

(1)

Disorders of Higher-Order Visual Processing: Lesions of the Ventral Stream

177

(1)

Associative Visual Agnosia/Visual Object Agnosia

177

(1)

Prosopagnosia

178

(1)

Acquired Achromatopsia

178

(1)

Disorders of Higher-Order Visual Processing: Lesions of the Dorsal Stream

179

(1)

Astereopsis

179

(1)

Akinetopsia

179

(1)

Optic Ataxia

179

(1)

Oculomotor Apraxia

180

(1)

Visual Disconnection Syndromes

180

(1)

Pure Alexia

180

(1)

Color Anomia

180

(1)

Visual Hallucinations and Illusions

181

(1)

Visual Release Hallucinations (Charles Bonnet Syndrome)

182

(1)

Summary

182

(2)

15 The Parietal Lobes and Associated Disorders

184

(15)

Introduction

184

(1)

Basic Anatomy of the Parietal Lobes

184

(1)

Somatosensation

185

(1)

The Somatosensory Pathways

185

(1)

Somatosensory Cortex

186

(1)

Disorders of Cortical Somatosensory Processing

187

(1)

Lesions of Primary Somatosensory Cortex

187

(1)

Disorders of Higher-Order Cortical Somatosensory Processing

188

(1)

Somatosensory Hallucinations and Illusions

188

(1)

Positive Somesthetic Symptoms

188

(1)

Parietal Lobe Epilepsy

189

(1)

Phantom Limb

189

(1)

Disorders of Spatial Cognition

189

(1)

Visuomotor Disorders

190

(1)

Visuospatial Disorders

190

(1)

Topographic Disorientation

190

(1)

Body Schema Disorders

190

(1)

Disorders of Spatial Attention

191

(1)

Unilateral Spatial Neglect

192

(1)

Simultanagnosia

193

(1)

Balint's Syndrome

194

(1)

Left Angular Gyrus Syndrome and Gerstmann's Syndrome

194

(1)

Anosognosia

194

(1)

Anosognosia for Hemiplegia (Babinski's Syndrome)

194

(1)

Visual Anosognosia (Anton's Syndrome)

195

(1)

Posterior Cortical Atrophy (Benson's Syndrome)

195

(2)

Summary

197

(2)

16 The Temporal Lobes and Associated Disorders

199

(13)

Introduction

199

(1)

Basic Anatomy of the Temporal Lobes

199

(1)

The Hippocampal Formation

200

(1)

Blood Supply to the Temporal Lobes

201

(1)

Audition

202

(1)

The Auditory Stimulus

202

(1)

The Ear

202

(2)

The Auditory Pathways

204

(1)

Auditory Deficits

204

(1)

Cortical Auditory Disorders

205

(1)

Auditory Illusions and Hallucinations

206

(1)

Olfaction

206

(1)

Anosmia

207

(1)

Olfactory Hallucinations

207

(1)

Alzheimer's Disease

207

(1)

Clinical Presentation

207

(1)

Epidemiology

208

(1)

Pathology

208

(1)

Etiology

209

(1)

Diagnosis

210

(1)

Treatment

210

(1)

Summary

210

(2)

17 The Frontal Lobes and Associated Disorders

212

(14)

Introduction

212

(1)

Basic Anatomy of the Frontal Lobes

212

(1)

Motor Cortex

213

(1)

History

213

(1)

Primary Motor Cortex

214

(1)

Secondary Motor Cortex

215

(2)

Prefrontal Cortex

217

(1)

Anatomy

217

(1)

The Frontal Lobe Controversy

217

(1)

Phineas Gage

218

(1)

Prefrontal Lobotomy

219

(1)

Prefrontal Injury and Disease Syndromes

220

(1)

The Dorsolateral Prefrontal Syndrome (Dysexecutive Syndrome)

221

(1)

The Orbitofrontal Syndrome (Disinhibited Syndrome)

221

(1)

The Medial Frontal/Anterior Cingulate Syndrome (Akinetic/Apathetic Syndrome)

222

(1)

Signs and Symptoms Due to Diffuse Lesions

222

(1)

Behavioral Variant Frontotemporal Dementia

223

(1)

Summary

224

(2)

18 Stroke and Vascular Cognitive Impairment

226

(13)

Introduction

226

(1)

Ischemic Stroke

226

(1)

Pathophysiology

226

(1)

Anatomic Classification of Ischemic Stroke

227

(4)

Transient Ischemic Attacks

231

(1)

Hemorrhagic Stroke

232

(1)

Pathophysiology

232

(1)

Cerebral Amyloid Angiopathy

233

(1)

Stroke Diagnosis

233

(1)

Stroke Treatment

233

(1)

Ischemic Stroke

233

(1)

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

234

(1)

Intracerebral Hemorrhage

234

(1)

