El. knyga: Fundamentals of Biological Wastewater Treatment

Preface		xiii
List of Symbols and Abbreviations		xvii
Historical Development of Wastewater Collection and Treatment		1	(24)
Water Supply and Wastewater Management in Antiquity		1	(3)
Water Supply and Wastewater Management in the Medieval Age		4	(3)
First Studies in Microbiology		7	(4)
Wastewater Management by Direct Discharge into Soil and Bodies of Water -- The First Studies		11	(1)
Mineralization of Organics in Rivers, Soils or by Experiment -- A Chemical or Biological Process?		12	(2)
Early Biological Wastewater Treatment Processes		14	(2)
The Cholera Epidemics -- Were They Caused by Bacteria Living in the Soil or Water?		16	(1)
Early Experiments with the Activated Sludge Process		16	(2)
Taking Samples and Measuring Pollutants		18	(1)
Early Regulations for the Control of Wastewater Discharge		19	(6)
References		20	(5)
Wastewater Characterization and Regulations		25	(18)
Volumetric Wastewater Production and Daily Changes		25	(2)
Pollutants		27	(7)
Survey		27	(1)
Dissolved Substances		28	(1)
Organic Substances		28	(2)
Inorganic Substances		30	(2)
Colloids		32	(1)
Oil-In-Water Emulsions		32	(1)
Solid-In-Water Colloids		33	(1)
Suspended Solids		34	(1)
Methods for Measuring Dissolved Organic Substances as Total Parameters		34	(4)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand		34	(2)
Chemical Oxygen Demand		36	(1)
Total and Dissolved Organic Carbon		37	(1)
Legislation		38	(5)
Preface		38	(1)
German Legislation		38	(1)
Legislation Concerning Discharge into Public Sewers		38	(1)
Legislation Concerning Discharge into Waters		39	(2)
EU Guidelines		41	(1)
References		42	(1)
Microbial Metabolism		43	(26)
Some Remarks on the Composition and Morphology of Bacteria (Eubacteria)		43	(2)
Proteins and Nucleic Acids		45	(14)
Proteins		45	(1)
Amino Acids		45	(1)
Structure of Proteins		46	(1)
Proteins for Special Purposes		47	(1)
Enzymes		47	(3)
Nucleic Acids		50	(1)
Desoxyribonucleic Acid		50	(4)
Ribonucleic Acid		54	(3)
DNA Replication		57	(1)
Mutations		58	(1)
Catabolism and Anabolism		59	(10)
ADP and ATP		59	(1)
Transport of Protons		59	(1)
Catabolism of Using Glucose		60	(1)
Aerobic Conversion by Prokaryotic Cells		60	(5)
Anaerobic Conversion by Prokaryotic Cells		65	(1)
Anabolism		66	(1)
References		67	(2)
Determination of Stoichiometric Equations for Catabolism and Anabolism		69	(14)
Introduction		69	(1)
Aerobic Degradation of Organic Substances		70	(6)
Degradation of Hydrocarbons Without Bacterial Decay		70	(1)
Mineralization of 2,4-Dinitrophenol		71	(3)
Degradation of Hydrocarbons with Bacterial Decay		74	(2)
Measurement of O2 Consumption Rate ro,s and CO2 Production Rate rco,s		76	(7)
Problems		78	(3)
References		81	(2)
Gas/Liquid Oxygen Transfer and Stripping		83	(36)
Transport by Diffusion		83	(3)
Mass Transfer Coefficients		86	(4)
Definition of Specific Mass Transfer Coefficients		86	(1)
Two Film Theory		87	(3)
Measurement of Specific Overall Mass Transfer Coefficients KLa		90	(5)
Absorption of Oxygen During Aeration		90	(1)
Steady State Method		90	(1)
Non-steady State Method		91	(1)
Dynamic Method in Wastewater Mixed with Activated Sludge		92	(1)
Desorption of Volatile Components During Aeration		93	(2)
Oxygen Transfer Rate, Energy Consumption and Efficiency in Large-scale Plants		95	(13)
Surface Aeration		95	(1)
Oxygen Transfer Rate		95	(1)
Power Consumption and Efficiency		96	(2)
Deep Tank Aeration		98	(1)
Preliminary Remarks		98	(1)
The Simple Plug Flow Model		99	(2)
Proposed Model of the American Society of Civil Engineers		101	(2)
Further Models		103	(1)
Oxygen Transfer Rate		103	(3)
Power Consumption and Efficiency		106	(1)
Monitoring of Deep Tanks		106	(2)
Dimensional Analysis and Transfer of Models		108	(11)