Stroke Risk Factors and Stroke Prevention

234

(1)

Vascular Cognitive Impairment (VCI)

235

(1)

Definition

235

(1)

Clinical Presentation of Vascular Cognitive Impairment

235

(2)

Neuropsychological Assessment and Differential Diagnosis

237

(1)

Treatment Recommendations for Patients with Vascular Cognitive Impairment

237

(1)

Summary

237

(2)

19 Epilepsy

239

(17)

Introduction

239

(1)

Definitions

239

(1)

The EEG and Epilepsy Diagnosis

240

(1)

The International 10-20 System

240

(1)

Physiological Basis of the EEG

241

(1)

EEG Interpretation

242

(2)

Classification of Seizures

244

(1)

Focal vs. Generalized Seizures

245

(1)

Seizures with Preserved Awareness vs. Impaired Awareness

245

(1)

Motor vs. Non-Motor Seizures

246

(1)

Focal Onset Seizures

246

(1)

Focal Onset Seizures with Preserved Awareness

246

(2)

Focal Onset Seizures with Impaired Awareness

248

(1)

Generalized Seizures

248

(1)

Generalized Motor Seizures

249

(1)

Generalized Non-Motor Seizures

249

(1)

Status Epilepticus

249

(1)

Etiology: Idiopathic (Primary) vs. Symptomatic (Secondary) Epilepsy

249

(1)

Non-Epileptic Seizures

250

(1)

Epilepsy Syndromes

250

(1)

Lennox-Gastaut Syndrome

250

(1)

Rasmussen's Syndrome

251

(1)

Landau-Kleffner Syndrome

251

(1)

Reflex Epilepsy

251

(1)

Differential Diagnosis

251

(1)

Medical Treatment

251

(1)

Epilepsy Surgery

252

(1)

Seizure Focus Localization

252

(1)

Intracarotid Amobarbital Procedure and Functional Mapping

252

(1)

Surgical Procedures

253

(1)

Neuromodulation

254

(1)

Summary

254

(2)

20 Traumatic Brain Injury

256

(14)

Introduction

256

(1)

Definition

256

(1)

Epidemiology and Etiology

257

(1)

Pathophysiology of TBI

257

(1)

Primary vs. Secondary Injury

257

(1)

Primary Injuries

257

(2)

Secondary Injuries

259

(2)

Classification of Injuries

261

(1)

Penetrating vs. Non-Penetrating Head Injuries

261

(1)

Focal vs. Diffuse Injuries

261

(1)

Coup vs. Contrecoup Injuries

261

(1)

Clinical Classification of Acute TBI and Measures of TBI Severity

262

(1)

The Glasgow Coma Scale

262

(1)

Duration of Loss of Consciousness

263

(1)

Post-Traumatic Amnesia

263

(1)

Moderate-Severe TBI

263

(2)

Mild TBI

265

(1)

Concussion

265

(1)

TBI Management

266

(1)

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy

267

(1)

Summary

268

(2)

21 Brain Neoplasms

270

(9)

Introduction

270

(1)

Tumor Classification

270

(1)

Gliomas

271

(1)

Meningiomas

272

(1)

Pituitary Tumors

273

(1)

Schwannomas

274

(1)

Metastatic Tumors

275

(1)

Clinical Signs and Symptoms

275

(1)

Focal Neurological Signs and Symptoms

275

(1)

Seizures

275

(1)

Headache and Increased Intracranial Pressure

276

(1)

Endocrine Abnormalities

276

(1)

Diagnosis and Prognosis

276

(1)

Treatment

276

(1)

Surgical Intervention

276

(1)

Radiation Therapy

277

(1)

Chemotherapy

277

(1)

Neurological Effects

277

(1)

Summary

278

(1)

22 Brain Infections

279

(10)

Introduction

279

(1)

Classification

279

(1)

Portal of Entry

280

(1)

Meningitis

280

(1)

Viral Meningitis

280

(1)

Bacterial Meningitis

281

(1)

Encephalitis

281

(1)

Herpes Simplex Virus Encephalitis

281

(1)

Rabies Encephalitis

282

(1)

Brain Abscess

282

(1)

Fungal Infections of the CNS

283

(1)

Parasitic Infections of the CNS

283

(1)

Neurocysticercosis

283

(1)

Prion Diseases

284

(1)

Kuru

285

(1)

Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease

285

(1)

Fatal Familial Insomnia

286

(1)

Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker Syndrome

286

(1)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

286

(1)

Lyme Disease

287

(1)

Summary

287

(2)

23 White Matter Disease

289

(12)

Introduction

289

(1)

White Matter

289

(2)

The Leukodystrophies

291

(1)

Autoimmune Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases

292

(1)

Multiple Sclerosis

292

(3)

Guillain-Barre Syndrome

295

(1)

Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis

295

(1)

Toxic Leukoencephalopathy

295

(1)

Drugs of Abuse and Environmental Toxins

295

(1)

Radiation-Induced Toxic Leukoencephalopathy

296

(1)

Chemotherapy-Induced Toxic Leukoencephalopathy

297

(1)

Infectious Demyelinating Disorders

297

(1)

Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy

297

(1)

Other Viral Infections Associated with Demyelination

298

(1)

Acquired Metabolic Leukoencephalopathy

298

(1)

Central Pontine Myelinolysis

298

(1)

Cobalamin Deficiency

299

(1)

Hypoxic-Ischemic Leukoencephalopathy

299

(1)

Hypoxic Leukoencephalopathy

299

(1)

Ischemic Leukoencephalopathy

299

(1)

Summary

300

(1)

24 The Motor System and Motor Disorders

301

(18)

Introduction

301

(1)

Muscle

302

(1)

Basic Mechanics of Movement

302

(1)

Muscle Fibers

303

(1)

Muscle Contraction

303

(1)

The Monosynaptic Stretch Reflex

304

(1)

Lower Motor Neurons

304

(1)

Spinal Cord

304

(1)

Cranial Nerve Nuclei

304

(1)

Upper Motor Neurons: The Descending Motor Pathways

305

(1)

Motor Cortex

305

(1)

Pathways from the Cerebral Cortex

306

(1)

Indirect Cortical-Brainstem-Spinal Cord Pathways

307

(1)

Two Descending Motor Systems

308

(1)

Basal Ganglia and Cerebellum

309

(1)

Lower Motor Neuron versus Upper Motor Neuron Lesions

309

(1)

Bulbar versus Pseudobulbar Palsy

309

(1)

Diagnostic Testing

309

(1)

Myasthenia Gravis

310

(1)

Cerebral Palsy

310

(1)

Motor Neuron Disease

311

(1)

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis

311

(1)

Progressive Bulbar Palsy

311

(1)

Primary Lateral Sclerosis

311

(1)

Apraxia

312

(1)

Ideomotor Apraxia

313

(1)

Ideational Apraxia

314

(1)

Apraxia of Speech

314

(1)

Apraxic Agraphia

314

(1)

Disconnection Apraxias

315

(1)

Conduction Apraxia

315

(1)

Apraxia-Like Syndromes

315

(2)

Alien Hand Syndrome

317

(1)

Summary

317

(2)

25 Disorders of Consciousness

319

(10)

Introduction

319

(1)

Neurological Assessment: The Glasgow Coma Scale

320

(1)

Motor Response

320

(2)

Verbal Response

322

(1)

Eye-Opening Response

322

(1)

Coma

322

(1)

Pathophysiology of Coma

322

(1)

Etiology

323

(1)

Examination

323

(1)

Prognosis

323

(1)

The Vegetative State

324

(1)

The Minimally Conscious State

324

(1)

Delirium

324

(2)

Syndromes That Mimic Disorders of Consciousness

326

(1)

Locked-In Syndrome

326

(1)

Brain Death

327

(1)

Summary

327

(2)

26 Memory and Amnesia

329

(11)

Introduction

329

(1)

The Case of H.M.

329

(2)

Anatomy of Medial Temporal Amnesia

331

(1)

Pathologies Causing Medial Temporal Amnesia

332

(1)

Material-Specific Anterograde Amnesia

332

(1)

Remote Memory and Retrograde Amnesia

332

(1)

Amnesia Due to Lesions in Non-Medial Temporal Lobe Structures

333

(1)

Fornix

333

(1)

Diencephalic Amnesia and Korsakoff's Syndrome

333

(1)

Basal Forebrain Amnesia

334

(1)

Frontal Amnesia

334

(1)

Transient Amnesia Syndromes

334

(1)

Transient Global Amnesia

334

(1)

Other Transient Amnesia Syndromes

335

(1)

Dissociative Amnesia

335

(1)

Forms of Memory

335

(1)

Declarative Memory

336

(1)

Nondeclarative Memory

336

(1)

Forms of Memory Based on Time Span

337

(1)

Immediate Memory

337

(1)

Recent Memory

337

(1)

Remote Memory

337

(1)

Summary

338

(2)

27 Language and the Aphasias

340

(13)

Introduction

340

(1)

Oral Language

341

(1)

Speech

341

(1)

Aphasia

342

(1)

Language Assessment

343

(1)

The Classic Aphasia Syndromes

344

(1)

Broca's Aphasia

344

(1)

Wernicke's Aphasia

345

(1)

Global Aphasia

346

(1)

Conduction Aphasia

346

(1)

The Extrasylvian Aphasias

346

(1)

Nominal (Anomic) Aphasia

347

(1)

Other Aphasias

347

(1)