Introduction		108	(1)
Power Consumption of a Stirred, Non-aerated Tank -- A Simple Example		109	(3)
Description of Oxygen Transfer, Power Consumption and Efficiency by Surface Aerators Using Dimensionless Numbers		112	(1)
Application of Dimensionless Numbers for Surface Aeration		113	(2)
Problem		115	(2)
References		117	(2)
Aerobic Wastewater Treatment in Activated Sludge Systems		119	(32)
Introduction		119	(1)
Kinetic and Reaction Engineering Models With and Without Oxygen Limitation		119	(19)
Batch Reactors		119	(1)
With High Initial Concentration of Bacteria		119	(3)
With Low Initial Concentration of Bacteria		122	(1)
Chemostat		122	(3)
Completely Mixed Activated Sludge Reactor		125	(1)
Preliminary Remarks		125	(1)
Mean Retention Time, Recycle Ratio and Thickening Ratio as Process Parameters		126	(2)
Sludge Age as Parameter		128	(2)
Plug Flow Reactor		130	(2)
Completely Mixed Tank Cascades With Sludge Recycle		132	(2)
Flow Reactor With Axial Dispersion		134	(2)
Stoichiometric and Kinetic Coefficients		136	(1)
Comparison of Reactors		137	(1)
Retention Time Distribution in Activated Sludge Reactors		138	(6)
Retention Time Distribution		138	(2)
Completely Mixed Tank		140	(1)
Completely Mixed Tank Cascade		140	(1)
Tube Flow Reactor With Axial Dispersion		141	(1)
Comparison Between Tank Cascades and Tube Flow Reactors		142	(2)
Technical Scale Activated Sludge Systems for Carbon Removal		144	(7)
Problems		146	(3)
References		149	(2)
Aerobic Treatment with Biofilm Systems		151	(18)
Biofilms		151	(1)
Biofilm Reactors for Wastewater Treatment		152	(6)
Trickling Filters		152	(2)
Submerged and Aerated Fixed Bed Reactors		154	(2)
Rotating Disc Reactors		156	(2)
Mechanisms for Oxygen Mass Transfer in Biofilm Systems		158	(1)
Models for Oxygen Mass Transfer Rates in Biofilm Systems		159	(10)
Assumptions		159	(1)
Mass Transfer Gas/Liquid is Rate-limiting		159	(1)
Mass Transfer Liquid/Solid is Rate-limiting		160	(1)
Biological Reaction is Rate-limiting		160	(1)
Diffusion and Reaction Inside the Biofilm		160	(3)
Influence of Diffusion and Reaction Inside the Biofilm and of Mass Transfer Liquid/Solid		163	(1)
Influence of Mass Transfer Rates at Gas Bubble and Biofilm Surfaces		164	(1)
Problems		164	(2)
References		166	(3)
Anaerobic Degradation of Organics		169	(26)
Catabolic Reactions -- Cooperation of Different Groups of Bacteria		169	(7)
Survey		169	(1)
Anaerobic Bacteria		169	(1)
Acidogenic Bacteria		169	(2)
Acetogenic Bacteria		171	(1)
Methanogenic Bacteria		171	(2)
Regulation of Acetogenics by Methanogenics		173	(2)
Sulfate and Nitrate Reduction		175	(1)
Kinetics -- Models and Coefficients		176	(6)
Preface		176	(1)
Hydrolysis and Formation of Lower Fatty Acids by Acidogenic Bacteria		176	(1)
Transformation of Lower Fatty Acids by Acetogenic Bacteria		177	(2)
Transformation of Acetate and Hydrogen into Methane		179	(1)
Conclusions		180	(2)
Catabolism and Anabolism		182	(2)
High-rate Processes		184	(11)
Introduction		184	(1)
Contact Processes		185	(2)
Upflow Anaerobic Sludge Blanket		187	(1)
Anaerobic Fixed Bed Reactor		188	(2)
Anaerobic Rotating Disc Reactor		190	(1)
Anaerobic Expanded and Fluidized Bed Reactors		191	(1)
Problem		192	(1)
References		193	(2)
Biodegradation of Special Organic Compounds		195	(28)
Introduction		195	(1)
Chlorinated Compounds		196	(8)
Chlorinated n-Alkanes, Particularly Dichloromethane and 1,2-Dichloroethane		196	(1)
Properties, Use, Environmental Problems and Kinetics		196	(2)
Treatment of Wastewater Containing DCM or DCA		198	(2)
Chlorobenzene		200	(1)
Properties, Use and Environmental Problems		200	(1)
Principles of Biological Degradation		200	(2)
Treatment of Wastewater Containing Chlorobenzenes		202	(1)
Chlorophenols		203	(1)
Nitroaromatics		204	(2)