Subcortical Aphasia

347

(1)

Dynamic Aphasia

347

(1)

The Primary Progressive Aphasias

348

(1)

Semantic Variant PPA

348

(2)

Nonfluent/Agrammatic Variant PPA

350

(1)

Logopenic Variant PPA

350

(1)

Summary

351

(2)

28 Alexia, Agraphia, and Acalculia

353

(8)

Introduction

353

(1)

Alexia

354

(1)

Pure Alexia

354

(1)

Alexia with Agraphia

354

(1)

Surface Alexia

354

(1)

Deep Alexia

355

(1)

Spatial Alexia

356

(1)

Agraphia

356

(1)

Pure Agraphia

356

(1)

Surface Agraphia

356

(1)

Spatial Agraphia

356

(1)

Apraxic Agraphia

357

(1)

Agraphia Due to Non-Apraxic Motor Disturbances

357

(1)

Acalculia

357

(1)

Primary Acalculia

357

(1)

Aphasic, Alexic, and Agraphic Acalculias

358

(1)

Spatial Acalculia

358

(1)

Dysexecutive Acalculia

358

(1)

Summary

358

(3)

29 Brain Imaging

361

(17)

Jacqueline C. Junn

Suzan Uysal

Introduction

361

(1)

Plain Film X-Ray

362

(1)

Angiography

362

(1)

Structural Brain Imaging

363

(1)

Imaging Planes

363

(1)

Contrast Enhancement

363

(1)

Interpretation Basics

363

(5)

Computed Tomography

368

(1)

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

369

(4)

Ultrasound

373

(1)

Functional Neuroimaging

374

(1)

Single Photon Emission Computed Tomography

374

(1)

Positron Emission Tomography

374

(2)

Functional MRI

376

(1)

Summary

376

(2)

30 The Neurological Examination

378

(19)

Suzan Uysal

Stephen Krieger

Introduction

378

(1)

The Clinical History

379

(1)

The Mental Status Exam

379

(1)

The Cranial Nerve Exam

379

(1)

CN1 Testing

380

(1)

CN2 Testing

380

(1)

CN2 and CN3 Testing

381

(2)

CN3, CN4, and CN6 (Eye Movement) Testing

383

(2)

CN5 Testing

385

(1)

CN7 Testing

386

(1)

CN5 and CN7 Testing

387

(1)

CN8 Testing

387

(1)

CN9 and CN10 Testing

387

(1)

CN11 Testing

388

(1)

CN12 Testing

388

(1)

The Motor Exam

388

(1)

Appearance

388

(1)

Muscle Tone

389

(1)

Strength

389

(1)

Abnormal Movements

390

(1)

The Sensory Exam

390

(1)

Discriminative Touch

391

(1)

Proprioception

391

(1)

Vibration

391

(1)

Pain

391

(1)

Cortical Somatosensory Function

391

(1)

The Reflex Exam

392

(1)

Deep Tendon Reflexes

392

(1)

Primitive Reflexes

393

(1)

Coordination/Cerebellar Exam

394

(1)

Station and Gait

395

(1)

Summary

396

(1)

31 Neuropsychological Assessment

397

(14)

Introduction

397

(1)

The Referral Question

398

(1)

History

398

(1)

History of the Presenting Problem/Present Illness

398

(1)

Previous Examinations and Studies

398

(1)

Medical History

399

(1)

Family Medical History

399

(1)

Developmental History

399

(1)

Education, Work, and Social History

399

(1)

Behavioral Observations

399

(1)

Appearance

399

(1)

Sensory and Motor Function

399

(1)

Speech and Language

399

(1)

Cognitive Process

400

(1)

Behavioral Regulation

400

(1)

Affect

400

(1)

Comportment, Tact, and Interpersonal Relatedness

400

(1)

Testing Procedures and Results

400

(1)

Attention

401

(1)

Visuoperceptual Function and Spatial Cognition

402

(1)

Praxis and Constructional Ability

403

(1)

Language

404

(1)

Number Processing and Calculation

405

(1)

Learning and Memory

405

(1)

Abstract Thinking and Reasoning

406

(1)

Executive Functions

406

(3)

Performance Validity Testing

409

(1)

Mood and Personality

409

(1)

Diagnostic/Descriptive Conclusions

409

(1)

Recommendations

409

(1)

Summary

410

(1)

Index

411

Suzan Uysal is Associate Professor of Anesthesiology, Neurology, Psychiatry, and Rehabilitation Medicine at the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai and Adjunct Associate Professor of Psychology at New York University. She is a board-certified clinical neuropsychologist (ABPP-CN), with more than 25 years of experience as a clinician, educator, and researcher.

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El. knyga: Functional Neuroanatomy and Clinical Neuroscience: Foundations for Understanding Disorders of Cognition and Behavior

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