Properties, Use, Environmental Problems and Kinetics		204	(2)
Treatment of Wastewater Containing 4-NP or 2,4-DNT		206	(1)
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Mineral Oils		206	(5)
Properties, Use and Environmental Problems		206	(1)
Mineral Oils		207	(2)
Biodegradation of PAHs		209	(1)
PAHs Dissolved in Water		209	(2)
PAHs Dissolved in n-Dodecane Standard Emulsion		211	(1)
Azo Reactive Dyes		211	(6)
Properties, Use and Environmental Problems		211	(2)
Production of Azo Dyes in the Chemical Industry -- Biodegradability of Naphthalene Sulfonic Acids		213	(2)
Biodegradation of Azo Dyes		215	(1)
Direct Aerobic Degradation		215	(1)
Anaerobic Reduction of Azo Dyes		215	(1)
Aerobic Degradation of Metabolites		216	(1)
Treatment of Wastewater Containing the Azo Dye Reactive Black 5		216	(1)
Final Remarks		217	(6)
References		218	(5)
Biological Nutrient Removal		223	(44)
Introduction		223	(4)
Biological Nitrogen Removal		227	(17)
The Nitrogen Cycle and the Technical Removal Process		227	(1)
Nitrification		228	(1)
Nitrifying Bacteria and Stoichiometry		228	(3)
Stoichiometry and Kinetics of Nitrification		231	(4)
Parameters Influencing Nitrification		235	(2)
Denitrification		237	(1)
Denitrifying Bacteria and Stoichiometry		237	(2)
Stoichiometry and Kinetics of Denitrification		239	(1)
Parameters Influencing Denitrification		240	(2)
Nitrite Accumulation During Nitrification		242	(1)
New Microbial Processes for Nitrogen Removal		243	(1)
Biological Phosphorus Removal		244	(6)
Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal		244	(1)
Kinetic Model for Biological Phosphorus Removal		245	(1)
Preliminary Remarks		245	(1)
Anaerobic Zone		246	(1)
Aerobic Zone		247	(1)
Results of a Batch Experiment		248	(1)
Parameters Affecting Biological Phosphorus Removal		249	(1)
Biological Nutrient Removal Processes		250	(7)
Preliminary Remarks		250	(1)
Nitrogen Removal Processes		250	(2)
Chemical and Biological Phosphorus Removal		252	(1)
Processes for Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal		253	(1)
Different Levels of Performance		253	(2)
WWTP Waßmannsdorf		255	(2)
Membrane Bioreactors (MBR)		257	(1)
Phosphorus and Nitrogen Recycle		257	(10)
Recycling of Phosphorus		257	(1)
Recycling of Nitrogen		258	(1)
Problems		259	(3)
References		262	(5)
Modelling of the Activated Sludge Process		267	(24)
Why We Need Mathematical Models		267	(1)
Models Describing Carbon and Nitrogen Removal		268	(3)
Carbon Removal		268	(1)
Carbon Removal and Bacterial Decay		269	(1)
Carbon Removal and Nitrification Without Bacterial Decay		270	(1)
Models for Optimizing the Activated Sludge Process		271	(20)
Preface		271	(1)
Modelling the Influence of Aeration on Carbon Removal		272	(3)
Activated Sludge Model 1 (ASM 1)		275	(8)
Application of ASM 1		283	(2)
More Complicated Models and Conclusions		285	(1)
Problems		286	(2)
References		288	(3)
Membrane Technology in Biological Wastewater Treatment		291	(40)
Introduction		291	(2)
Mass Transport Mechanism		293	(8)
Membrane Characteristics and Definitions		293	(3)
Mass Transport Through Non-porous Membranes		296	(4)
Mass Transport Through Porous Membranes		300	(1)
Mass Transfer Resistance Mechanisms		301	(7)
Preface		301	(1)
Mass Transfer Resistances		302	(1)
Concentration Polarization Model		303	(3)
Solution--diffusion Model and Concentration Polarization		306	(2)
The Pore Model and Concentration Polarization		308	(1)
Performance and Module Design		308	(10)
Membrane Materials		308	(1)
Design and Configuration of Membrane Modules		309	(1)
Preliminary Remarks		309	(4)
Dead-end Configuration		313	(1)
Submerged Configuration		314	(1)
Cross-flow Configuration		314	(1)
Membrane Fouling and Cleaning Management		315	(1)
Types of Fouling Processes		315	(1)
Membrane Cleaning Strategies		316	(2)
Membrane Bioreactors		318	(13)
Final Treatment (Behind the Secondary Clarifier)		318	(1)
Membrane Bioreactors in Aerobic Wastewater Treatment		319	(4)
Membrane Bioreactors and Nutrient Removal		323	(1)
Problems		324	(3)
References		327	(4)
Production Integrated Water Management and Decentralized Effluent Treatment		331	(24)
Introduction		331	(2)
Production Integrated Water Management in the Chemical Industry		333	(13)
Sustainable Development and Process Optimization		333	(1)
Primary Points of View		333	(1)
Material Flow Management		334	(2)
Production of Naphthalenedisufonic Acid		336	(2)
Methodology of Process Improvement		338	(1)
Minimization of Fresh Water Use		339	(1)
Description of the Problem		339	(1)
The Concentration/Mass Flow Rate Diagram and the Graphical Solution		340	(4)
The Network Design Method		344	(2)
Decentralized Effluent Treatment		346	(9)
Minimization of Treated Wastewater		346	(1)
Description of the Problem		346	(1)
Representation of Treatment Processes in a Concentration/Mass Flow Rate Diagram		347	(2)
The Lowest Wastewater Flow Rate to Treat		349	(1)
Processes for Decentralized Effluent Treatment		349	(1)
Problems		350	(4)
References		354	(1)
Subject Index		355

Udo Wiesmann was Professor of Chemical Engineering at the Technical University of Berlin (Germany) from 1971 - 2003. He changed his field of work from of the topic of Fuel Technology (1961-1968) to Reaction Engineering (1968 - 1972) and then to Environmental Engineering (1972-2005). His research centered on Biological Wastewater Treatment. His special interest was in kinetic studies of bacteria growth and substrate removal from wastewater and reaction engineering investigations. He has published some 130 scientific papers and presented lectures in six different fields of environmental engineering. Professor Wiesmann was speaker of the German Cooperative Research Program SFB 196 "Biological Treatment of Industrial Wastewater" during 1991-1996 and served in work groups on environmental technology and committees of technical and scientific journals on several associations.

In Su Choi has been a research assistant at the Institute of Chemical Engineering of the Technical University of Berlin (Germany) since 2000. He obtained his B.S. degree in Environmental Engineering from the University of Seoul (Korea) and his Dipl.-Ing. degree from the Technical University of Berlin. He first studied the mass transfer controlled ozonation of highly concentrated azo dyes and was employed in a Korean-German project to investigate the advantages of solid carriers for bacteria in bioreactors for nitrification. In 2005 he completed his Dr.-Ing. degree on the topic of Aerobic Degradation of Surfactant and Nitrification in a Membrane Bioreactor with CO2 and O2 Gas Analysis at the Technical University of Berlin. His research is currently focused on water and wastewater treatment by both chemical and biological means.

Eva-Maria Dombrowski is Professor for Biochemical and Chemical Engineering at the Technische Fachhochschule Berlin (TFH, University of Applied Science), Germany. She studied Chemical Engineering at the Technical University of Berlin and obtained her PhD researching the sedimentation of activated sludge. She spent eight years as a staff scientist at the State Environmental Agency in Berlin in the field of treatment of inorganic compounds of exhaust gas and the water emission situation before being named professor for Biochemical and Chemical Engineering in 1996. Professor Dombrowski's research is focused on the biological treatment of wastewater and solid waste. Since 2001 she has been chairman of the Hypatia Program, a post-graduate-program for women at the TFH Berlin.